denis and now we're not talking about a popular song, but one from the country. if you sing the anthem, then you feel it at that very second, but i don’t know how many 20 million, probably, so there are active football fans in russia. maybe even more. you feel at this very moment their presence inside you, not just somewhere right inside you. they give you their power. here they condemn this wonderful argentinean goalkeeper for his gesture with this martin's hand . here he could just do what he wants. if you have a sense of humor, you will laugh if not, then a sense of humor, then you will not laugh. yes and you look at him when the match starts, how he sings the anthem. yes, and it is quite

curious to listen to the versions of hockey players and football players on this score. here's to you as a fan. why is there a fundamental difference? well, if we remove it, naturally, what is the summer there? here is the puck, here is the ball, what is the mental difference between the two sports? why is football not hockey? hockey? you know, as a child, i was a hockey fan. it so happened, then the world hockey championship was at the end of march. and it's spring school holidays, and i came to my grandmother in lugansk. she was on tv, verkhovyna, you can’t imagine it’s such a black-and-white screen size and we watched hockey. how many swedes can pull out our

national team final there, i remember my grandmother with these words, because the results of the sweden match with someone hung out. uh, our team is next. and i didn’t like football in the family there was a constant conflict. uh, there was only one tv. uh, on one channel, football is shown in a different way, and mom and dad on this basis there was a conflict. dad wanted to watch football, mom, respectively, but i didn’t like football, because everything on it is somehow slow. uh-huh, everything is fast in hockey, and uh, the score, 8:4 there, doesn't really surprise anyone. yes, and in football everything is somehow very slow and hmm 1 2 well there are three uh swords, it's

childish, yes, it's childish. and now these hockey speeds, they just quietly pushed me away from hockey. well, i 'm still watching tv, while we, uh, were allowed to compete, i watched uh, hockey matches of the ice hockey world championship. yes there is much more psychology in football. today i would say hmm so hockey, uh i don’t play checkers or chess, but what is the difference between them is not only how the piece moves, and i can more or less imagine. yes, at the level of theory, so , after all, hockey, i would say, is checkers, and football is chess. eh, it is at the same time that i will not say in my life that checkers are better or worse than chess. it's just that whoever likes it more, russia is the difference. i think it's

a football podcast. not hockey. my name is denis kazansky and club master what where when producers directed by andrey dot kozlov were with us today. thanks for the time. yes, thank you. this is an easy money podcast, i am its host mikhail khanov, today we continue the discussion of the historical topic. the history of money on the territory of the russian state from the time, and the beginning of the centuries, continues through the russian empire, the soviet union, russia and our guest yuri alexandrovich petrov, doctor of historical sciences, director of the institute of russian history of the russian academy of sciences kur, aleksandrovich hello and let's a question. uh, for starters, throughout history, it was in russia, or maybe not

only in russia, that very negative attitudes towards the rich are a characteristic of only our country or all over the world have always been negative towards the rich. and why does it happen, because everyone is poor or, uh, in general, there were some such periods in history when the majority of the population was rich and there was no one to relate to such negative ones. well, there has always been negativity. uh, fat-bellied kupchino is the hero of nekrasov's poem. life is good in rus'. here it was considered to him, that it is good to live as a fat belly, yes, who does not work himself, and everyone works for him, but still you know this one is not so unambiguous. i would answer this question. in the very word rich in the russian word rich. after all, there is a root. god is a person who, to some extent , marks god . oh, he made him such a state. therefore, in this sense, i would not

say that we had a common hatred of the rich. in fact, when the era of great reforms began in russia and the peasants got the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurship. what do we call now? many have become rich, and the russian business elite of the early 20th century includes dozens of names, and almost all of them come from the peasantry. so it was a peasant dream to get rich. immediately everyone moved into the category so from their boyfriends to those whom we no longer love, but in general , yes, to some extent, it was so, as vladimir ryabushevsky wrote in his memoirs , they used to be workers appreciated the owner because he feeds them, and then they got the times when they began to shout to him that you are alone here fat-bellied about it all feed you. okay, let's go through the steps. so the october revolution, in general, the event

is very expensive, besides the fact that, well, elementary things. yes, where the premises gather to issue a leaflet, as we now say, as advertising propaganda materials. it was necessary to pay, uh, and the red army men to buy guitar weapons, who sponsored, that is, someone's money, the existing masses of history, starting with american german money somewhere. they were not traveling there in a sealed wagon with lenin or next where did the money for the uh revolution come from? well, we can say for sure that it was not foreign money and the bolsheviks, as if they were branded with her now. they were not german spies or agents. this is quite clear. lenin was still a man of such a level of intelligence, what did he use? yes , i used it, but i didn’t do any assignments, so to speak, i didn’t fulfill the tasks, as for where the bolsheviks got the money from. it was necessary very tens of thousands

of people, and then hundreds of thousands organizations. there, actually from these resources are internal resources. yes, nasty resources. actually, everything and all these things were done, with regard to weapons - there were weapons, then a lot. from the words of the first world war , it came along with the soldiers, and the calm ones, who became such triggers of the revolution , but i want to emphasize again. there is no need to look at the russian revolution from the point of view that it was carried out on chita with foreign money without fire, but on a national scale, and there is no need to exaggerate it like this, i would say or i don’t know, yes, it’s fresh there, that’s all that has affected millions of people and cost millions of victims in the civil war, so this is our national tragedy. i would like to see her in such a way that

you would be treated well, but closer to the topic of our program, and during a special time during the civil war. and there is such a figure at some time in the country. here in the nineteenth eighteenth twentieth year i already went up to 20,000. different types of currencies, that is, not just had a currency. each province, almost every village had its own currency, the reasons for this are understandable. no one trusts the shtetl. there, a medium of exchange was created, like a country, then it coped with this situation, which became such an anchor, as it was possible to maintain, then a single currency. well, it was a consequence of the same civil war, money was issued by both red and white governments. it was correctly noticed by every independent there, who proclaimed themselves a republic, and you went to moscow to have their own currency. it was from here that this mass of completely depreciated pieces of paper was collected, which by the end of the civil war. have turned

really waste paper and even soviet money. it is known that in state institutions in the soviet twenties in the early twenties the salary was given out every day in the morning. it was necessary to spend it until the evening, until that's the inflation of inflation. why, what is the situation and what was done in the twenty-second year in sokolnikov, first of all, and in his 22nd year they carried out a monetary reform. it was a great thing, of course, when they managed to get rid of this paper trash and introduce a real hard currency called a gold coin, which was even backed by real gold russia's reserve was the gold reserve creatures of soviet russia, and yes, and the gold piece. although he did not exchange. as in times. after all, you are on a gold coin. uh, but the backing is gold nonetheless. he had and therefore he became such a fairly hard currency

, thanks to which the financial life as a whole was actually adjusted economically, because full-fledged full-fledged money appeared. well, this became possible. when, of course, active hostilities had already ended, of course, in the twenty-second year, it began and lasted until the year 24. went, but this is a very short time during this time they really managed to accomplish a giant act, in general, thanks to which russia, soviet russia, got out of the civil war and managed to develop its economy as much as possible during the nep period. you didn’t have an attraction to coins. it’s a well-known fact that the coins of that period, well, its 22-22 plus soviet coins, they are valued even more than the royal coins of the xix centuries there. why so i have never been, but without obscenities did not collect. you heard such a story, but the story, i heard, of course, the fact is that then they were issued in silver and half

rubles, and there were also gold, chervonets. mint a new conversion. they didn't do it. here, i think that we are probably talking about them. they were very rare. and, of course, for collectors. this is all the same harmfulness, of course, the main thing is not the material from which the money is made, but the rarity of the next step in the usa the great depression. the end of the twenties and the beginning of the thirties, the ruble strengthened in the thirty- fifth year, 1 ruble was given for the dollar. 15 kop. there was, of course, a period when the ruble was still worth more expensive, but nevertheless at that moment it was the maximum exchange rate of the ruble, then the dollar began to grow again and the rate of 5.3 was already set in the soviet union, that is, 5 rubles. 30 kop. and the reason is the war. i would still know how we would have become so accustomed

to expressing ourselves in dollars now, giving rubles in those days. it was perfect. otherwise, no one was given anything for the dollar, because it was a perfect currency, which was absolutely at the sole disposal of the government this year. i think that even more change, as it were, in relation to dollar ruble. these were purely foreign economic calculations, which had no effect on the population of the country. yes , dollars, as no one has seen. so they never existed, but where did the course come from, because someone considered the course, as they considered the national product at the cost of some household items, i don’t know, they will say that i know that this is an underwater year, but also how considered, but the fact is that all these calculations. they seemed to have no real economic significance for the country. yes, for external economic

calculations. yes, it is possible, despite the fact that in the country had a monopoly of foreign trade and only the state could introduce foreign economic operations. there it mattered that the buyer agreed on the opposite side. well, yes, i agreed. yes, since, well, there was a trade turnover, then also, frankly, from the west. they say the east is not yet so great. so it was before the revolutionary time in russia that fed europe with its grain. yes, it seems, as you know, you were between buying grain and selling hermitage masterpieces in order to get food. here's food, then there was main financial resource. i told you the war of post-war inflation and uh 10 times. changed prices after the war 10 to one without touching a penny. and that is inflation. well, i mean

the post-war reform. well, not even there was still the forty-seventh year of the reform. that's right, money was changed about him, of course. yes, well , in different ways, this is the reform of 47 years, the post-war people now remember it. due to the fact that ration cards were abolished , the people, as it were, sighed, that is, no one paid attention to this facade reform. the card blacked out. cancel cards. it was so a trick to mix with. uh, this is actually a negative impact on a very large part of the population. the purpose of that reform of the forty-seventh year was to take extra money from the population from the same peasants who , during the war years, due to the increase in the price of food, which was sorely lacking in collective farm markets, sold their goods, received a large amount of cash. and this

reform was aimed at them against them. here is the ratio of 10 to one it had means cash. yes, of course, here you have money at home. you go to change you are given for 10 rubles. one. that was a reform, while state-owned enterprises e did not count. they have not been revised, they have been preserved one by one. here, as it were, the meaning is the whole point of this reform, but against the backdrop of the abolition of cards and the majority of the population, which did not have such a scale on personal money. i think it has passed enough such measures have been saved pensions. scholarships salary all all they remained in the same volume, yes, that is, the entire the electorate was, that is, against curcules, what is called yes, something like that, in general, if we talk about inflation, this is a cyclical process, and when there was the biggest inflation in history, that's before our times.

yes, if you take from the seventeenth year to our time, here is the information, when there was the highest inflation, the inflation rate, is it still the nineties or not, during the women's war, it was called hyper inflation, here you can estimate by just one figure the scale of this inflation. when the reform began in the twenty-second year, then for one new ruble, and 100,000 were taken to be the previous 100,000 billion. 100,000 gives the ratio was yes the nineties . we also had inflation. and maybe even hyper, but still not the same as in those years. it is a well-known story that in february 1950, stalin was given a course to sign, which he instructed the central statistical office to calculate the exchange rate of the post-war ruble, they were given to economists. uh, the soviets got 14 rubles. for a dollar. and i think that joseph vissarionovich, in his style e, wrote the poet at most 4 rubles. here we counted

the ruble was transferred to the gold base and, uh, the price for 1 g was set at 4 rubles. 45 kop. and in fact, stalin canceled the peg of the ruble to the dollar, pegging it to gold again, and this rate was maintained for 10 years. how did you manage to keep this course? and it's not economics anymore. there, for a single country , after all, the country was somehow integrated into the world economy, all the same days. no, it was still such an author after all. yes, and we traded very little in the twenties, khrushchev had already gone from ogo, but she was just beginning. i now i would like to say something else. the very fact that it was possible to correct the number of this course by the hands of the general secretary speaks of its full effectiveness. that is, all these economic calculations mean nothing , they never came into play, politically expedient. that's all, as it were, and then

they counted and it turned out yes and 14, and four rubles in a joke. a young soviet republic, an exhausted war. can't afford such a big jacket, that's what we're talking about. so all these calculations are in dollars in gold is repeated. everything is quite such crafty figures of the soviet era, no one in the country has gold, as if, apart from jewelry, they have not seen even more so dollars. well, what is important here, what to note? it seems to me that there was. the concept of the soviet transferable ruble is when the council was created, well, it was also called the foreign exchange council for mutual economic assistance in the socialist camp, which united it was created then such a special category of transferable ruble was introduced, which was used in relations between members of the cmea uh-huh and which was built on the basis of here

mutual trade. yes, it was an attempt by the soviets to replace, as it were, dollars and all world and other currencies in the internal, as if the circulation of their moisture, cuba then repeated from the experiment with weight and cubes. well, by the way, then he was the chief. when he broke up, this idea disappeared as a transferable ruble. yes, but it is so many currencies against, as it were, world currencies. yes, the attempt was unsuccessful, but nevertheless it says that this whole world system of socialism, as i call it , was a rather closed structure and how would in world foreign trade. she did not participate much, and everything was self-sufficient , which was an expanded subsistence economy within the framework of e-e economic

cooperation, when bulgarian tomatoes traveled in the soviet country, and the dental post on marinta was everywhere in bulgarian and only bulgarian. yes, respectively, yes, i remember these from time to time, and other countries had their own, as it were, a niche, and this is the system it worked to ensure that the entire socialist camp was self-sufficient, without, as it were, dependence on, uh, the capitalist environment, from which, by the way, , received a good injection from the rise in oil prices in the early seventies after the arabs of the israeli war when there was an oil crisis and oil prices skyrocketed . the soviet union received a very powerful injection. and we have just mastered the deposits of western siberia and this is oil. she, i would say, kept the state budget very strongly, but it also played a cruel joke, then, when

the price of oil fell in the eighties. and what is called there to heaven? here there under the baseboard and uh, there up to two to two and a half dollars, if memory serves, and that actually became one of the causes of inflation, not secured by printing money, which in the end actually became savings. yes, yes, we can say we fell into the trap of resource abundance, because this oil, which was supplied to the west. we used it to buy consumer goods, but we did not use this money to renew the economy, new investments, technological processes. everything, it was very weak, so we can say that we ate this oil. and when the prices for it fell, we were no longer able to cope with the world many reasons. i think that if we touch on it now, there will not be enough, not one, yes, not two, not even ten rules. yes, there will be many others, here the situation looked

like the mission was money, because the need was more and more to help the strange developing from the slider. more and more money was needed, in fact , there are the famous declassified archives, when, er, the ministry of finance issued instructions for everything new. mission money that was not backed by anything, which in the end was precisely the financial cause of the collapse, union a. that is, it turns out that the economy of the ussr is now invading from a clearing of history into a clearing of economists, that is, the economy of the ussr was competitive or not, well, in different sectors of the military-industrial complex absolutely and even i would say higher. well, this including space is much higher. but, uh, we didn’t know how to make shoes or soap, and here we were everything that concerns, here are consumer goods, what the people needed, and

what was sorely lacking. and it was a substitute for the soviet deficit, when it was necessary, here get the things you need. this was the main achilles' heel. this is an easy money podcast, i am its host mikhail khanov today, together with yuri alexandrovich petrov, doctor of historical sciences, director of the institute of russian history, iran, we are discussing the topic of the economic history of russia , the end of the era of the soviet union is characterized by , uh, cold war. and now tell me, if you end in the period of the history of the ussr, uh, and the financial and economic one, you can draw parallels between the current period in the history of russia with the most severe sanctions, uh, with the period cold war in the ussr in the late eighties. and what is the difference or what is the similarity, on the contrary , it will be difficult. it looks like it to me. then

the motive for the invasion of afghanistan and the punishment of the soviets for this and sanctions were used, at the same time the famous committee was imposed. which one, who made sure that some of the latest technological developments did not fall into the council, but the current situation, of course, is even more acute, then, in any case, it was going somewhere far away, somewhere on the outskirts of the world, some steppes and the mountains of afghanistan now, of course, events take place in europe and therefore the west reacts to it so sharply and completely inadequate. i would say. well, because of the reasons. i think, after all , we will not name others there now, strangely, not the reasons that are put on the flag. yes victory of defense democracy, that is all. i think that

at the forefront are money , specific geopolitical interests. countries even. well , maybe not strange, but, let's say, groups of financial and industrial, uh, who very strictly observe their interests, you know how war is war? nothing personal, is it? only business, and there, too, the theme is, let's say, immense. well, i certainly agree that there are always some lobbying corporations behind the war, but nevertheless political elites. now they are so russophobic. i think for a reason, because there is some kind of common e and, again, in tune with the soviet era. the atmosphere is when this country does not live like this, and it behaves too aggressively . now so popular, if in principle, i agree speech

goes into the depths of speech. it's the same in the containment process. russia should not be allowed to expand, not allowed to increase its sphere of influence, if possible, reduce it. and even better and investigate what is called? yes, yes, the actual policy of political elites, tactics and strategy, of course, boils down to this, and it is supplemented by the economic interests that you say, that is, the way out, but to build up economic muscles and become strong, and in order to be able to stand up for yourself, defending your right to this same expansion. how did you manage to do it ninety-first year in russia, after all, inflation was, though not the same as during the civil war. e you yourself about this they said that there was no such inflation, but nevertheless. we all remember and again the same card system. well, we probably remember the nineties, many of our contemporaries. and it was the era, i would say, of the national humiliation of russia. we just ended up on

the backs of us, so to speak, out of mercy for the fact that we did away with communism, we were given some. i would say handouts through the foreign exchange fund and others, too, injections and legs in the ears. yes, yes, this was the reward. the west for this is what made russia in fact, as if all the fall and production and economic and military-industrial potential was enormous. this is the decade of the nineties. one of the hardest. i would say in the history of russia managed to recover about what, well, again, not at the expense of foreign aid. this is certainly due to the fact that they began to do a lot themselves, especially after the crisis of the ninety-eighth year of default, they changed the policy, they realized that it is necessary to raise all the same our own industry. so, that is,

they actually began to invest in the economy, yes, that is, the state turned its attention to the development of the economy, to the development of production. yes, i think that this is how it is , and even simple numbers will tell us how much we are now harvesting grain wheat. they are striking, we collect them several times more than 20 years ago. otherwise, we this suggests that the funds were invested in the technique of fertilizers and so on and so forth, and here is the result, yes, and now russia is trading again grain. they buy it abroad, not just grain. yes, this year i drove a car to the south this summer, there was such an idea just to take a ride from a swim in the sea. there for a couple of days and it was just amazing. here you go, rostov krasnodar, these regions and there fields are simply fields of sunflower wheat. you think, lord, well, what kind of country? what resources? it's not just fields a fields that was the end. the area

is amazing, of course, a sight a few years ago and i was blown away. there are other fields of buckwheat, endless fields of buckwheat that it still blooms beautifully, and you can see it. here it is, here it is our resource of buckwheat. we just love you all the hotels, except we have more buckwheat , in my opinion, not so much, who doesn’t like buckwheat and thinks he’s not a smart person, you know, i don’t love buckwheat for you. i took buckwheat with me in all these worlds, taught them how to cook for tomorrow, did not eat anything. yes, all this wealth, nevertheless, i had to learn the name of buckwheat in english, explain how to say it, and so on. why did europe manage to make a single currency from the same commonwealth independent states and so on. are we too different or didn’t want to unite as closely as europe why was there no single currency in the save or the soviet union was so dominant in russia why didn’t there appear analogues of the euro at least but proshev,

i said that there was a transferable ruble. and this, in general, he played his role here in the internal exchange of goods between members of the ussr countries. as for the cis, i think that if you pay attention, when they introduced their own currency, larry soms and others, er, then this is all the middle of the nineties , the ninety-fifth ninety-sixth year, when russia was in a crisis in demand and it was clear that no matter how martial arts we would build then, yes, then it was impossible. well, plus, uh, national ambition. still , each country should have its own currency, especially at the stage of only its self-determination, when these countries only appeared, one can say, as independent subjects of international law. and this desire , as it were, to have all the attributes of national

independence, including currency. i think it played in turn, one way or another, we are equal, well , until recently, we were equal to the euro and the dollar. that is, they are currencies. well, it is customary to say these are western currencies. why russia e? or was there such a period in the history of russia of the soviet union when russia was more oriented to the east and, accordingly, the binding of both currencies and trade would be to the east. well, i’m talking now there, well, well, china yes, there, and even india yes, the middle east was such a period in russia when russia looked more, and in the other direction towards the sunrise, the sun, they sunset and guided. eh, in my opinion, there was no such period for the currency of these countries. and this is easily explained, why such russia grew up as an independent large state. to a european country, which then spread its influence all the way to

the pacific ocean. this is true, but still , as they say, all economic ones are now tied. we had them in western europe and, of course, we traded mainly with her. and therefore, since the time of peter, it’s certainly what was fumbling to russia from china, these were valuable things. it was tea and chinese tea, like the whole russian empire. enjoyed. it was not enough. it was really serious, but nevertheless, all that the main , uh, foreign economic partners were the western countries and the east, then what is called was just waking up and china and india were actually semi-colonies that did not play an independent role in world trade . therefore, i repeat what is happening now, uh, this is probably an unprecedented

period in the history of russia when we are making such a real turnaround in our economic and not only for economic purposes, er to the east towards china, to which we, in general, contributed a lot. if we talk about china, then it is quite obvious that without soviet help after the second world war, without the help of mao zedong, china would never have become such a power as it is now, most likely, it would have been divided among the colonial powers that are there already had their own interests. yes, of course, he achieved independence precisely with the help of the soviet union and huge economic injections were into the chinese the economy from the ussr, therefore, the fact that china is now in such a giant economic dragon has grown and our bio-

good relations. well, well, not a benevolent positive attitude towards russia is the chinese. it’s just that many chinese of the older generation are still repaying historical debts, they sing katyusha very well and treat the soviet union very well, and remember that many studied in the soviet union, this factor of our long-standing closeness cannot be ignored when assessing our relations with china and the question of you as a historian. a. well, it's no secret that one of the main main tasks taking place for political changes now in the world, and in europe in particular , is that the us e. well, here i have some theories there. yes, what we are now seeing is hospitalism in its purest form, an attempt. here are the formations of centers of power. yes, of course, there is one of the centers of power - this is china's second center of power. yes, and here it is not the first us that seeks to destroy and destroyed quite successfully, forming a resource-based financial center.