terrible questions there with some peculiarity of development. here we mentioned the trial by jury. yes, because the jury itself. he we have a jury trial. yes, i do not want to criticize this institution. but still, if you look at the history of its development, then still the jury is not aimed. on the search for truth, yes it is an adversarial process and in this adversarial process, pay attention to the word wins. yes, it is in the process that the one who best presented his position of evidence , the witness brought in, and so on in a sense, wins in the process. there was, in fact, this is a feature of the creative process. pay attention there is often no one interested. what is the truth in the case? who's to blame? really not guilty. how, then, does law relate to justice ? apparently, there is an idea that whoever has the best

opportunity to prove this dubious position in an adversarial process. yes, i mean , whoever won, he reminds me of a good microphone. this is a scandinavian tink. yes, when on swords they decided who these judicial duels were in russia if both sides could not provide. he sits on the arguments of his innocence, then he decided the case one by one. it's god's judgment. that's all. can i. by the way, do you think it's possible? it seems that the one who is stronger wins, but let's say, the biblical story tells us that david defeated goliath because god's truth was on his side. you can consider these court fights as an attempt to present everything to god's judgment, the source of this practice, of course, is precisely in perception, what the lord can decide. yes, the lord can point with his finger to who is right from who is wrong and certainly the example of david goliath is one of such textbook biblical examples for this, although the church

treated differently. yes, i would say, so that for this you need all the same, but to have such a faith which i think not all participants in these e, fights possessed or not all those present possessed. but nevertheless such practice was, yes. children were excited not only by the classics. she remained one of the most important and necessary at all times. she jumps up and runs, so the long corridor sees me for the second time. uh-huh wraps around my leg. dad, i understand. it was you who combed your dad in and so, yes, dad arranged your wedding magnificently. yes, a promise dinner.

yes, yes, they have already grown up from my daughter, as it were, i forgot this feeling a little, but when i took him in my arms at the maternity hospital, as if a prick in my heart was a prick of happiness, masha was born with such a grandson weighing 1 kg for several months. i lived in this hospital. it was grown every here this day 20 + 30 g plus 40. that's what has grown that has grown police major. and always on one tv point ru to a friend the child was small. he went to school and cut off all the electricity in the school on september 1st. and i have an uncle. how can you be judged by law or by conscience? today we have gathered our thoughts about law and the patriotic legal culture bishop sava candidate of theology andrey alexandrovich klishas doctor of law continue. well

, anyway, here we somehow left the topic. i would like to steal these concentricities. e our legal any legal system. this is in any of these concentricities in any surface of legal culture, as such, yes, any. yes, absolutely right. well, i think so, because there is no other, uh, legitimization of these norms. you can't come up with. well, you can, of course, shift it to god yes and say that god wants it that way. well, in general, people would always like their ideas of justice to be, there illuminated by some kind of divine laws, rules, if it concerns society. yes, i do not take it, there are some questions of the universe. yes, that is, if it concerns people's lives. that is still the idea of ​​​​people of a certain time about that, it’s understandable, but look at the same time they sometimes say that legal nihilism is also quite inherent in russian steam culture, characteristics, again, returning this is

a continuum of the law, a and conscience, yes, the law, there and grace let's say or legitimate justice and often ties in including. well, how is the law what happened? yes? there is this people. it just won't say so. here, it can be said that another representation of the law is that the actual and the legal are indivisible. so it was a drawbar, which means, this is a question of the performer. it's a matter of injustice or , uh, the formalism of the performer. that's conditional, well, we seem to have agreed to give specific examples, but nonetheless. see one of my favorites. now those in quotation marks are about migrants. or rather, not about migrants, the repatriation of russian people abroad. here, according to its regulations , i assume that if the documents are poorly completed. they can be sent back and the person will go again. third time, but it's not this is not good. that is, it is not in good conscience, that is, the official who accepts the document, you can say, here, correct me, i will immediately accept you, although according to the regulations. he doesn't have to. this is, well, this is a very primitive basic example.

this is even a question illegal, and administrative regulations, but nevertheless it is a matter of approach, how will this or that person react to the law, what breathes says that someone has acted, it’s more likely that someone has acted not according to the law, because he is more comfortable. well, that is what these personal characteristics manipulate the law to their advantage, without regard to justice. yes, yes, yes, well, what was said about what. that's good, but russian legal culture is not peculiar to grass. nihilism, inherent in any culture, is present at some stage. yes, some stages of the radar to accompany emigism, in principle, in general, i want to move on to this issue. this part is generally performed today, but look, i read from historians of law the idea that the existing legal nihilism of russian legal culture is largely associated with the era peter and with the fact that those innovations that, uh, the great sovereign brought to our earth, they

were perceived as western and alien, as this idea is called andrey so i don’t even see any new institutions that peter would bring to russia, there are legal institutions and approaches, to touch on such fundamental things. yes, as the conciliar documents of the temporary on grozny acted in russia and peter they acted. to be honest, i rather see that there was a cultural problem. yes, with peter, the shock of some foundations related to people's lives, in fact. yes, the idea yes, we have one russia that is after the mind in terms of culture, life and so on. well, to say that peter somehow shook the legal culture. i didn’t say, well, secular, of course, no, but, of course, the church among the church among it, of course, was very much shaken by the institutions of the church - yes, yes, these changes, of course, were not accepted by many. but

this is the same question. not uh about the un nihilism. this is not a question. but the fact that a person does not accept the rights of someone is a question that he does not accept? specifically. these are the laws changes made, and peter first or there later, maybe now they don’t like some kind of law. i will definitely tell you about this later, but this does not mean that i am, i believe that the law should not exist. i just don't like specific legislative restoration. uh. here. i think that, in principle, this topic is non-delism. it is not connected, there is a situation with a particular era or a historical person in general, from time to time there is a situation where the legislator, in particular, we are there. we lag behind in some directions from how social relations develop, right? either this or that, the industry develops and then the people who are involved in this. they get the impression that these norms that have been developed there, but they do not

meet the needs at all. eh, this area. and they begin to act without regard to these norms, and it is up to the legislator to quickly tighten up the situation and propose rules that allow this area to develop normally. yes, i agree that here are the features, about which i was trying to say, they are a common cultural background relate, but i think colleagues that you underestimate a little, well, there are certain realities that well, there is an attitude towards the law expressed in russian culture, that the law can be circumvented, that the law does not have to be observed, that there are things more important than laws. this is part of the legal culture they uh, let's say, uh before the revolution. yes, they were largely balanced precisely by the orthodox consciousness and the emphasis on conscience can be bypassed, but not. bypass not in conscience there relatively speaking, yes, because when some student comes up to me there, this, of course, is not a legal situation. she says, you know, here, there, missed the test, missed the class. my child was born. you can treat it like a human being, but according to the law, well, you

gave birth to a child, i'm not a deuce. go there, go write. well i'm here get into the situation. a and. i think that not in any culture, but the teacher will enter into it, so i think that there are features associated. well, it seems that you didn’t argue with this, yes, with national culture, but look it’s unconditional that for the e russian, at least the sword of the orthodox man of god, the truth is higher than e, some kind of temporary, true, yes, to put an a or a d, in this particular case , it’s one thing if you sell this five, and another thing, if you give him fives throughout the year, he is a doctor, well, you don’t educate doctors, but nevertheless he is a doctor, therefore, to be such a doctor that he kills his patients is another matter, that you entered the situation once, well, you acted like a god, so to speak. yes, but this is it on this is very simple. answer. vladyka yes , actually, the more detailed regulation. yes, then, most likely, well, let's put it this way in good legislation would

describe these situations, or the legislation would refer you to corporate rules, for example, of this educational institution, where corporate rules should also describe you. what is what to do? if yes, and when i punish the situation you will not foresee. that 's right, you can't provide for every situation, but the limits of this gap are always different; we have this gap is very large, very large. what was required to prove? no? well, again, in any case, there may be situations where the person thinks the law is unacceptable. yes, they , too, of course, can be when yes , he really believes that they are divine. well, for a christian, divine laws are higher for someone, maybe for a person. unbelieving agnostics there, the law of conscience is higher, these are different sources about the constitution, i can’t help but ask in this composition. well, now until you asked about the constitution. i just want to say something about each, nevertheless, the legal

system contains mechanisms for resolving the contradiction that i just spoke about, vladyka sava, yes, and in our country, by the way, one of such possible resolutions of this contradiction is the same constitutional one, when a person says, this law cannot be applied to me, because, well, because it violates my rights. no, it doesn't make sense, yes, if it guarantees emotions, every legal system there tries to develop such mechanisms. yes, the restoration, as we say , of violated rights, even if this right is violated as a result of the application of the law, which is generally applied in accordance with there with all procedures. yes, and such mechanisms exist, but do not exist in all systems of the prophets. and we have including the constitution and yet yes the constitution of the amendment. and which were taken very important very seriously about everyone. of course, we won’t talk, but i repeat in this composition the mention of god in the constitution, i just remind you just in case that the sixty-seventh article appeared. the russian federation, united by a thousand-year history,

preserving the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us the ideals and faith in god, as well as continuity the development of the russian state is recognized by the historically established state unity. vladyka why was it so important for the church, including you and me ? country some perception of our country. that is , this is a kind of ideology that is designed to set the tone for the further development of our country for application in law. yes, here recently was uh, the decree of the president yes of spiritual and moral values ​​in 807 807, yes. traditional centers, it also suggests its further and some kind of implementation of legislation in the activities of the executive authorities in the activities of the education system. here's how i perceive it, that is, for me, in this case

, the constitution is not just the supreme law. yes, this is a kind of compass that indicates where our country should move, but the lord is right, in general, the constitution, as we say it politics is a legal document, so some basic political things. we will definitely include it in the text. yes, but it also has a legal component, it is quite simple. yes, those rules of law that the state adopts or the interpretation of these rules of law will necessarily include a certain historical cultural religious, including the context. yes , the most important provision, of course, is the legal provision and everything, including the constitutional court and the legislator who creates the norms. can't abstract from this cultural the historical religious context of the peoples who live here, because the idea of ​​justice is inevitably connected with this. many countries are now trying to tear off such a gap here, between law, and

representation, and people of justice, who originate from their cultural history, and in general to the development of our civilization. yes, but we believe that these norms. they won't take root. people, in any case, will not be able to perceive them. how is life there honestly? or uh, how exactly is a human representation address for this addition is very grateful, like, because it seems to me that here is the question. maybe he is so naive and philistine. he arose, well, that has changed. and what do ordinary people say to us, it’s very good everyone there, yes, of course no, but i’m just saying that it’s definitely not always possible to convey this. i think it worked out now. thanks a lot. with thoughts about law and the patriotic legal culture, bishop sava, candidate of theology andrey alexandrovich klishas, ​​doctor of law, we continue one more topic spit again. and i think, gracious sirs, that no matter how

softly society treats its members. it must remember that there is justice. the same mathematics, no mathematician will say three times three nine, but for my girlfriend 10 three times three for everyone, let's talk about your favorite topic equality before the law there is such a problem today. we have, of course, and this is one of the main problems we have, of course, yes. one of the main problems with the right application, because uh, it in a sense turns our situation around completely. that's what we're talking about now, because when people see that someone gets away with it. they say, how can you judge him according to the law three times, nine said according to the law and not the obligation of the law when someone manages to avoid. well, the same responsibility under the law. yes, people are protesting. yes, and people believe

that it is not in good conscience when a person escaped responsibility under the law, therefore, the selectivity of law enforcement is the selectivity of the law. this is a huge problem. and we have it, unfortunately it is so, well let's hope that like many other problems will be solved, and in the canonical rule of the lords. if i am not saying something right now, correct me, there is such a concept of economy and okrevia. about kriveriya - this is a strict enforcement of the letter of the law, and savings - this is in general, just the same, well , indulgence, probably, taking into account the circumstances there, and so on. that is , roughly speaking, there is some kind of canonical offense, according to which, according to the canons , a priest, for example, should be prohibited from serving. yes, we have such a canonical norm or absent. but the bishop, there the ecclesiastical court may make a different decision. yes, given the situation. yes, well, that's unloved for aleksandrovich, but examples, well, let's say a priest is driving in a car at the wheel , throws himself under some kind of car. maybe a drunk person dies and, according to the canons

, a person should be deprived of dignity because he shed blood. he cannot perform the sacrament of the church, but also, by the way, even in a situation where, let's say, his secular court is there, can he justify? yes, because he is not to blame at all, but if the church follow the revue, yes, he must lose it, but the bishop can accept it. first of all, i would like to say a few words about this. and, when alexandrovich asks if there is any analogue of this in soviet law, well, in fact, the example that he gave is now being discussed, because and when a priest is driving and the person himself throws himself under the wheels, this is not a priest shed blood, after all shedding blood. it's very specific. the thing is, after all there is such a discussion. she is not closed now. we have is being prepared, and consideration of the cathedral. uh, the russian orthodox church document, just about the punishments of clerics. and there this topic is discussed, with regard to savings. but

that's what we've been talking about today. yes, this is when the judiciary will be personally bishops or the church court decides what we say. so, in truth, there will be various reasons, in truth, out of mercy, he will have mercy. it is possible, but this is already an opportunity that the church has. here, in fact. i think it 's in secular society too, because, well, we touched on this subject. it will not be an exemption from punishment. yes, we talked about it and no questions. there is a degree of public danger. this is the release of responsibility, and in any law there is an institution of release of responsibility, because what is responsibility, these are some legal consequences that either occur or do not occur in this case. if i understand correctly, vladyka, here we are simply talking about the fact that those consequences that are provided for by canon law for a given specific person. they don't just happen for certain reasons, and rightfully so. this is also a release of responsibility. but when we say that mercy is above

justice, is this applicable here or is it a slightly different aspect? it seems to me that this is a different spectrum; it has nothing to do with law at all. yes. eh, i don’t know, there is, in my opinion, there is also an assyrin. yes, the saying that like there is the love of god there is like a mountain? yes, and justice is there, how it squeaks yes , it's nice when every strong, dear friend, remembers inside the legal sciences. i think something like this. it seems to me that there are no categories of mercy above justice that are a little different. this is so this is wonderful, and the final question is another quote. another great russian lawyer anatoly fedorovich horses, he has a moral element in the criminal process. and here there are such words service to justice. little by little, it begins to turn to the service of the judicial department. it is necessary to re-explain moral ideals. it is necessary to put in the first place moral requirements and tasks - this is the business of university teaching the university is the alma-mother of its pets

, it must nourish them with healthy, pure and fortifying milk of general guiding principles, as the lawyers wrote. question i have this. eh, would you agree on the whole with this idea, and here with the peculiarity that this is the case of the university. this is not obvious in my opinion. eh, look. today alexander talked about what the law provides. e court a certain discretion. yes. he judges in general by how he perceives it, but to judge in this way, probably. a certain moral frequency is required, if a person himself does not know, a bribe taker, uh , a debauchee and some of them in general scoundrels and a scoundrel in general, then how will he judge other people in a pure way, this is always. well , i think it's difficult. should it be a university , not knowing if our current university is capable of this now, but i believe that yes, definitely the moral principle should be transmitted and in the education system, too, it may not be now, but how? i think it should be thanks.

well, look at this and there is in the blood, and we are all more often used. uh, this term or concept, by the way, thanks to the constitutional court. today we are talking not only about norms, not only about law, but also about the constitutionally significant values ​​of society, and precisely about values, because behind those very norms are the very values ​​about the idea of ​​justice of people that these norms, in fact, should protect . this is the right culture. can these norms be applied to the detriment of these values? yes and then just today and the constitutional court many times in of its decisions says that our goal is to protect constitutionally significant values. yes, if we always mean it, and if the same university student, he does not just learn the rules of substantive law. and so, mechanistically remembering some set of articles or dispositions that are contained there, and understands that behind this

there are certain values ​​that need to be protected, these norms must preserve these values, then, of course, his understanding of the law will be deeper. he will be able to the very norms to modernize to change in the name of those very values ​​that society considers to be protected. well, that is, the university can and should do this, of course, and if you listened to the professor of blood, the rector of st. petersburg university, why does denty say that lawyers should share legal values, and only then they become real lawyers. it is universities. it is now. well, by the way, the subject for such a great discussion. you just said, and i remembered, uh, some kind of fiction, and an elderly lawyer, addressing the young. says the benefit of the doubt with the heart must understand the very good. you said thank you dear friends. bishop. sava candidate of theology andrey alexandrovich cliché with doctor of law

. today we gathered our thoughts about law and russian legal culture. all podcasts of the project under kotlap. you can find it on the website of channel one 1tv.ru hello, i'm pilot cosmonaut anton shlaperov, this is a podcast of space stories. today my guest is a science journalist, popularizer of astronautics mikhail kotov and today we will talk about space programs hello michael. good afternoon. tell me how and when you started doing space, in fact, since childhood i have loved aviation space , but i studied differently. i graduated from the university of economics and finance, then i worked for a long time in one place in another, and at some point i, in principle, always wrote. uh, something for myself

for other people, some small texts and suddenly i found out what the guys were collecting. uh, the scientific editorial board for one edition and asked to go there. needed some work to write news was. this is almost 10 years ago. i was told yes. we can take it, but we need a person who writes about space. i said let's try and i wrote the first one. they told me the news, didn't they? okay, we're ready to take you. well, if you are ready in the next six months , uh, sit down and study it closely. i looked at all the books that can be read in the near future. i took something in the library and bought something. and gradually i wrote the news and in parallel with this. uh, i read to the maximum , read read, typed everything i could and years after two. i realized that i can write articles for nothing. i can write articles. uh, some notes. well, that's all, that's how it captured

mikhail 50 years ago at 60. uh, astronautics was very popular. everyone knew all the astronauts who flew fly into space. why is the interest now not the same as before? space has also become different. in fact , to some extent, cosmos, uh, has become a little more routine with more launches. on the other hand, on the other hand, everyone is already used to this, they don’t look at it as some kind of miracle, like 60 years ago, in addition, everyone expected a big surge of manned flights, that there would be a huge number of people in orbit, factories in orbit, and this no, space is not developing quite the way we would like it 15 years ago, no one was ready to say that astronautics will turn to huge multi-satellites constellations, and currently the grouping, starling more than 4,000 spacecraft.

even 15 years ago. everyone would say. well, why so many will never be so many at the same time in orbit and it turns out that the cosmos has become like this utilitarian in it is a huge number of satellites that work for us, but at the same time , romance has disappeared from it to some extent, and perhaps this is what allows it. what, yes, they are a little less watched, less interested, although in fact it is in modern astronautics that a huge number of the most interesting things are happening. it's just that they are not as bright as 50 years ago, there is no such enthusiasm when gagarin flew or the americans first landed the moon again. that is, it's not only in russia, it's all over the world. yes i would say it's everywhere around the world. as far as i know, there are a large number of people who follow, who are interested in fans, astronautics. and there are those for whom the cosmos, well, sometimes they heard

the news, but no more, they know too little about it. what what is it to become their love. that is, they are just this one , those people who need to be told more. and maybe they'll say wow, that's so interesting. it's so cool. there are so many new things going on. well , do you think what needs to be done to make the topic really more popular? space and at all levels , tell it is written that this podcast is being done - this is just the perfect example of popularization . a person from the industry is a professional. you invite guests and talk to them about space, and this goes to the federal tv channel. and it's wonderful popularization - that's exactly the right thing to do. it's just that there should be more of this, starting from the grassroots levels, where children are in school, so that teachers can tell, of course, according to the level of involvement. that is, to tell the children about what kind of missiles we have, in principle, so that they draw exactly the union or the hangar and

ending with courses that are practically professional, where people from the industry come to get some additional knowledge, that is, different directions of people who know nothing about space. well, besides the fact that there are astronauts, there are rockets, and those who really know something very much and can be professionals in their field. that's the thing, popularization. it should be at all these levels and for those who are still nothing at all. does not know and for those who have been for many years is interested just then we will be able to systematically promote all this to increase the number of people who are interested in space, who love space, for whom this is an important part of life, and russia is a space power for us and a huge number of projects that have already been done, which are now underway to tell you some, uh, the most striking projects that are awaiting us now and in the future precisely in matters of popularization. it will be necessary to tell not only populations. if space, then there is

one project that i really love to tell, because it seems to me that he is wildly deprived. attention is a spectrge, this is the russian orbital a. this is not even an x-ray telescope, this is an entire x-ray observatory, which is located at a distance of one and a half million kilometers from the earth at point l2, this is the lagrange point of the system. earth sun. that is, e is a telescope all the time, as if covered from the sun by the earth, so that the solar radiator affects it less. we talked about it a little, by the way, here is the spektrg - this is the coolest x-ray telescope to date the time of those that work in a steep orbit, that is, which so can look far , after all, unlike telescopes that can, on the contrary, look far at the spectra of the rg , can look wide rather, it

rotates around its axis and makes a map of the universe in x-ray range. that is, it is a telescope that maps the entire universe that surrounds us. yes , now it’s not applied science, it’s astrophysics, but in the future, such maps will be very necessary for the development and astronautics and our knowledge about space in general and what spektr rg does is very cool, but extremely few people know about it, and every time i'm at a lecture or somewhere else i try to talk about spektrb, because i think it's, well, an amazing project. it's already over. i mean launches. well, he's out, uh, 2 1/2 years ago, almost three , he's still working. it will work for several more years. him. there is a very big program. at first there was a program, just for compiling, uh, maps of the universe now the program was slightly adjusted and now he is engaged in tracking the most

interesting celestial bodies that can be seen with his help black holes. in the forest. eh, it's extremely interesting that news is constantly being told about this, but due to the fact that this is astrophysics, there is somehow little information about it all the time, but most importantly , few people know that this is our russian one. yes, this is our russian observatory. there are two telescopes, one completely russian art-exi named after pavlinsky, and a german telescope. this is a joint project. erohito, who works in softer x-rays. and so, and the launch was russian, the entire observatory is russian - this is our long-term large project, which needs to be talked about constantly so that everyone knows channel one, with the support of the state corporation of russian meaning, is conducting a unique action. all. it's just that you're going to the cinema for the film the challenge from june 28th to july 30th. send your ticket

along with contact information to the website 1tv.ru. if you've seen the movie before and still have your ticket. you are in business too, 20 the lucky ones will get the opportunity. eat the cosmonaut training center in the city of stars, and five more times they can go to baikonur to see with their own eyes the spaceship. calling in the cinemas of the country, we continue the conversation with mikhail kotov about the popularization of astronautics. you mentioned starlink, we understand that this is elon musk's childhood. er, well, quite an ambitious figure, in general in the world. for us for astronautics it is, but i think, now the most such, advanced person who, uh, lives in the future. oh, by the way, everything

what he planned. at least that's what's happening. let not as fast as he would like too, but he always finds an excuse, yes. here is an example of an accident. she was predicted in advance. everything is fine. we need it by the way, well done. therefore, here is your personal impression of the mask, what do you think of him as a figure in general, and his role in the development of astronautics. well in my opinion what he has already done. here is what we already see flying. this is already very, very much. that is, in my opinion, his main merit. this is what he the cosmonaut from separate launches made the same starlinks a big system, more than 4,000 of them were launched into orbit, he was from a slipway assembly, as they used to assemble satellites all over the world in one way. here we have a slipway,

a satellite is slowly gathering on it, coming up experts brought the device, screwed the next device. they came to the in-line assembly of the conveyor, and now it became clear that behind a single satellite platform, which will simplify this assembly, the future is behind it, and now roskosmos, uh, slowly wrote such task. yes, he set the task, because he really needed it, it was set on time , and enterprises are being created in china. and there are already quite a few who are engaged in the platform. and already the stuffing is already depending on what this satellite will do, and that is such a transition, in my opinion. this is one of the most important tasks. h, which musk decided well, and, accordingly, the return of the first stage , he showed that it is possible to again put astronautics on the stream of rocket launches and yes, now it is spacex that launches more than