when pouring this fear, what will be required in order for such strikes to become expedient from your point of view, but 2-3 years. and i think if we do not convince, and our americans are less than the degree of western opponents that we need to stop, and all this is an endless war. one has to be very fast on the escalation ladder when and under what circumstances. i don't even want to discuss anything else right now. naturally, i don't know these circumstances, uh, many of my colleagues. on they say there will be retaliatory, but the blow is a massive blow with the usual weapons. this is the center of decision-making in russia, this is false, this is an american, uh, argument. uh, many of us repeat it as an absolutely false argument. again , the answer to the condition for the use of nuclear weapons will also be a response with a doubling in the event

of a strike by long-range precision weapons with conventional warheads. for the same countries or for slightly different goals, and therefore, now win these 5 years, while, by the way, we have, uh, certain superiority and operational dominance. and we can prevent high degree of probability. we can , firstly, but stop this war, and secondly, make the west think again and finally take care of their own affairs, they provoke more and more new waves, i will call it karaganov's doctrines. you know. uh, for god's sake, they name cases. let's imagine that the doctrine of karaganov. officially adopted by russia, don't you think that the first consequence will be a desperate flood of european leaders washington with demands to provide them with the means of self-defense in order

to place more american nuclear weapons and give guarantees that if they are hit with nuclear weapons, then america will also respond, do not be afraid of this . uh, such flows. uh, the europeans, he uh, walked for decades, it was the europeans who first of all demanded, for example, the deployment of pershin missiles and two equivalent missiles, because they knew, suspected and understood that the united states of america would not come, and nuclear weapons in their defense . eh, it was precisely because of this that de gaulle came out of er, to the point of exhaustion. namely, for this, france, e, created its own independent nuclear capability, a and e, but the americans. why do we not really understand something special that you did not really understand, but in soviet times.

well, we do not understand, probably, until now, but systematically, but tried to separate from any war in europe and their presence in europe is purely symbolic , another thing is that it is still dangerous. and especially since we see that artificial intelligence appears between nuclear and nuclear, and therefore, the sooner we stop this crazy wife looking for a big confrontation. eh, so much the better it is necessary to force our e, opponents who have lost or are losing their mind e. this is sergey, i ’ll even tell you, god forbid that this doctrine of the karagan will be accepted as officially. it must exist in the air understood by the end of uh, our transmission. i give you. be your first reaction. uh, i, uh,

take this argument seriously about the degradation of western faces, including the washington branch. and when i look at the president bytes, which he confuses with ukraine and in general , somehow, i don’t always orient myself from predictive events. here i would not like e rely on the fate of the world to depend on the fact that joe biden makes the right decision and therefore i am apprehensive about the fact that you propose from the other side. i am very grateful. what are you doing because there is a dangerous illusion in washington that if they continue to do what they are doing? and if they keep repeating, as it were, that there will be no nuclear war, because they don't want it. and at the same time they can do whatever they please, then i

think that this could just be lead to nuclear war, and so the conversation you started. i think it was necessary to start it, and i think that in this sense we are all, uh, you have a long last word. thank you, i was very tormented and thought about this for a year and a half, well , much more, but recently i decided that it was my professional a and civic duty to raise this issue. this is the first second of mine. i understood that i had called fire on myself and a friend of a friend, and he was on the full program. but i am really proud and pleased that i stirred up the waters and a big discussion of the role of nuclear weapons in the modern world and the second against. uh, nuclear weapons were advocated by three categories of people. the first is people like kissan gray and others who stood near the uh button and understood what kind of horror it is in old age. they changed their minds, the second

group of people. it's uh, wonderful pacifists. ah, strategic parasites. these are my comrades and the third is the infantry generals who hated nuclear weapons because it did not allow them to demand, and additional signaling allowed them to conduct exercises generally made them unnecessary. unfortunately. we are now, it seems to me, yes, we got caught, uh, we need to start thinking about this trap ourselves. i think a lot of people will agree with you, a lot of people will disagree with you, but i think it's hard to disagree that you've started a very important discussion. i believe that it is useful in russia but i really want to hope. although i am not sure that washington will pay attention to it and understand what a dangerous path they are on when it seems to them that they put a little more pressure on russia. yes, even more dangerous

armaments to ukraine and they will get what they want in ukraine in the world. if they follow this path they will continue. no, they won't get what they want, they'll get the doctrine, karaganova. sergey is great to you. thank you. thank you. it was a pleasure to see you mutually it was a great game we'll meet next week on the air why is loid austin the secretary of defense of the united states being so friendly with the minister of defense of ukraine my good friend aleksey reznikov we will continue to provide everything they need in ukraine ukraine is the famous world laundry, where dirty money is washed, especially weapons, has long been called the minister of defense contracts. he represents that side of the state that does not want the victory of ukraine. they are now missing six billion 200 million dollars of the money that was sent to ukraine . he earns money in his own pocket. ukraine has been sold to multinational companies

for over 40 years, but common children. they don't have the responsibility for the new wave in the us army. they take transgender people and other all kinds of copper; these people have a high percentage schizoid disorders. he knows what decision he will make regarding the pressing of any button. lloyd austin effective sales manager of the heir's death doll, tutti on monday on the first and always on 1tv.ru with free service profitable pay pay cards with up to 25% cashback open for free in the ozon bank application. when

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hello i am pilot cosmonaut anton

shkaplerov this is a podcast of space history. today we will talk about space experiments that are carried out on cosmonauts at the stage of preparing for a space flight during their flight to the iss and after returning to earth as my guest. just the developer of these experiments elena fomina elena is the head of a very interesting department. i'm afraid to make a mistake in the title. can you tell yourself how right and beautiful. yes? this is a very beautiful name called the physiology of human gravitational stability. you work at the institute for megabiotic wound problems. yes, we are trying to prepare for long-distance flights to understand how to resist weightlessness and, accordingly, why is it called gravitational stability of a person, because, for example, in our the department of the arrow lab is the only one dealing with weightlessness. this is just, uh, the laboratory

where i work. and besides, there is a laboratory that deals with artificial gravity, that is, there are laboratories that deal with what is happening on earth. practically. we see it like this. here is a very strong gravity. until weightlessness, there is this spectrum we can trace. well, you have been working for more than 15 years, uh, in the mvp. uh, you deal directly with us astronauts, so we can say that all the astronauts who were on the iss and everyone was fine. you know, she conducted her experiments on everyone, which were, which are now being carried out. well , of course there are, which will be in the future. tell us, please, how did you get them bp, because i know that before that you were the dean of the institute. and what motivated you to do astronautics, probably all from childhood. everything is even further than the dean. at all. i spent all my childhood on e, the street of the tsiolkovsky house. she stood on tselkovskoye street, it turns out that when i was still a little girl. the first thing i should

was to remember. this adress. uh, you live on tsiolkovsky street naturally. my parents told me who tsiolkovsky is, and uh, then really. i already worked at a university faculty called recreation rehabilitation. we worked with highly qualified athletes and determined what psycho-physiological profile the sports elite should have in order for him to perform well in order to take part in the olympic games in the championship and how to select him? at first i worked with the best people in terms of sports. well, i think it's professional burnout. i just didn't care anymore. yes, i have achieved something. e hmm yes, i'm a dick. i know how to prepare students. uh, how to bring them to a diploma, well, she taught physiology, physiology of sports, psychophysiology. well, at some point it becomes uninteresting, i want something new. and so, well, life turned out so well that i came to the institute. and i think that

now i am again with the human elite of the work of your department of satsivi in ​​that, uh, firstly, if you look after our physical condition. that is, because we play sports. we are on board before the flight. we pass certain tests. that is, you are squeezing out of us, how can we run on a treadmill, i don’t know how to spin a bicycle, lift weights, then follow us. e during the donkey flight and, well, draw conclusions when we arrive, when you are already taking the test incorrectly, you understand the second e, i think the most significant and significant is, of course, a space experiment. yes , exactly which are carried out on astronauts. here tell us what experiments were. perhaps the most interesting ones that are currently taking place. well, maybe he will tell something about the future. best of all, we will start with you the experiments in which you participated. this is prevention. we have three main assets. this track, which

is considered the main one in the russian system of prevention, is a velargometer and a strength simulator. i must say that the emphasis of our partners on the power simulator. they work out every day on the weight machine. we believe that the most important thing is the track, because i always say then. you will have to walk on mars on the moon and you must maintain your ability to move and maintain a vertical position of the body, therefore , they also do every day on the shore path an exercise bike they have every day ait, hour, either it's a bicycle ergometer or a treadmill. well, the meaning of all this is obvious in order to remind you what gravity is, as soon as you arrived in zero gravity you feel good there, by the way tell me how do you like weightlessness here is the feeling of weightlessness. well, everything depended on the flight, i remember exactly the first flight, when i arrived

it was not very good. firstly, we flew for two days in a ship and only then we got to the station there was a feeling of motion sickness. well, here's a motion sickness, that is, such a condition, as if you were sick and sick. well vomit, at least it was after the arrival on the first flight, but i remember exactly in the fourth field when i flew. i had no adaptation at all. that is, i have the feeling that i hmm fell into the same environment or in in general, no change. i didn't feel. that is, i immediately began to tumble and move as i wanted when i got to the station. well, first of all, they flew. we are much faster than 3 hours. secondly, apparently already an organism. uh, i understood what was happening, although these internal yes physiological changes. uh, in any case , when a person falls into weightlessness , that is, in our case, gravity disappears and the body did not take it. like a click to say, this is

weightlessness space let's. work coco no it keeps the same body right works like it does on earth under the influence of gravity, so there are these changes. and most importantly. this is the redistribution of blood in the body. well, i felt somehow, but it was no longer painful and not hard in any way, so here is the training and experience he spoke out. yes, the most interesting thing is that we even made such publications, what you need to understand here, for example , if we send to mars , we need to send a person for whom there is already a weightless experience of adaptation, or uh, take a person who has never flown him to send, but i still think that it is necessary to take a person who is familiar with weightlessness, firstly, he will enter more easily. you and most likely that ilya, adaptation to the earth probably happened easier. it was easier for you to recover after the next flight. yes, after the fourth he also returned. i practically also did not feel any problems, neither in motion. well, i also think that it's even more important how we get there. that is, when

you get new in gravity. here you were met under a white pen, and we we will rehabilitate you. and there it means that how easy it is to adapt weight to it, respectively, it will be easier to go through and edit to the conditions of gravity. well, there is the lunar one. therefore, i still think that there is scientific evidence for this, that it is necessary to take a more experienced, astronaut, organism, which already knows how to adjust weights to them, and how then to return to gravity conditions. well, to make us feel good. e in weightlessness. we have a lot of trainers. uh, they spin us in the center of the fugues on chairs and so on. here are our partners somehow from this, uh, well, not that they moved away. i think, well, maybe the astronautics were doing this at sea. now they have more, of course, the emphasis is on tablets. that is, they have the ecology in the first place. here where is the line, what is better or to combine? for example

, i think that you yourself found the answers. better combinations to eat a pill is always easier. but if the body has included in its reserves, and you are going well, then there is no need to interfere. we have such a finely built system, so let it be in the first aid kit if it’s really bad. i bought it and that's it. and if the body has turned on its mechanisms, then there is no need to interfere with it. we are talking about getting used to, but to weightlessness, and then there is a long flight, how not to forget gravity, what methods do you have. and what do you use when the astronauts are on board the iss? bye bye, of course, we only have our physical training here, mainly for future flights. uh, as tsiolkovsky said, there will probably still be an artificial gravity centrifuge, but so far we do not have this. and in general, we can say that we are quite good at preventive measures, taking into account the fact that valery polyakov flew 438 days. it can be said that the flight is already to mars, yes , it turns out that we have a strength training machine , a track and a velargometer, and this is how we

remind the body. what is gravity? how will he come back? how will you have to move again in the conditions of the earth. yes lapwing about dnt workouts. now it's just a very interesting topic for me. now there will be a short flight. i want in this short flight. uh, use lapwing use dnt training has never been done before, generally on short flights. mm, the glare of the experiment is not at all different, because the extremely japanese flew to me and here they are. i didn't notice what they were doing. experiments. here is a bp for them in general, do you allow them to be glorious? no, i was very glad that we managed to make an experiment with an arab cosmonaut when there was such an international project, and we were able to examine him before during the flight. he also ran on my track, and then after we are all short flying. this is a short flight. yes, now it will work out, it will fly, the belarusian girl too. i now want to try to add more about dnt

training during the flight. by the way, yes, how did you perceive the training for you in general, how would we expand. this is negative pressure in the lower half of the body. that is, these are special pants, let's call them that, which we fly astronauts lace up such, well, rubberized fabric in our area, yes , in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe belt , air begins to be pumped out of these pants. that is they are sealed, it turns out that in the lower part of the negative pressure of the upper put. well, due to the pressure drop , blood begins to flow to our legs. that is, it is artificial. uh, gravity turns out to be right on the ground, it is vertical when we stand and it turns out that our circulatory system has to fight this pressure drop, that is, it’s the same as with gravity. and most importantly, well,

first of all, the heart. i think it works pretty much the same. you can do less, yes, in fact, this is just right for the heart-sucker. i know, what are these valves that we have , oh, yes, that help push blood to the upper body when we are vertically opening and closing. well, i don’t know, well, the long-term quality of flight, they don’t atrophy, they don’t die. they just, well, i think fall asleep. well, first of all, they have to, uh, remember. what is it like to push this blood, and we do it in about 2 weeks. well, before landing, increasing the time, and the pressure drop, just to wake up these, well, valves that are in our veins. uh, by the way, our partners are somehow skeptical about this. well, there were astronauts with me who were happy to train before landing. the fact is that they are now making their dnt suit. that is, the country you are now modeling experiments on earth are looking

again, uh, the effects of dnt training. moreover , right at 6 o’clock they hold a person with negative pressure on the outer half of the body , it is proposed to make such a sleeping bag in general, so that during sleep it would be possible to do such pressure. uh, rarefaction is the meaning of it see when we are flying in under the conditions you are flying in under weightless conditions, the show was on the ground, we had to lift this blood all the time against gravity, yes, it turns out that, uh, as soon as the blood went, well, in the cranial direction, we say, well, that is, the head , uh, right away, uh, heart. you don’t have to work like that with these muscle pumps anymore. no need to work uh, appreciated. we have such a concept not zyuz, that is. i'm saying that the system of the body is made very, er, right. if it is not used, then it is not necessary, there is no such thing to support, therefore we also lose without it. because it's already about two liters, or well , some big numbers, sort of. uh, it turns out

that the blood flow to the heart increases. uh, the receptors signal a lot of blood. there's just so much to drop. and how to reset, well, right away, uh, the liquid leaves the body. well, that's all it felt. do you know how it happens? therefore, when we return, we even drink special, well, salt supplements, that is, well, roughly speaking, straight salt. well, let's do it in the form of tablets. uh, a certain amount of time. and i'm like the commander was always watching. uh, for 7, well, all the crew members, and they were both americans and ours, that is, everyone understood that we were drinking, just salt, salt retains moisture, well, water in the body and thus it’s easier for us when we get into gravity conditions. well , at least from this point of view. everything is correct. here are the targeted supplements. this is development. there was also our institute. and now we continue to use it . channel one, with the support of the russian state corporation, is conducting a unique campaign. all. just you go to the movie of twenty

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'll show you how to do it. just not the first. well done now you didn't jump off that breath. star factory 20 years later tomorrow after the vremya program we continue the conversation of

fomina's universe about space experiments. which there are still methods to adapt quickly to well microgravity? well, that is weightlessness and vice versa upon return. well, we already talked about pills. we talked about the simulators, even remembered the salt, remembered the lapwing, especially these, uh, orange pants. what else is there? now we are trying to deal with the support unloading compensator. the point is that we didn’t make shoes like that on purpose, where the support zones of the feet are stimulated and thus we deceive the nervous system that, as if a person walks without a tin, there are shoes, yes, in which there are special insoles. i had four zones. uh, special uh, pump yes, the compressor that delivers. uh, the air inflates this insole in one area or another at the same time. uh, it turns out imitated, as if that is, we we go at the beginning of the heel

toe heel on the juice, the same thing happens in these. eh, shoes. yes? the only thing i tried to turn a blind eye to imagine that the food did not work out, because, well , it seems to me, because only four zones need them, of course, more to do eight 16. i don't i know, of course, it's more complicated, but it would be more correct, but still put strain gauge sensors. well, there are sensors that can measure. with how much force we press on the support, yes and uh, just walk or run on the treadmill and the computer should remember how hard this or that part of my sole. feet. yes and then believe then verify. if i close my eyes, will i feel, if i feel pressure on the bottom of my foot, and will i feel as if i'm walking, that is, here, it turns out we we don't bleed. we just give signals to our brain.

yes, what is gravity we are going and this will help to adapt faster or not to forget not to forget gravity there is an assumption that if we do this at the initial stage of the flight, when all receptors too, well , it turns out that the vestibulars signal, which is not clear? what's happening? well, yes, it does. well, if physiologists return, yes , a person, we have the same er, if we are on earth, we close our eyes. we are well aware of whether we are vertical. do we rotate we go to the left, we go right, because we have here three hemispheres, yes, in different channels, yes, yes, semicircular ones too, well, there are third channels to run a special liquid, there is. uh, nerve endings and due to inertia. yes hmm turning the head and so on the body fluid receptors, and with our eyes closed we understand that there is nothing in space, so the fluid just runs, but the signals continue to come in and it seems, here, uh, when you close your eyes? the first moment and it's like being rotated

in all directions in the chair because uh there are just signals and uh to the brain. uh, and i remember the first night exactly . i may not have been, but it was definitely the first flight right away, that is, when i went to bed on the first night. i closed my eyes and was in a bag, the zipped bag was tied to the ship's utility compartment. i closed my eyes. after some seconds there was such a feeling as if i were standing like this and my face was sharp. i'm falling i'm falling right into the floor in fear you open your eyes. right out of fear, chill ran. and you see that you before the bag, i just close nowhere again again and you again have these straight faces right here. and so scary. okay scary. of course, it is possible that we will somehow not be able to compensate for these vestibular disorders, but for now, we are also only trying to do this in an experiment in order to reproduce these sensory

inflows not only from the support receptors, but also from the vestibulars uh-huh well, let's talk beauty space experiment. yes, uh, usually an astronaut who flies for half a year plans about 50 experiments on everyone. yes, i remember that before the flight you bring a special paper on which there is a list. ah, experiments. hmm there are points that you put for them. well, then you suggest that we choose and sign which ones we want. well, i am such a person, i understand how much was spent on me to prepare for the flight. i know how expensive the flight itself is, understands the responsibility. we do not have 1,000, there are a little more than a hundred astronauts in general for 60 years, therefore, well, piece goods. let's just say i understand that if you brought this paper these experiment, then each experiment does not matter how many points it takes. he is very important, so i am. well, you remember, i don't even read what documents you have. that is, i just sign them right away, but

then we ask, well, you still read it. well, here's the protocol. uh, have there been astronauts who refuse to do certain experiments? yes, and for what reason? they do tell. i don't know, he's afraid he does no, most often a person, when he flies for the first time, e signs, but agrees to everything, then he starts talking. yes well, it seems like i already worked for science . i will not mention such a case. who is this? yes. here is the list. well, here is the list. yes , when i talked specifically about prevention for several hours , i said that we need an experiment about this. still, it's detailed. what it is, i’ll tell you now that the person refused to everyone, it’s interesting, why imagine yourself in his place, what for this experiment, all these simulators are all means of prevention . see what happens if, for example, the track is removed. can we for 6 days

when a person does not train on the track, but he still has a strength simulator, he still has it. uh, velargometer turn off turn off one device and see what happens. naturally. we test a person before and after we will see how we examine e in the test on the track. that is, here you are doing a test on the track. we have a standard test known to you by him three, which the cosmonauts are mad with sensors. see what the heartbeat is watching. uh, we look at the cardiogram with glue on the legs. it means how the muscles work correctly, how the muscles work, how the heart works, and plus you put on a mask, we analyze the composition of the inhaled exhaled air, because when a person, here we are sitting with you now, these are the so-called aerobic energy supply mechanisms. it's all easy. we just get oxygen , use this oxygen as a source. uh, well

, in order to restore our energy resources. and when you run and run faster, uh, the body turns on others already called anaerobic mechanisms. we are already starting. there is already an acid-free kind. there you never need to split your reserves and somehow provide you with energy. at this time , the composition of the exhaled air changes. therefore, you ran in a mask, because it is important for us at what point it will increase. this amount yes and in addition, the level of lactic acid in the blood changes. why would you do a lactate level test, because just how much you have gone into these anaerobic mechanisms, the more lactate you have accumulated, and accordingly, we can say. what er in conditions of weightlessness, by the way, what are the results? we got it from prevention due to the fact that you are running here in m-m in active mode even when you are running.