[000:00:00;00] they supported the search as much as possible, these people, yes, they got involved in this work, tv journalists also got involved and based on the results, and on the building of the aviation institute in the city of ufa where this meeting with vladimir mikhailovich komarov took place, a memorial plaque was installed in and. all. so out of these sixteen open ones there was another project that i also really like. this too. by the way, i will talk about half a century. it was a chess game, and which was played between earth and space 50 years later years. uh, the first game was played in the seventies, when the astronauts in the mission control center and the astronauts in orbit played chess. and we are the people who work to popularize this industry. we decided to repeat this game 50 years later, exactly half a century later, and this time the museum

of cosmonautics played and between the space station and there was such a wave of interest, those chess, that we seemed to be even further on this wave. let's go and bring the theme of space to this topic. uh, they became interested in space, they became interested in the museum, they became interested chess. all this was broadcast live in two languages, a huge amount of coverage , a huge number of views. well, of course, there were a lot more people, and then i wanted to come to the cosmonautics museum. i know that uh, you wrote a book and space animals. can you briefly tell us about it, how the idea came about, and what readers who haven’t read it yet can read there. yes , this book is called animal astronauts. the first space explorers. i don't talk about all animals there. i talk there first of all about the dogs that flew in space. and the idea for this book was born from two moments. first, such polarization is clear. yes , there i talk about all the animals, uh, starting with the very first ones, which

were dogs back in the fifty-first year. we landed in space, that is, in like 10 years. uh until we have three big directions. this is the development of ultra-light and lightweight rocket launchers. this is the creation of satellites and satellite constellations. and this is the analysis of space data. the three major areas in which we are working are already producing results. it's already there everywhere. uh, yours successes, and our main slogan is probably the idea that we want to convey. this is space for the earth, we are not talking about the fact that we need to quickly fly to other planets, populate mars or the moon there. no, we are talking about the fact that on earth there are still enough different issues and problems that need to be solved, and astronautics is very useful to us earthlings in this it may help when i talk about the popularization of private astronautics. i always say that we, uh, not you and me, but people who are not directly related to space rarely wonder how often they actually

come into contact with space and use the service. we carried out our second launch from the test site from which sergei pavlovich korolev and this kapustin yar launched their first rockets, and this was also a very significant event for us and now we are preparing to launch another rocket from cosmos itself, this will be another test flight and it will continue further faster and higher. yes, 95% of it is made from russian components . now, if we are talking about the missile sector, these are russian components, that you yourself are assembling a rocket in your own enterprise, then as for the dispute, there are some issues that need to be resolved, because we quite often talk about how good it would be if roscosmos gave private space companies the opportunity to use their uh, the testing base, sometimes for private owners, this is very much lacking, because the participants must build something of their own or look for some other options. here but i have a very positive

attitude towards this and let's hope that over time i am sure that everything will work out for you. look, let's dream up. what do you think a person will do in 50 years in space? i am absolutely convinced that, of course, when we pilot space flights, it will be more clear that there will be a huge number of satellites in orbit, and at some point we will come to the point that this will need to be regulated somehow. i think that people on earth a will become even more involved in astronautics and will understand what astronautics gives them, and it will be something like that, but a two-way interaction between people who live on earth and space technologies. and perhaps we will gradually begin to become some kind of cosmic species beautiful. my guest was daria, a wonderful journalist and deputy general director of a private russian space company. i'm anton shkalerov. this is a space

stories podcast. hello, my name is alexey varlamov, i am a writer and rector of a literary institute. today we will have a podcast dedicated to alexei nikolaevich tolstoy. alexei tolstoy is one of the most amazing, fascinating paradoxical figures. in the history of russian literature there is such an anecdote about him, that somewhere in the late twenties and early thirties, his house in tsarskoe selo in the children's village, it was called lackey comes and says your excellency it’s time for the assembly to attack. in fact, there is a problem in this joke . alexei tolstoy was never a communist. and i didn’t go to any party meetings, but, nevertheless, the dizzying fate of this

man, who immediately after the revolution was the harshest critic of the bolsheviks who, according to bunin, suggested that he should sing his eyes with a rusty bayonet. and a few years later made such a positive pirouette and became one of the most devout soviet writers and pillars of socialist realism. this biography still causes controversy. and the most important question is, is he really count tolstoy and is he really tolstoy? was a person with such a surname with such a title capable of such treachery? i must say that when i was offered to give back, this is the young guard and describe the biography of alexei tolstoy , i was very receptive to this idea negative. this character was not at all likable. but then i decided for myself that it was my job to carry out what was offered to me, which i felt then for the first time as a professional writer. here's a hero. write whatever

you want about him. i was sure that it would be such a hysterical lampoon, that it would be such a session of exposure, and i even sounded like that all the time, and the lines of boris are more than babin , a wonderful poet. i wrote this like a sin, a candle of melancholy, i feel sorry for scoundrels like alexei tolstoy and valentin kataev, such a scoundrel is alexei tolstoy and then there is the excellent one. that's who didn't read the advice very much read the memoir, and ivan alekseevich bunin , which is called the third tolstoy and my hero is also shown in it. well, it’s very impartial, very uh, ironic and starts out. actually bunin with the same topic was he a fat count, and he never talked about his father for the bunins it was very strange, how can a count, how can a russian aristocrat not be proud of his pedigree, not talk about his ancestors, because well, this such an obligatory part,

but biographies of the history of every russian nobleman. actually the story the origin of alexei tolstoy, his birth, and she is worthy of a separate novel , which means, and his father, and who was called nikolai alexandrovich tolstoy was really a count, it must be said that all the fat ones, all the counts and all the relatives, he was a military man, but very gambling like that, hooligan behavior, who for all his tricks was expelled from the guard, forbidden to live in st. petersburg and he went to his homeland, so to the volga to his hometown of samara and there in samara this violent landowner. i met a girl, her last name was turgeneva was not in any kindred relationship with ivan sergeevich turgenev, but, nevertheless, tolstoy and turgenev they united; it was an explosive mixture. she was not even a turgenev girl. such a super russian idealist who married this

bully and brawler because she wanted to fix him. such is the marriage, such a noble, magnanimous act. here is a sacrifice on her part. none of this worked out, because the count continued to behave in the same scandalous manner, ah, but nevertheless, they they lived together and had children, and then the countess's literary talent awoke. she began to write poetry. she began to write about marriage and treated it with arrogant and mocking attitude. she did not meet any understanding in the family and then she had a dear friend, who called alexei apollonovich bastor, and he was from the russified swedes, and he was not even a nobleman. he was such a landowner, one palace, they say, in today's language, a farmer, and he had a small farm. me: well, from time to time he came to samara somewhere on some literary meeting literary seminar.

some people were there, he met this young writer, and at first they had a spiritual romance. they both loved literature and could talk for hours about prose poetry, then this romance turned into such a more serious relationship, and at some point alexandra leontyeva she there was such a girl, impetuous, brave, desperate, she simply left her husband , left her children and went to alexei apollonych. but i must say that in this situation, count nikolai alexandrovich tolstoy and her husband and the father of her children, but behaved unexpectedly nobly. he took all the blame for what happened on himself. they say that somewhere he is such a stormy person, he only caused her suffering and began to beg her to come back. the children are crying, he is sad without her, and he promised her two things: first, that he promised her that he would publish her restless heart for his money, and second, that she would return home only as the mother of her children, but not as his wife. husband

and she agreed with this and returned. and then it turned out that the first part of your promise. the count fulfilled the novel was published and reviled by the criticism department of the journal otechestvennaya zapiski. as for the second part, the count could not complete it. he loved his wife very much and what happened next, if you remember the roman saga about the forsythe goldsorship, there is a similar situation there. there is such a not very nice character with the last name, the sun, he has a young wife, a beauty, whose name is iran and irene also has a romance, a lover, and then at some point the sun, as said. angle sortia entered into zhenya’s bedroom and restored ownership rights to her, something similar happened in samara in 1880, and so the future soviet classic was conceived, that is , the future writer was born, if you call a spade

a spade as a result. friendly rape after this, the countess left home and discovered that she was pregnant. and she wrote to the bastrom, what? take me to you. if you accept, we will live together and be happy. if not, i will understand, and nobility competed with nobility, he accepted it, and they became live and enjoy good things on his farm. trans-volga region is where alexey nikolaevich was actually born and the most interesting thing in history is, like his childhood, his growing up, his youth that he was 13-14 years old. he didn't know anything about it, that is. he just grew up on this farm with peasant boys and christian girls, and he later said and quite rightly said that if none of this had happened he would not have turned out to be the writer he became. and this is the honest truth,

but the problem was that the child has did not have. their documents, that is, he had a metric certificate, which was nevertheless issued after his birth. well, when he was baptized, naturally, but then, in order for a noble child to go to school, to a gymnasium, he had to have a document confirming his membership in the nobility, which was issued by the noble assembly. and here the countess, when she was concerned about this problem, she was faced with the insurmountable circumstance that count nikolai alexandrovich tolstoy was her ex-husband and the father of the child. he categorically refused the boy to admit that he had no other children, except those who were born before, and the situation was a deadlock situation, it was generally unclear what to do, and alexandra leontievna. i thought that then maybe the child would be recognized by her, her second husband, he was not, by the way, an illegitimate husband, because after

the divorce. she remained in the eternal without brethren. such were the laws of the russian empire regarding if spouses were divorced due to, uh, adultery, adultery, the spouse who was not guilty of adultery could remarry or remarry, the one who was guilty remained in eternity without the brethren, how much was she guilty? she remained the same, and the marriage with the bastron was purely civil in nature, but she nevertheless still thought that maybe she would restore the bastrom to the child, but the bastron was not a nobleman, and she, despite all the democratic beliefs of her convictions. she still believed that it would be better for her son to be a fat count, after all, i won’t bore you with the details. she managed to achieve this and was 17-18 years old alexey nikolaevich acquired a surname and acquired the title of count. but why am i dwelling on this story, because there was no other count in history who had a peasant childhood and who had this experience. this is the same

case when a child from rags to riches such a pawn that became a queen, he finishes. eh, i don’t remember the exact name of the engineering institute, maybe it was a mining institute. in general , some kind of technical institute. he graduates from st. petersburg and receives a respectable technical profession, and he is an engineer, but his soul does not lie as if the soul of his technology does not lie in the sciences. he fluctuates between painting, and, uh, poetry, he begins as a poet, and when he shows his elements, so they say, he better do painting, when he shows his paintings as an artist, they send him to poetry workshops. they say it’s better to write poetry, but he was very stubborn. he was very strong-willed. he really knew how to study and gradually he begins to make a literary career, which, by the way, contributes to his very open, very sociable, and

wonderful, and a character that allows him to make profitable acquaintances and friends in the literary environment. of course, if he had no talents, but only the ability to make friends with whom, nothing would have come of him, but nevertheless, here is the very happy occasion when a writer’s talent is poetic talent dramatic talent. he was all this, glorious and rich, complemented by this excellent knowledge of human nature. the ability to build your relationships with the outside world. let's say. among his friends were voloshin gumilyov, who later, uh, staged a duel and alexey tolstoy was a second in this duel on voloshin's side. i saw that taking long steps meant measuring as much distance between them as possible, so that god forbid they didn’t hit each other, but they didn’t hit, gumilyov missed. voloshin did not start shooting, but why am i still telling about this story? because a few months later, alexey tolstoy will be at

the wedding of gumilyov and akhmatova, that is, his ability to be friends with a variety of people. this was truly his kind of enormous human talent. we continue. this podcast alexei tolstoy is with you, writer and rector of the literary institute alexei varlamov , it must be said that alexei tolstoy’s attitude towards the february revolution was like that of most russian intellectuals. well, it’s quite calm, he must say he didn’t like the last russian tsar, and he believed that the tsar was weak, that the tsar was to blame for the fact that russia was being haunted by military failures, and therefore, when the february revolution happened, especially with its original democratic people’s sourdough. he was quite sympathetic to this. the only thing is that he had such a sign , he lived in moscow, er, the main sign in his apartment. gr. tolstoy could be understood in two ways: either count tolstoy or citizenship. and in this dexterity, of course,

his character is also reflected, and the character even takes place in the october revolution, which took place much more in moscow. tough bloody than and in petrograd there was such a real civil war and i must say that tolstoy at that moment was most likely confused. he didn't initially have negative, such a sharply categorical negative attitude, but towards the bolsheviks. he rather saw in the bolsheviks, as it were , a pack of predatory wolves who are called upon to destroy in russia everything that is relaxed, everything that is necessary, everything that is sick. all that is superfluous are the orderlies and the forests, who will play their role and leave , and then a strong, mighty russia will, uh, develop and move forward, and that’s why i say, that’s when the revolution happened. at first he took such a wait-and-see attitude, unlike his friend ivan bunin, they true, they were very friendly and were neighbors in moscow , if bunin took such a categorical

position, the soviet government’s rejection of bolshevism, the damned days of tolstoy, the conflict with the big ones. and it begins in february 1918, when, for the sake of saving the revolution and for the sake of saving his own skin, lenin concluded the obscene, as he himself called , the brest-litovsk peace treaty with the germans. this is the point of no return for tolstoy. this is what he cannot forgive the bolsheviks, because in his eyes it is a betrayal of the national interests of russia and this is very important for him thing, returning to the memoirs. bunin bunin portrays tolstoy as a man with absolutely no ideas, talented with his belly, talented. this is the definition of fedor sologub. and bunin, in general , is absolutely with him. i agree that this sanguine person has no ideas. this epicurean , this man for whom the main thing in life is to have fun, has no ideas from a point of view. bunin cannot exist, this is not so

; alexei tolstoy’s idea, of course, was, and most importantly, his idea is truly a patriotic idea. necessarily this is a state idea, that’s why he didn’t like nicholas ii, believing that he did not correspond to the role that a russian sovereign should play, and that’s why he hated lenin when he saw this one with a stroke. pera gave up hundreds of thousands there, tens of thousands of square kilometers of russian territory, which was a flight of blood, for which millions of russian soldiers gave their lives, and during the first world war. just give this to the bolsheviks. he couldn't forgive from that moment on. his acute ideological ideological conflict with the bolshevik began power and actually. this is the reason that he, in 1918, together with his family, leaves soviet russia, ends up first in ukraine, and first in kharkov , then in odessa. and then

he is one of the first russian emigrants from odessa, and goes to constantinople and further, ends up in paris and actually. why this story is also very important because he describes. uh, in one of his works in tolstoy’s diaries, memoirs. there is about him. this is the path of russian emigrants who go from odessa to constantinople gorky the way russian emigrants are exiles, losers of their country, losers of history , go, and into exile they cry, they pray, they get drunk. they are suffering. they play cards. what does alexey tolstoy do? he works, he sits on a typewriter and writes. and this, by the way, also showed his most powerful , mighty character. you know, sometimes he reminds me of scarlett from margaret mitchell's novel gone with the wind. and by the way. not without meaning, because, of course, what happened in russia in the seventeenth year

is partly similar to what happened then in america yes, this is the death of the old world, the birth of a new civilization and a strong man. as you remember, scarlett ohara says, my family will never go hungry, but for alexei tolstoy it is very important that my family will not go hungry. and he always had a big family, he had children, he had one wife, then another wife. he really was a very, uh, good, very loyal family man, and interestingly, families were very important to him, so, she ends up first in constantinople later. she ends up in marseilles then in paris and alexei tolstoy himself is one of the first representatives of the first wave of russian emigration, and he creates, in fact. the first major work of this famous future literature of russian diaspora. yes , that’s what will be given, there is merezhkovsky, and nabokov’s assholes are gone. this is where it all began. from the story by alexei tolstoy, nikita ’s wonderful childhood is an absolutely wonderful story, which, by the way

, describes his very peasant childhood on a trans-volga farm, and in sosnovka and why he wrote a stupid train, because one day his little son nikita and father ah, future father, writer tatyana nikitichny tolstoy yes, this is also such a powerful tolstoy root in the history of russian literature, which continues so, but nikita did not know that such a snowdrift. like this is a snowdrift and he wrote a story about childhood about winter about snowdrifts about stars about happiness about an estate about the people who live there, just a cool story for russian children who are temporarily in exile. he never read myself as an emigrant and always believed that this would all end quickly. they will return to their homeland, so that the children, arriving at their homeland, will recognize it, so that they will not lose their russianness, and not lose this sense of their homeland , writes this wonderful story, and

nikita’s childhood and then as we know the event. eh, in russian history. they went differently than everyone expected, but they won, not the whites, with whom alexey tolstoy sympathized, but many russian emigrants, the reds won and, of course, for most immigrants it became a national disaster. it got personal disaster that caused. eh, horror , hatred, tears. despair, thirst for revenge, whatever, but there was a small number of people, not very large. i am alexey tolstoy . i belonged to the group that looked at things a little differently and that was especially important for our count - this is what he saw, so that these people suddenly began to restore the country. yes, they started returning. even if not completely, but nevertheless they began to return these lost territories of the russian empire, and things began to emerge there. new a country. she was a foreign country to him, like most immigrants. he was absolutely never

keen on any ideas, even communist ones. eh, i never sympathized with the soviets. eh, lenin and so on, but nevertheless. a country was emerging there. and here, no matter how important two points are, the first point is that he really couldn’t psychologically be immigrants and uh, the second point is very important. and this is a dispute that arose in russian immigration at the very beginning of 1921. because as we all remember, especially those of us who studied, uh, history of the cpsu, uh, during the soviet years. today's students, perhaps, remember this whole story a little less well. and in 1921, the so-called kronstadt rebellion took place in russia. the kronstadt uprising was an extremely dangerous uprising for the bolsheviks because some people rose up against them. there were undead nobles, merchants, white guards, priests and so on, and

their sailor brothers rose up with slogans that were very dangerous for the bolsheviks for soviet power without communists, for advice without communists. and if the soviet government has not yet had time. yes there is and moreover, well, no matter how beautiful the advice is in the russian word, then the communists were already these a and that’s why lenin is a brilliant and smart man, of course he’s a politician. he understood well that this slogan could be like a virus? yes, the whole country will embrace the whole country, and against the bolsheviks, uh, and throw them off, and therefore, by the way, lenin he brutally suppressed the kronstadt uprising, but after that it immediately changed, and the internal policy of the soviet state was canceled under the requisition, in fact nep began a new economic policy and a new page in the history of soviet russia, which once helped lenin save the brest peace treaty. eh, revolution to save the young republic here. well,

it became obvious. then, at that very moment, when the sailors in kronstadt rebelled , they were russian emigrants, who were attentive, just like they dreamed of returning and dreamed of revenge, and who closely followed what was happening in russia at home. so, they began to think how they could help this rebel, and the people and so a conversation begins among the emigrants that it is necessary to invite england, france, and the united states of america to the entente network so that they can again intervene in this russian civil strife, this internal russian conflict and help overthrow the bolsheviks, but again as rational, sober-minded people. they understood that no entente, no england or france would help just like that. this means they need to pay something. how can russian migrants, the beggars sitting in paris, the poor russian emigrants pay, have paid. they can they can only promise one thing. well, for example

, give odessa to the french and give murmansk to the british; promise vladivostok to the americans ; they were not national traitors. they understood perfectly well that this was a very cruel price, but there were two evils, one evil was the bolsheviks, the other evil was territorial concessions. and in order to overthrow the bolsheviks, we had to go and pay this price, not forever, and then we’ll come to an agreement. eh, we’ll return it later, but now the situation is hopeless and in order to turn the tide of russian history it is necessary to do this and alexei tolstoy’s divergence from the russian emigration begins precisely at this moment, when he hears these conversations, because he