cora and become part of a team from the tinkoff list of the best employers in russia, he is one of a kind. in the tv movie 17 moments of spring, your answer, my answer should have been revised, but i didn’t have time to start small, what do you remember, about this film in general. first of all, naturally. stirlitz is such, probably, the standard of the scout. what are we going to do call a friend? and do you think a friend knows before, when you watched it, as a child for a very long time where you plan to spend the money you win. i will sew a suit with a tide and a wow premiere in yalta. who wants become a millionaire on saturday at pervy we continue our conversation with alexander khokhlov about the work of the soup. what was the daily routine of fusan? i mean, what time did they get up or go to

work, come back to work, what did they do on weekends. and well, all the specialists of the russian group. we all lived in two houses in the same hotel in the morning and had breakfast, and then we went to houston to work. johnson went to work. so it turns out that i had such a usual eight-hour work week. we worked 8 hours. i have been exercising one exception, just uh, well, comment. i flew there once, twice, three months to equip the station of the american segment, they brought a new module, new juicy panels, some new instruments to the station. so, just when i was there in america, another one flew in and there was an increase and at night there in houston, when either it was daytime i was still a shift shift, because when the shuttle is still, except for the station itself, except for the soyuz ships there is progress . and, well, these

were some additional possible troubles, not staffs and there was gain. and then it turns out that i didn’t work in houston during the day, but at night and in order to promptly answer on the russian segment or get some help from colleagues, that ’s how it was usually such work, but i remember two interesting events one event . we went to new orleans on a tour to see the city here, and this was after the hurricane. there was a famous enemy there, when well, in russia, many thought that the city did not exist at all, really, but in principle everything was more or less normal. we arrived and didn't find it. not a single russian there. there were americans and french are very many french. well, the colony is more french, a very beautiful city. there were a lot of people there. uh, there was no sign of a hurricane there at all. there were no russians, because russians everyone thought that he was not there. cities and he was. that was surprising, because in houston, in russians , they met a lot, but not in the new allian, and the second we had a very interesting tradition.

i don’t know if it continues today, but i really liked it when we played in the usual one, this one english football at a regular school stadium on saturdays. that is, there were american specialists who played american european football in alpine t-shirts. here we were chasing the ball, and there the american girls participated with might and main, even there i don’t really know how to play, but this, i don’t know, is team building. we played footbal. there used to be carriers. here are those who work in houston, they transport e for our specialists. and here is such a one. uh, we are an american team building and, of course, i have a bad scrap in english, but there i tried to communicate with colleagues tried the public uninterrupted. just like that, here they discussed something there as best they could. well, it was very interesting. and i tried not to miss the game, that is, the game is almost. on saturday, where i myself play football badly. well, i'm not also not very good at playing here on defense to stand up. well, here he was . why serve the ball? the main thing is to be on a team.

yes, yes, to invest in the alexander team , after the energy you went to work in st. petersburg. and what were they doing there? yes? i moved at the end of 2010 and got a job work at the institute of robotics and technical cybernetics. this institute. he is primarily engaged in automotive technology, but there are several space departments. i worked in the space department. and then i'm from a test engineer, because i was called a test engineer. and there i became a design engineer promotion. yes , parallel, as it were, in parallel, that is, my category remained the first and there was the first theory. well, we decided to change the city and enterprises and profession. yes, that is, i became my basic specialty mechanical engineering allows me to be a technologist, that is, the main master tester and designer. so i became a designer and a space designer.

building a and we developed e instruments for the iss made equipment, a and accompanied him from the production of cactus - this is the arrogance that in soyuz ships determines the height of the ship when it parachutes down in order to turn on the soft landing engine so that you do not hit your back and behold, besides we retire with our backs anyway. well, yes softens, that's why it's called the engine soft landing. of course, i would not say that the softness of the bruises is enough. after such a landing. well, it's good if they work. of course, the americans are very fond of talking. uh, russian soft landing. there were cases when it definitely didn’t break, in my opinion, it still works. yes, it didn’t work when they returned, well, such a version that from clouds, well , it worked and, in short, they landed without an engine, soft landing. well, alexander was here on the transfer, he feels good, or vasilyevich is often accidentally at work, therefore uh, everything worked out, thank god. well, it turns out that uh, except for the first ship , all systems. uh, for your ships, too, were

with my participation. although mostly. of course, we did not develop, but accompanied the production. but it happened. what for these 10 years i worked with a non-mouth. during this time , i greatly improved the documentation for tooling for production there. uh, here are these cactus gammators, that is, how would there be such a contribution that will be, uh, how? well, probably, until the end of the flight of the unions, it’s definitely to act. well, from there. i had to leave anyway. yes, when the pandemic starts. uh, in the end i went to private gear, and in a company that did not deal with space in this parish, and they didn’t take me just to start a space direction. ah, and we have a small team of engineers that creates cupsats, this is the standard of educational satellites, which starts from one unit of such a small cube satellite and scales up to 24 units, but we only make three unit devices for universities in our company. this obtained educational satellites to perform school and university

experiments in orbit. and today we have made two satellites so far and we are producing 7 more satellites. here's to me from the designer. uh, i had to come to the leader in order to lead such a process. you make other satellites. not the ones that the southwestern horizontal university is doing, we are making similar satellites, and the southwestern university is now making two variants of satellites, those that are launched from the international space station tv open space. here oleg just took 10 pieces and launched them. yes, it was in the twentieth year. here, uh, they have a handle attached to an astronaut's glove. here is the cupsat. rum is the same as ours, only they have it with this handle. and they also put a special shield, and in order to bite, it quickly slowed down and moved away from the iss very quickly, that is, well, in order to lower the orbit faster, usually the bushes have such ones. uh, oval shields don't. but they have e to safety there - they did it. that's it

for the launches of the iss, they also make satellites for launching on rackets, like us, there this no. and so far we have only launched from missiles. uh, they haven’t reached the station yet, because the spf educational project that we are participating in, it only looks after launches on rockets, as well as university space, that is, there are two educational projects, there are spi and a university, and both of them launch from rockets with a passing load is launched on the upper stage and fired into space after the launch of the main large satellite. here, and on the iss there are e other experiments, in my opinion, even called radio with kavf. take yes then have start compensation. call radios that's it. oh well, it started with the fact that there was an old spacesuit that worked out its own, which goes out into open space. uh, there was a battery inside, the satellite was connected directly to the spacesuit and launched together with the spacesuit. and thus it worked longer. he is now taking these nanosatellites himself. mm, the energy of the sun and works it, and well, for seven,

in my opinion, nine months to 3 years old for him to fly. well, that’s it, it turns out that when with the iss usually half a year it doesn’t light up further too low an insult. but when it launches on a rocket, then it should fly there for 4-5-6 years. here, just spacesuits. i remembered on the internet. there is a video. uh, where are two cosmonauts going out, this cosmos brings out the third cosmonaut and throws him into the open space, and everyone says a horror story that the russian cosmonauts released the third partner into space, generally led badly. yes, but this is educational experiments, just here, i think the tourist should say this before hush, if he doesn’t carry himself well, this video is shown to him video alexander i know that we took part in an experiment related to the flight to mars for 2 weeks, we spent 2 weeks in the deserts of utah tell us about this experiment, but in america there is a martian society, it is international and it has representation in many countries.

so they have two stations, one in the state of utah and one in canada on devon island there is a station there, and these are two-story hmm cylinders, and the diameter there is about 9 m. and now the society has come up with such a project to fly to mars when uh, the return from mars is due to the use of martian resources, and these stations they sort of work out. this is a small part of the plan that they called as mars direct, that is, to mars directly. here and uh, here at these stations , such serious long-term experiments are being carried out, such as we are conducting an institute there in moscow, of medical and logical problems. yes, sirius mars 500 experiments are such long experiments with specialists. it was at those stations that long-term experiments were carried out with the support of specialists and a lot of short two-week experiments are carried out, which are taken on a massive scale , most often they involve students

, some kind of planetary scientists, for their final work. the crew is international, and there are crews of countries there are international crews. in the most different. here we are in 2013 became the first russian teams of russian crew of five people from russia for the first time before that, not a single russian was there. here is a whole team after us. yes, that’s how we normalized, uh, and we went there, but at the expense of such resources, a at the expense of their resources mainly, that is, yes, uh, each person of the crew was looking for his own way of supporting, yes, that is, my work supported someone there, someone else supported someone at their own expense went there, but some our team - it was the team of the competition. there was such a competition to send a private lunar rover to the moon. and we had a team that made a find, and we took this prototype there to this martian station and it went there. well

, yes, yes, these are such spacesuits, because in this experiment you can go outside only in spacesuits a spacesuit, of course, greatly simplified, very simple spacesuits, but still it is very, very inconvenient. and here there was a very bright, scorching sun and usually, like on spacesuits, there is a special shield that covers from the sun. here, yes, just like that, with the vkd it’s so golden, but there it wasn’t there, and we are all wearing glasses. well, i mean to cover with pure gold. uh-huh. and we were wearing sunglasses, that is, by a helmet. we were glasses, and there under the helmet is streaming from this glasses, it is, of course, the case that it is experiment? uh. and, of course, when it gets hot. here you open your helmet and wipe yourself off, close, in principle, such an impossible as distributed. e position was the commander. yes, we had five people, unfortunately, we all had guys, and there was a sixth girl, a doctor, but she did not have time to get a visa, she could not go. she got her visa when we got back. that's why it took five. we had a commander. i was

the deputy commander, and there was a flight engineer who was in charge of all the system stations. the geologist who determined the exit program, when we went out he took a lot of samples and photographed. he just taught at the moscow state university at the circle of geology, and he developed such a methodology for martian samples for this circle there on this expedition, here we were , and there was a journalist. e journalist who wrote the article, from there. they actually wrote articles. we are two. i wrote too. that is, we are parallel from there. we had internet there, it was limited. but all the same, he was there and we passed on to the mainland, as if articles our two-week life on mars and the everyday sense of what we do. but it turns out that we took turns preparing food, there, uh, the food was mostly canned, that is, a lot of different canned food, some packages, that is, everything . here is something similar to space. yes , the groomed conservis is the same

only in a simplified form. you understand that, after all, food for cosmon is expensive. it was cheaper, but that's all. here it was dehydrated and there was an oven of bread, but the supply was a little bit today, that is, we could two or three times they baked bread like this for a change. but basically it’s just such canned food, and here they made various soups, cooked in turn. they were chosen in turn. and usually. so there was a toilet. there was a shower, but we had a limit on the shower, that is, according to the conditions of the experiment. you could e wash once a week. that is, here we were for 2 weeks, that is, there was a shower, well, yes, every day we had a water treatment, we took wet wipes with us. and how the astronauts take. that's just saving water. that is, there was there we had such a tank water, and he was on an expedition. she spent wasted wasted wasted. and this water, and this was drinking water. that is, she went everywhere, that is, she went to the kitchen. that is, it was necessary to wash the dishes very carefully, spend little water

washing the dishes. yes, we washed the dishes, but so, that is, it turns out that we processed it. and unlike the astronauts, we had dishes, yes , on the iss yes, dishes, no, we wiped them quietly there. i flushed here, uh, because we had a tank. we had to save clothes, so we were there, as we did, uh, was a set of clothes, that is, we did not wash them. there, we just took clothes. for this time , they simply saved money and did not change it right away. here they were engaged in culture. and they did a little physical education, because it was a short expedition, that is, here are many crews, they usually do yoga there. yes , because it really is. uh, we had stairs between the floors. we are very i tried very much to walk on it. by the end of two weeks, i really feel a lack of movement, because we could go outside two or three times a day for 2 hours. we had such a conditional oxygen and batteries, but this is just

such a one. uh, like an open space experiment. yes, here are two or three exits there you can walk around, but we went out in turn. here, uh, inside the simulators was not special. well short expedition. this simulator did not become. they wouldn't do it. and here was the deprivation there , these very different ones, that is, in communication and so on, and in 2 weeks they felt it. well , the connection was with less possible. and maybe call sometimes yes? here but uh it was limited. there was no cell service there. this point, why did they choose there was not 100 links. here the internet was limited in speed , and we usually spent 2 hours in the evenings writing reports in order to send, uh, articles in the media to some with whom we communicated so that our mission was known, and we wrote to relatives, so they sent a plan wkd, the next day when we ride the robers in this video rovers. here, conditionally, on the surface of mars. that is, well, the connection was, but

limited. this was important under the conditions of the experiment. we continue our conversation with alexander khokhl about the martian experiment and with you anton is chic. did you feel that you are on mars yes , we felt it, because this is the limitation plus additional restrictions conditional for the experiment of those restrictions that people who go on a hike do not have. that is, we felt it, and the strongest sensations were in the second half of the experiment, already the second intellect went, when we, on the one hand, got used to it on the other hand. here the outside world began to be forgotten. and there, in principle, there are no city lights. there are practically no planes flying there. such a deserted place, and the only thing that we sometimes saw at night was one searchlight very, very far away. this is the nearest airport. and at the end of the expedition. a strong hurricane began. that is, the clouds flew in, the wind some

howls, we are in this station outside. darkness, the absence of people nearby, but, because there are few people far from the nearest village, and there the deputy sheriff was somehow following us. if anything would happen there was a point where we knew the point where the cellular communication works, let's say so. the whole of two people so that they get in touch with the deputy sheriff, so that he comes to rescue us. now, if something would happen, and so we were friends , the people who were watching you were not with you, no, no. here they were alone. we really were the only people with whom we were in touch. they were scattered all over the world. these were enthusiasts who were playing the role of soup, and the task of the sheriff's assistant, who was also far away, was following the task, and therefore yes, this version of the enemy was special. here we sit like this in the evening, so it's already dark. eh, this one the noise of the wind and that's the feeling outside the planet. i remembered the iron star. e foggy. there is a moment when a starship lands on a planet near an iron star. and there they are in complete darkness with some terrible

jellyfish that flew there. well, such a fantasy. in my early childhood i read very vivid memoirs and that's where beauty i felt it all in this shell. i am that light only inside outside, darkness and no around, but again about the experiment. and there were some emergency situations that we introduced, uh, the specialists there are not staff, like there were no special ones. we had contingencies that life just gave once the toilet was clogged. we have one more for the crew and you had one tolik yes for 1.5 years and there was a backup, which is disposable well, which is on such a one and as a result we used a backup toilet for part of the expedition, because it was ruined with me. e crew members did everything wrong, that is, he was an uneasy toilet. ah, well, turkish contact is usually terrestrial, not space usually in winter years. but just how would they feel the crew violated the operating instructions of the toilet messed it up and we used a spare such a dream to be comparable to space. how do you make a regulator there at the station? maybe

it will be useful for us here on earth so that the properties are not lost, not that we are simply clogged, as the trains of the cosmic territory are exactly for him. well, yes, yes, then he repented and apologized. let's say they mounted everything and cleans it. well, here are the berths in the end. yes, they studied with him. yes, well, plus we had a shortage of water. well, they are, that is. eh, what is simple in life, but not that we we were told that you would have such and such a non-stadt, whom i would work out. that is , there life itself is quite harsh at this station. it is not comfortable enough for a person to feel some such severity that mars is not there, the conditions are earthly, but for people to feel hard. eh, living conditions themselves. they are not simple. and there were some funny cases. i don’t know if we have a relationship with the crew and someone quarreled , cursed, but, on the contrary, went into himself. there we

felt. uh, a certain tension already in the second half, when the crisis begins, but there, i don’t remember how it was for seven days , or from what 10 days there, there is a date when the crisis appears and they flew. there , some of the crew began to play computer games for a very long time, so that i could afford it, maybe have free time. well, at night they played, they played. they didn't play at night. but they worked during the day, with such eyes. there they simply relieved stress with computer games, for example, and uh, for example, there was also deprivation of communication due to this, deprivation of some sensations, and feelings began to dull, especially among the team. i felt i saw and, for example, they began, for example , to drive rovers too fast. eh, well, it was quite dangerous and clearly in the beginning we drove according to the rules slowly, as allowed, and in the second half they began to drive very quickly already quite. dangerous. well, it's just really dangerous that you can fall off. uh, just because the crime of feelings has begun, that is, this feeling of isolation affects. i mean, we

saw it. well, we went in spacesuits, we went in a spacesuit. yes, but the role was felt, commander. yes, nikolai is the commander. that's what his role was. well, he kept track of the schedule. he made the big decisions there. he was in touch primarily with this flight here. er, of course he is. well, it's a lot of things, but, uh , there was a lack of overall coordination, after all, the team really became a little bit. so tired by the end, tired. and there, maybe, we could no longer manage to somehow keep the team. uh, the martian station itself, on which you were located, was already tired in tone. in general, the project itself was organized by martianism. he, uh, does it exist now and what does it do, and the martian society exists, it continues to be engaged, and popularization and, probably, some kind of significant contribution is now imperceptible. that is, they work with students. they are holding a competition. uh, martian rovers

continue to work on the session station, all this stuff. here is a routine ongoing work some experiments were carried out here. probably, uh, their contribution is important a little bit in the past, for example, they met, when the masks when he began to think what to do and they helped him with contacts, thanks, he donated the observatory. and so, when we were at the station, there stood a small observatory named luna mask, which he donated for this martian station. and they also hold various international student competitions, and even now i managed to participate. uh, put together a student team a few years ago, and uh, we were planning a flyby mission. uh, mars and venus was such a story. uh, sometimes it is remembered there are flight paths. when you can fly around one or two planets without landing, but with the economy fuel.

it is very interesting to see exactly the interplanetary flight at the first stage, and russian students and i developed such a project, and we took the society from the mercedes, the fourth prize place was literally won, do you think, and we need such a martian station in russia, i think, yes , because its main direction is the maximum involvement of people. institute of medical problems, they are doing serious good experiments. but these are long-term resource-intensive, uh, which are carried out with a lot of specialists. these are just such serious scientific experiments there, and there are not enough simpler ones, which are trainings for preparation. even cosmonauts could go through additional training there. alexander, let 's dream up what a person will do in space in 50 years. i really hope that by this time there will be a colony on mars, that is, there will already be a city already there. uh , probably tens of thousands of people and there will be a large number of bases on the moon in order to gradually turn the moon into such an

industrial technological base for production of space technology for the exploration of other planets, and other planets. i hope there will be many more interplanetary stations flying without people, just automatic instruments. and in order to explore all the planets of our system, since we are now following mars, so there are prospects, of course, we will not fly to the stars yet. unfortunately. yes? here but here is marsov, well, master it. well, well, that's fine, my guest was astronautics expert alexander khokhlov and anton cabinet. it was a space history podcast. history is sometimes something that never happened, described by someone who has never been there, as one spanish playwright thought.

hello we gathered our thoughts today about history. is it a strict science or, as one historian said, a prophecy about the past, dear friends viktoria ivanovna ukolova, doctor of historical sciences catherine, i cannot deny myself the pleasure of the last roman woman, as viktoria ivanovna calls her in the historical fedorovich guide? doctor of historical sciences, i am vladimir left yes, candidate of political sciences, therefore, i am very scared, firstly, whether you are representatives of science or not, now we will find out. well, here we have, uh, political science. what i want to start with in his famous, so to speak, work of the british historian is. uh, such a thought in the beginning, that is, a story for human self-knowledge. i’m here, in order not to go overboard , i’ll just read out the value of history lies in the fact that thanks to it we find out what a person has done and

thus, what he is victoria , how would you respond to this thought. you you know, history, first of all, is needed by every human generation in order to find itself in the flow of time and in the flow of e-universal life, because only by turning and opposing oneself to something that was before that one can self-identify, therefore history is the most important factor the existence of mankind. that is, almost like nature, you somehow comment. well, actually, yes history. as a matter of fact, it really is about us, but about us in time, because about us in statics to understand, in general, nothing it is impossible, well, about how to look at yes and imagine the life of a person completely. it is very difficult. there photographs are always in general, deceptive, and in time, yes, but, even

more so with previous generations. and we can say a lot, and hmm actually. we specifically study ourselves in time in order to really say something about ourselves. well, let's talk about how we study ourselves. it is clear that the theme is immense. i really wish we were different aspects of it all touched upon, but since i formulated the topic, how is history a rigorous science? well , maybe a little so publicistically sharpened. that's when we talk about science with all the division of sciences there, let's allow for the humanities. there are definitely natural or any other divisions. all the same , science is associated with a certain law of forms. here, is there a legitimate story as it happens and answered this question around this question, what is natural for many? yes centuries i would say, uh, since the 19th century, especially, apparently, the history has

their global laws of development, which are far from always. you can uh, enough to formulate. i would rather say that hmm the general orientation of certain periods of historical events. for example, here, uh, colossal upheavals in those times when the world system is changing , the transition from the magnificent conditional rome, uh, to the middle ages, it took 300 years in continuous wars of continuous chaos in order for the new system to be structured, then almost thousands of years pass, but a little less if counted from the thousandth year, and when a new period is coming, a renaissance of the reformation is emerging, an entire huge period of time, including the early modern period, and a new world is being born, well, again, a new different

attitude to history. so we got such regularities, as it seems to me, in such a turbulent period. well, here are the laws of regularity. it's not the same thing, but fedor alexandrovich well , probably not the same thing, it's probably clear that the concept of regularity implies some softening. yes, so to speak, but here's the answer to this question. i, as such a standard story, will always remember that how, in fact, this question was answered before me, yes, and here. in general, we can immediately say that, by and large, when it came to the laws of history, it was, in general, an attempt to transfer some rules of the game, let's say there are natural sciences, yes, on the science of man. therefore, i would probably not talk about the laws of history, or rather, i would not say so. in the ordinary sense , in the sense that out of many people they are trying to create a certain system. yes so to say that it is like that, as if

atoms, they are people, are present in it, yes, to say that they really play according to certain rules, so to speak, without intruding. yes, so to speak, naturally science, but man is free. and in this sense, he, uh, is far from always predictable. and it may be, by the way, that he is free - this is a certain law of history. yes , this is unpredictable fundamentally unpredictable. but i once talked on a similar topic with igor evgenievich surikov and he said the laws of history. maybe there is, but it's a big question. are we capable of knowing them? here is victoria ivanovna, what do you think? i think he was pretty much right, but he paid attention obviously. she is a very complex thing that when we look. already that is, we see the general course of history, we structure it and generally somehow cognize it, i try to catch it. well, some

general flow and a general direction of development, and we find them, not only we establish them, but also from the natural flow of life from natural interaction of people and historical events. and here, to finish with this, so to speak, the general theoretical part of our dissertation. yes, but do i understand correctly that if you look for some extreme points of view in those approaches that you said that there were many of them. yes, there are discussions that we will have marx at one pole. well, with rather tough ones like that. yes , but at the other, well, let's say heinrich rieker, who said that the sciences are about culture. they have a relationship with single and somehow with valuable things, and not with regularities and laws as a science. it seems that these are such extreme yes points of view, as far as i understand in the assessment, and i'm just wondering, now, you personally tend to which pole more on this spectrum, so

to speak? i think marx yes is a very good example indeed. yes, that is, this is an attempt to create a theory of everything in the humanitarian sphere, yes, a formula, so to speak, a total formula. yes, here, which even in the natural sciences itself cannot be created. yes, but on the other side. uh, maybe not rickert, just uh, here's a performance that a non-human exists under certain circumstances. they determine yes to say, but on the contrary, that a person, in fact, ultimately determines those processes, yes, that is , let's say so on the other side at the other pole, maybe there will be a microhistory, maybe there will be a history of a person of a specific person of specific people. but klyuchevsky, by the way, argued. yes, as far as i understand, with the fact that history is concerned with a specific person, or am i confusing something, e, of course, he argued, but in fact, here is his era as a whole

my scientific great-great-grandfather klyuchevsky argued, yes, naturally existed in certain circumstances. naturally yes. and, but e, nevertheless, nevertheless, to a large extent determined them, that is, here he is, so to speak, e not without such populist influence, yes, not without a populist approach. yes, he said that a is the people in the first place, and only then she remembers the person victoria, we are like you, but we talked and now i can distort, of course. correct me, but you said that if you look for some laws, then that's it turning point in the clash of different cultures. yes, i'm trying to convey in my own words. and usually you or not rarely. yes wins so, which is considered, well, less that's how it actually was. the roman empire , i'm probably not very sure not.

i understand what you're talking about, but i also wanted to no, it's just an ordinary turn of speech , you know, usually one gets the impression that when a person is free, he does as he wants and in general, the whole story consists of these fragmentary actions of fragmentary uh fragmented events. e even the processes are so short, but just like a mosaic folds into a single whole. for example, everyone was hagia sophia, you see a golden glow, and you don't think that it was made up of a mass of pieces of smythe and just the same in history. why, for example, the definition of the crusades or the century? wars or and so on other events. they are given later they are given after uh, hundreds of years after they u happened, because the participants were unaware. they even

appreciated what was happening differently, but already through the centuries it was seen the integrity of these events, the direction of these transmission processes is dedicated to what the prophecy. now, i would like to say that there is a difference between prophecy and the prediction of the prophets. after all, they already see, and for them the word is clearly connected with the highest pure being. they do not just know, they see, because it already exists in this being, as we know the one-time, and therefore they reveal the historians are looking for it is looking for in the sources. he does not begin to philosophize the one who from some general provisions, he is unlikely to get to the point things, but still , he has some assumptions, and he goes into

these sources in the same way. they already exist events have already happened, but the historian does not yet know what he will find there, but he knows for sure that there are sources in this soil. he can only find it there. e your support, but if he stops there and does not make any generalizations for himself. i 'm not saying global, then the historical work of historical research will not work. we have gathered today to reflect on whether history is a rigorous science or a prophecy about the past victoria ivanovna ukolova fedor alexandrovich guide? i am vladimir legoy. yes, we continue today at first here is the meaning of the historical distance. and what it should be, i understand that it depends on the scale of the event, but still hmm , what is the minimum after which we can call the crusades crusades. it is impossible to define it, in

general, yes to say, because, and everything in common in general, so to speak, is our human history. it basically didn't end. uh, eventually we'll have to say then, yes, that's it, when it's over, then we'll put everything in its place. yes, he is a historian. naturally, yes, to tell him, in fact , it is quite convenient to judge with a certain distance, maybe it would be better if it was more, but it is desirable that the sources be preserved, otherwise yes, it will be difficult. here, but he is a very common. under this certain kind of retrospective trap. yes, because he turns out to be, how to say, e smarter than his heroes. yes, this is very deceptive indeed. in fact, such a situation, so to speak, because, and he is never smarter, in fact, yes, to say, he needs it perfectly. it's easy to know the consequences. he just knows the consequences. he is here very often. eh, how to say he is tempted to tell why it had

to take place exactly as it happened, yes, then they tell him the truth, well, if you drew this very line wonderfully. spend it a year ahead, and that's it. and here and there space begins. yes, because actually this one. uh, in general, a straight line is not there we are dealing with people. this is fundamentally important to know, yes and a. all of our generalizing models here are still a generalizing model, that is, in other words. here are the figures of the crusades, they went to the crusades not because feudalism had come. yes, so it's we will explain this way you think, well, let's say, yes, they have nothing to do with them, they they, uh, set off the crusades not because feudalism came and not because feudalism did not come. this is not a conversation at all about this, but to say this is ours, generalizing just schemes about which we can conduct, by the way, an endless discussion. this is actually normal and correct, if

the renaissance on the status of an independent historical era, right? or is it two epochs three or five? yes, and a half, yes, but be that as it may, it’s still, really. all the same, we must, yes, say, approach these people very carefully, so to speak, politely try to understand them, in fact, as soon as such a conditional dialogue and history is built with not even just with source, and the historian with these people. that's when we actually start something, you know? look, comrade scientists , here is my question. and i hope that i will be able to formulate it. so you said, yes, there is this risk, uh, that someone might think that you know more and there is, as far as i understand, the standard error of hmm, a bad historian who evaluates the past from the position of today. yes, using some categories, uh, today's and so on, but in general, in a sense, he cannot evaluate otherwise. yes, of course, we will allow when we