then they didn’t let me return to this topic rightly, because in general, a millionaire is on a par with simeon’s. as it seems to us today, a fairly full-fledged co-author. uh, it would be a movie. and not only because she is a director, because she came up with a lot, mise-en-scene, some female images that were, maybe not worked out so well. semyonov has a man. he, of course, would have lost a lot, because maybe he would have become a much sharper plot, but this is a hypothesis. this is my value judgment. by the way, the thought that she made him really more psychological. chapter four jokes some of the scenes in this film are in themselves like adaptations of these future jokes, because, well, it looks quite comical we see smart people get into stupid situations. like, for example, an armored one, when

stirlitz comes to him with news, he walks along the corridor. which corridor along our corridor? it's clear. wait a second. which corridor? stitz is walking along our corridor. where is he going? bronevoy listens, apparently, the bbc western voices are the same, by the way, yuri vizbor, who played bormann in the seventeen moment of some, said that

those actors who played were just germans. during the filming, it seemed to them that this was really some kind of crap. uh, here, maybe somewhere in uryupinsk they will look seriously. it will be accepted. it is generally not very clear what these are some kind of some form of some kind of pistols. we play some kind of war game and say such refrains, but this really became the basis of numerous jokes, which i think can be divided into several subtypes, firstly, this is the feeling of confrontation between muller and stirlitz muller and stirlitz are walking along the streets of berlin or the policy. and look what a beautiful snow muller says the way stirlitz says here in russia and then thinks if i’ve spilled something superfluous , these phrases can immediately stop, and with the final phrases of a joke, or something about , uh, subbotnik communist and on which

stirlitz does not want to go and writes a statement that he is a soviet spy. about müller says schelenberg. look what your people are up to reach only to not go to the subbotnik. here are some such absurd things that all the time. eh, inside they have this idea. yes , everyone understands that stirlitz is beer. well, he gets out of all situations so well, that everyone allows him to do it, and muller is also a soviet spy and a shelenberg. soviet spy. in fact, this is such a hypothesis. what anecdotes, but reveal the nature of the series, all these. it was a cunning tavern muller worked in it. counterintelligence stirlitz knew that a special a circular forbidding visits to this tavern by members of the party and the military, so naive talkers considered themselves to be in complete safety there . it's

something right away. uh, clues for jokes. and but this feeling that everyone roughly understands that stirlitz is tikhonov, everyone knows that everyone here is their own. well schellenberg well, what kind of shevelinberg is he, he is tabakov, this is such a recognizable face. and what is this korolev put on a bandage and thinks that jokes will not recognize him, as if they open this gap between the actor and the hero everything is so serious on the screen that it is impossible to believe that it is really played seriously and in jokes, then enough. quickly, by the way, just some linguistic jokes begin to appear. yes, but stirlitz fired point-blank at point-blank range, nonsense loudly squealed and screamed, and the stilts looked out the window from the window , or what? they closed the window and the barrel disappeared. uh, stirlitz shot at miller

, the bullets bounced off him and thought stirlitz stirlitz gave the cat gasoline to drink, the cat walked a few steps, and probably gasoline fell ended because, well, and i can’t now, how would it be now. here we flow will not stop on the tree. someone knocked uh, stirlitz uh, thought. no, no, woodpecker, i thought it was an archer. you yourself are a woodpecker at home. mueller was offended. yes, the dead was convinced exactly such stupid jokes, which , at the same time, really tell us something about the series and the people who watched it, but the audience even more of them than the series, because the series left these jokes gone, more precisely , they remained in their time. here, uh, and at the same time as if we are still interested in watching actors who are no longer sleeping with us. unfortunately, for me, too, there are no survivors from those who were directly involved in the creation of this series, but it’s still interesting for us to watch, and it’s time to move on to the fifth chapter, chapter five, on the screens.

atmosphere well, this is such an eclectic assembly point of the soviet life of the poor, to be honest, because in general, all these objects that we see on the screen, which we have here in our studio, viennese chairs and a round table. they seem to be from different eras, but they were generally present in the homes of very many soviet people, in the chair of the thirties- forties-fifties, along with the chairs of the later 60s-seventies. all this is the whole world of things. he seemed to be clearly embodied here on the screen of the flying and, of course, when they criticize the series, they say that he has nothing at all. yes, with the real third reich there, of course, real germany does not, because there were other directors. you created and fucked up the screen by all

means they were. well, naturally of course, objects of time hit the screen and that's why the audience. in general, it was so nice. so it's comfortable to look at a very distant life by that time, to some extent, of course, exotic, but it was exotic. that's close to suitcases, but glasses, but potatoes, maybe that's why the series was then watched, uh, by front-line soldiers and the next generation. and this is a series. as it turned out, even the aircraft spoke about this for her. it was very valuable, and brought the generation together. just people sitting in front of the tv together and looked, yes, these same, uh, statistics, when less water was consumed and more electricity. this means that the whole family really sits down at the tv and, looking at the screen, continues to discuss the events that take place on the screen, and this, and the relationship between generations

is the convergence of generations. i think after 50 years, it does not stop. it seems to me that what is important here is that she created the elious. under the guise of an adventure series, a multi- genre product, as they would say now, again, but ahead of its time came to the fact that now e is absolutely the norm in television production, when we have, well, and in a big movie. actually. yes, we have elements of comedy, please, we have elements of melodrama, right here on the rupture of the aorta, you are a child and a wife and that's it. here it is, uh, a psychological drama, of course, where would it be without it and still a little action film a little action, because where without it and let's not forget about the detective, these hooks that she hangs at the end of each series really makes us to think about what will happen to the hero in the next series, and here we are he was not seen for almost a whole series, what is happening he fell asleep for 20 minutes, but he is nowhere

to be found. and these elements are amazing, but they somehow work and combine harmoniously. filigree not in vain chess appears there, because in fact, liozno puts these images yes, metaphors for the film and , of course, these heroes whom she pushes and breeds over the course of 12 episodes, they are also a little like chess pieces, but they are very lively chess figures. we are looking at them closely. i understand that now reconsidering. and we see this film acting work. we are interested in just watching the movement of tobacco there on the armored screen. and tikhonov and many other actors, because their acting skills appear most clearly in this film. yes. the main thing is this concentration of actors , the concentration of magnificent actors in the frame, in my opinion, it goes off scale. that's the truth, if you know, especially, and their filmography, if you know their faces, this is actually part of

the real industry now too. so why, if we try to summarize? today we can watch 17.5 spring. why do we interested in watching it? why is it still relevant? pure cinema is cartoonish, uh, the way the actors work, the way it allows us to look at these actors, the way you can actually, now many people come to this e, not from the series, to memes and jokes. yes , from jokes to the series, so, where does this phrase come from, here are all the sources of those phrases that we can repeat even without thinking about where they come from? well, even, and your credits for you , i'll ask you to stay. yes, she almost already broke away from her heroes. so here you can come to this series for this you can see. in what context was it said? and how they looked at each other at the same time yes, but what

was there? besides words? and this is a habit developed over the years, and stirlit knew that the very last phrase is always remembered. what connected these phrases? yes, what stood between them, and between them stood many more, huh? very expressive phrases between them were many expressive gestures, and looks, er, confrontation, conflicts and that's it. it's just for the duration, 12 episodes of liozny i remembered that they called her at home. uh, the workers of some soviet enterprise of some factory asked, what will be there in the next series. will some radio operator survive or not? come on, please, we have a job to say, they told her mom on the phone. and tell us a hint will stay alive or not. and my mother is a religious director and said that i cannot reveal all the secrets to you. take a look and find out everything, well, please, we need if

you apply to work. everything, she will remain alive, everything, girls, we are working. next she will alive. here it is, and the viewer of television before the release from 17 moments of the spring of soviet television. they didn’t know anything, these are the origins of this real boom, which will be later in the nineties. it was all in a sense since the mass brides had ingenious rehearsals. before that, with a real boom later. actually. the main thing that we can say is to repeat the words of tatyana lioznova's mother. watch and find out, he's so much more than what we can say about him and this series is still better just speak for itself. happy viewing. hello schrödinger's code podcast here and

i'm its lead editor-in-chief of a popular science magazine, who is also schrödinger's cat and my co-host is barium's cat. he is my kind of non-schlötdinger, and we are talking simply about complex things and difficult about simple things, and our today's guest konstantin severinov is a doctor of biological sciences, a professor and a person who is now working on a project with a very unconscious name like 100.000. the genomes of the russians, it just sounds frightening. i read the comments about this project. there were the craziest versions, including the fact that the genomes of russian people will be sold like oil. it was the most moderate version, and the worst thing was that the russians want to take away their genomes or sew us dna in order to reassure the most active of our fellow citizens. let's recall what a genome is, what it

means to be a carrier of genetic information , a material carrier of genetic information that we pass on to our children, and receive from our parents is a molecule called dna dioxyribonucleic acid, and on this molecule, as on a material wear or as on a magnetic tape, it is written that you are you, and i am me, but bare. this is bari and the dna molecules are very long in every cell of our body. we have hundreds of trillions of cells containing about 2 m, but these double helixes of dna, which many probably imagine, imagine small small cells in each, 2 m are crammed. these are such thin molecules, here is the dna that is in our cells, we have it the same in our body because we got half of our dna from mom and half from dad so that's all the genetic information that makes you you. and me me about the bar bar. it's called a gene,

because this information can be read, there is some procedure called sequencing or in russian, probably dna sequencing, where we really just read a set of such genetic letters. these are chemical molecules, but for convenience. i will call them ags, and t, and here is this long long text in case person. it contains six billion letters and is almost that 6 billion. it is the genome now a more difficult question. what are the russians in terms of genetics, we exist within the political boundaries of our state and for our project the russians. it is the inhabitants of our country is not important. this is a russian jew, hungarian tatars, or nanais. it's all the russians moreover possessed. a russian passport, and a person born in england , for example, is also a russian for us, that is, genes are tied in this case to a passport. yes, but still most of the inhabitants of our country and their ancestors lived, but in these

geographical boundaries, with varying degrees of certainty, we are also interested. in particular , demographic genetic diversity is what we call the inhabitants of our country, that is, to understand how, at the gene level , a conditional kumyk differs from a conditional tatar. can you can yes? and what is generally known about the genetic differences between the ethnic groups existing in russia, it is better to first determine what is generally known about the genetic differences between people. in general , our genome ultimately determines our individuality. now, if you look at one of the eggs of the gemini, we can often confuse them, but simply, looking at them, it’s difficult to confuse you with me. yes , and that's what happens because one egg. and twins have almost the same genomes, they are clones . one egg twins arise when one fertilized egg, containing the genetic information of mom and dad, sharing gives rise to not one body,

but two bodies. yes, but it is also obvious that genetic information is important in order for it to determine unconditionally how you and i look that's why one of their gemini looks like. yes, in a sense it is personal data. i sometimes when i give there we have a project when we work with schoolchildren, and the children are not so clouded beautiful. i sometimes discuss with them. what do you think, whose gnome was determined, what kind of person? it's interesting how this person relates to each of us. so and they start to think, and then someone gives out in a choked voice. he must have been a very good and kind person. here i am sure it's the same for everyone and good people. yes, but, in fact, if i'm not mistaken, this is some kind of american. no, but one of the genomes the fact is that the procedure for determining the first human genome, and it was a kind of race and was a state program. it 's been done jointly by the british and ah

by the americans and was a private event, and each of these works lasted about 10 years and thousands of scientists were involved. it was billions of dollars, in fact, and but private traders, as it were, won this race, and a person named the crag vertor who led the project. but still, back to how that genome relates to yours or mine, it turns out that we are all people, of course, but we are all variations on some theme, and each of us differs from the other by one dna letter per 1,000 on average. letters. well in the dna sequence this way. this is one tenth of a percent difference. this means that if we have a genome of 6 billion letters, then each of us differs from the other by six million. positions or mutations, if you like, and these mutations we may be similar, or there may be completely different such typos scattered throughout this text. well, let's get back to the 100,000 russian genomes project. well, it's clearly not

a conspiracy to steal our genes or create a superweapon. and what is the purpose of scientific medical economic why this project is being carried out within the framework of technological cooperation with the state. the state has a large federal scientific and technical program. here is the development of genetic technologies. there is an understanding that genetic technologies. we need to develop programs. this is the thirtieth year scheduled for the creation of a genetic gene center. where is made if cleaning the creation of the base the project itself is called 100.000. plus i am this, well, anyone out there? well, in this case. i am this is the idea of ​​voluntariness. it must be present here, because it is voluntary. and here i can hand over my genes to be 100,000. no, you can't do it, because out of those 100,000. and i guess it should be called 100.000. plus. we need to understand that this is a corporate program, so basically

dna sequencing of the company's employees and their families is being determined, and a very significant amount of work is being done with medical partners. these are leading medical research centers. that is, if i'm not sick with something, well, so genetically exotic, then you don't need my genome. we need all genomes, but we are talking about total gene secretion. the goal of the whole genome project. well, for those volunteers who participate in it, and the creation of a database, analysis, which will then allow you to do a number of things. can then talk about why it might be needed, but such an analysis costs money, in fact, a lot of money in the world. and now the price of such an analysis has dropped below $ 1,000, that is, the fact that 20 years ago one genome cost 10 years to read and about $ 6 billion is now done in 2 days and costs less than $ 1,000, the price has decreased in millions. this is much cooler than with computers. so what will happen in 20 years?

well, it was 20 years later. well, now we are starting to tell you the truth about meanings, because it is obvious that in 20 years it will be very cheap. well, just like cellular telephones with all these classic examples of the development of these technologies. and this technology is transforming - na- it will change the world, because the analysis of the genomic sequences of each of us, and allows us to predict our genetic risks in life, the development of certain diseases in the course of life allows us to predict, and the carriage or absence of carriage of some pathogenic mutations, which is very important to know, for example, when planning family or at some such a large level, and the adoption of health care decisions, and moreover, allows you to identify new, and the state of new mutations allow you to diagnose new genetic diseases. imagine even 20 years ago, well, 30 years ago, there were about 60 known inherited genetic

diseases. well, for example, sickle cell anemia, then lysemia hemophilia. everyone knows there tsarevich alexei a. now their number is estimated to have not yet reached 10,000, but already more than 6,000 is definitely a state that i managed to isolate and identify a by reading the dna of people who obviously had some kind of disease, that is, people went there for some reason, for example, there were some in the family, well, some cases, yes, which genetics doctors could follow but could not figure out the reason. now it is being done. in general, it’s easier than ever to take , relatively speaking, the parents of grandfathers and children who have. in this family, whether or not there is a manifestation of such a disease, and after reading their dna , simply compare to make such. well, a pretty simple association. are there any characteristic changes. these are the very misprints of the mutation in those for whom the disease manifests itself and for those to whom it does not manifest itself and thus find.

and well, some conditions that are apparently either diagnostic or associated with a disease or cause a disease. what is much more important, the first is needed for diagnosis, the second is needed for treatment, now tens of millions of genome-wide sequences, and have been identified and deposited in databases in the united states of great britain european, a very large project. currently playing in arab countries china and so on and so forth, and in russia, in public databases, at best , it is stored well, in accessible databases, if not from private people who identified this genome in a company in private, well, for their own interest , we are talking, well, less than ten thousand genes, there is simply not there at all, not because. what and someone really needs it. it’s just that we didn’t have this technology developed and there wasn’t a single player who could raise such a project. well, after all, we’ve read these 100,000 genomes, what can we do learn about the country about health about the people about the ethnic group? what's new is a very large country,

multinational geographically diverse and very poorly understood. here at this genomic level. yes, and this plays against us, because it is already clear that and that set of these changes is once again 6 million, changes characteristic of each person living relative to other people, these changes, on the one hand, make us individuals. you see, changes for the most part do not make us smarter or uglier. they simply here is such a kind of natural variability of a person as a species, but the presence of such a background, if you like, can be very strong. to influence how truly pathogenic and truly harmful mutations, such as those that determine congenital genetic diseases, are manifested. or , for example, cancer, most cancers that manifest themselves are not laid down at the level. and when they start you, but just during your life, but little by little, you accumulate

additional changes in your dna, and the longer you live, the more they impose. we goryabelev teacher. he said that all of us are all seas from cancer, if we live to see it. so eventually you have some kind of genetic damage that cells lead to the fact that the cells go crazy. yes, and so, how all these undesirable effects from our point of view occur strongly depend on this genetic background, which is individual for the previous one for each of us. on the one hand, it is certainly individual, on the other hand. there are, some of it can be enlarged like that. if you want, where are they created some commonalities, but in the most primitive concept, you know, someone will look at the shape of the nose or something else somewhere, and i know who it is why but because most ethnic groups were formed in historical e not very distant times when some small group of people may be related, separated from a larger group of people. well, then it gave rise to such a large colony of a group of people of a tribe of people and so on. this means that within

the ethnos, and people have a relatively greater number of common mutations of change. friend with different than outside this ethnos, this makes them similar in a certain sense, hence it necessarily follows. that's what, that ethnically specific to the general sets of some changes in dna once again in no way, not affecting the mind, beauty and all the other things that he said are very worried, they can affect the manifestations of some, and how - a malicious mutation manifests itself on the one hand, and on the other hand, these same properties. these same general backgrounds can influence which medication a person or people in that group will respond best to. inhabitants the french hate their president. see how well he sees me. mr. president of the republic, or just a gentleman, he was raised out of nowhere, and he choked on the power that he was given to

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our today's guest konstantin severinov , doctor of biological sciences, professor, and we are talking about the project 100,000 dwarfs of russians. correctly, i understand that when large amounts of the genome are read, it will be possible to go to a regular clinic, and the doctor will take into account when prescribing me pills. eh, who am i ethnos my or my personal i believe that it should be so i believe that well, in this ideal world. of course, this will just be enough. in general, your genome is already, when you your genome was born already with you. so i’m sure that it will, of course, be determined and will be part of your medical record, and regarding this genome given to you by god, or rather by your parents, you will then see how in the course of life that you still have some new mutations then in the course of life, which, for example, lead to an exam and then to cancer

, but, ideally , it should be like this . if it is possible to optimize, then probably soon it will be possible for 100 and probably there will be enough money to store all this, but it will all be limited, huh? self-analysis and education of physicians is not a russian problem. this is a problem for the whole world, that is, in america, where, for example, everything is very highly developed, and there, uh, the leaders of the medical industry groan and say that doctors don’t know anything about this, most of the doctors who are now treating. they were in medical schools in the nineties. and the fact that what we are talking about actually happened, well, literally 10 years ago. they they don't know anything about it and it needs to be redone. uh, educational programs for doctors. it's very hard to go back to knowing my personal or your personal genome , it will be possible to say that there is a tendency to uh to a heart attack, so you better live a very strange thing, because all this is

statistical data. and here we are living in the real world. and if this one hits the wall with his forehead, this is some kind of fact with him that is difficult, how to argue here this is improbability. yeah, uh, most of the uh, data that comes out of that kind of analysis, they don't it is good to call them horoscopes. this is very wrong to do, but they are still predictions, because they give you a probability if it is said that in your particular genome the probability of such and such a disease is increased. let 100 times. yes. you probably being, if and on hondarik, you can be very upset, but if it turns out that normally the probability of this disease is very low, for example, five cases per million. then, if in your particular case statistically after analyzing a huge number of people it turns out that you have a probability of illness increased 100 times. this means only 500 million for you specifically. do i need

to go and fight against the wall after that, or just relax, for example, a separate question? and whether it is necessary, for example, that is, whether it is necessary to make some fateful decisions after that, and a separate question, do you want your employer to get into this information, a separate question. do you want a pilot, uh, who pilots a passenger plane, a, to have a lower average risk of sudden death arrest. it would seem that sudden cardiac arrest and death, but it would seem that it would not happen to him, but even if in the case of the genotype it is associated with an increased risk , it’s all the same, and not hundreds per million, sort of, like for this particular person. it makes no sense aha to refuse work. but statistically, yes, there are not. well, there are situations when it’s even clear what to do, but, in my opinion, the most classic example is phenylke, danuria, which determines, well, it’s very classic, but it’s also very unique. that is, there is indeed a genetic disease, when if you do not know that you have it, then

you will die in a young state. and if you change your diet, then you will live happily ever after. just then you will pass this same gene to your offspring, and just in case, i will repeat what was discussed. there is such a disease, phenylkeria, which, including in russia , is scanned in infancy, and they say right away, here you have it, while it does not manifest itself in any way, it sits somewhere in the genes, and somewhere already in adolescence it turns a terrible disease that can be prevented by fairly simple diets not fatal. quite tasty even. and here's an example of how to study. well, the disease can be prevented. do you want to know? but it is important to know this, because in this case it is a simple disease, because it can be prevented by diet, no matter how it is caused. the problem is that you don't cure a lot of the diseases or

predispositions that come up as a result. here is a massive analysis complete genomic data, they are not the majority almost all of them are not like phenylketonuria. in the sense that there is no valuable advice on what you should not do. well, apart from smoking and drinking. eh, well, and so on it is impossible to give you. well, for some reason , follow more, maybe, yes, but let's still touch on this one. an ethically complex topic like genome editing is about to be born. i have a conditional child. you looked at his genome compared with your giant base, because he has a tendency, i don’t know, for some reason not good. i don't know about gastritis. gastritis, to hell with it, you can live with gastritis. come on, schizophrenia can also be lived and even a very talented fact can be. here, well, yes, let him have an inclination. let not inclination. may this child develop and have a severe genetic disease. so let's sharpen it, yes, the guys have already developed, yes, that is, they already go to kindergarten there,

so, as a rule, most of this kind of disease manifests itself so early that everything happens before kindergarten before kindergarten. we saw what he has. god forbid of course. there's no one any legal disease. can we somehow tweak its genome to eliminate this disease ? i.e. they come from their parents. come on, when parents are a carrier, and some unsuccessful version of the gene and the other gene is normal. we are all dubbed. we have these 6 billion letters three from dad three from mom and dad and mom give us the same set of genes with prints, but on their own. so we each have two. and everyone's gene. well, we give children one by one such a special process. here, it’s essential that if dad was a carrier of a certain unfortunate mutation in one genius,

but he didn’t know about it, because the other gene was normal and mom was the same, then it’s right according to the law of the cop or as it teaches at school. it seems to me that it still teaches that every fourth child in such a marriage received two unsuccessful options of the same gene, and this can lead to very serious consequences. here, in principle, at the level of in vitro fertilization. this problem can also be solved in this way, that is, it can be allowed to develop not to any embryo, but only to one that does not contain a double copy of the use. a double corrupted copy of the gene can be done, but one can imagine that for some reason this cannot be done, and then you just have to admit that all the cells that have grown from this organism that has grown from this embryo will be affected and, probably, there will be an early death. therefore, if it has already come to the point that the child was born to subjugate all these cells is completely impossible, then we come to embryonic editing, when you have to essentially at the level of already fertilized eggs. you could say stop before we give it all

to mom. we are now tweaking a little here, and here are these two bad versions of the gene from the correct to the norm, but there are, uh, a whole series of ethical prohibitions on this, and one person who allegedly did such a job and the castle such a chinese scientist. well , he spent the whole pandemic in prison, but now he seems to be out, if a person has already been born, to make it not very difficult, because to fix everything in all cells. hard. there are certain cases of some specific, for example, blood diseases, when this can be done. the fact is that our blood is like that. a little it is very cool, arranged. we have marrow in our large hollow bones. there are hematopoietic cells. they are constantly dividing dividing dividing dividing and from there when they divide it comes out into the blood blood cells. well, for example, red herbal blood cells are white, and they work there for another week and then they are thrown out. they are so disposable. that is, we have here in the bones, there is a motor that constantly produces blood cells throughout our life. but sometimes the problem of blood cancer arises, when here the stem cells that are

in the bones change in some way. well, there are problems. there was blood and something else. here, and now it is being treated, as follows you take this unfortunate person. you irradiate him or use radiation there or use chemotherapy to kill all the rapidly dividing cells in e.g., bone marrow, and really kill them, and then look for, for example, first look for a compatible donor for him. maybe a relative, maybe not at all familiar. a person who, according to some immological properties, is compatible with this person, in order to transplant blood cells after irradiation, healthy, hematopoietic, or rather cells. well, i hope that everything will be fine, that they will take root. these cells are very people die because a donor was not found for them on time or just a donor. no. so big problem. since many blood diseases are genetic in nature, the genetic nature of this is clear. which dna change in which place is responsible for this disease?