[000:00:00;00] another marriage, by the way, from natalya naryshkina, he is the fourteenth, well, it doesn’t matter, well, i don’t remember, already, you know, you can get lost, there with so many descendants you can get beaten up, it was necessary for a lot of all sorts of circumstances to develop in order for so that this particular person ascended the throne, he did not receive the education that the heirs to the throne usually received, so to speak, after the death of his brother fedor, in general, his teachers... became the street, german freedom, and german freedom, by the way , next to preobrazhensky, appeared in general too by accident, because it burned down and it could have been built in a completely different place , and we know what influence , so to speak, german freedom and those masters with whom he met and who taught him, but the same klyuchevsky, had on peter. he once

wrote in his diary that autocracy - with only narva without poltava - is nonsense. peter ii really was one of those people who knew how to take responsibility , that is, he did not hesitate to take responsibility for mistakes made, yes he did not try to blame them on the performers, like many other figures in russian history, he never followed the principle of nicholas ii; we do not need smart people, but loyal subjects, on the contrary, yes, on the contrary, from the very beginning it was so, but at the same time for a huge part. not as peter the great, but as peter the antichrist, this is an old believers designation, of course, because under peter the persecution of the old believers sharply intensified, in which peter saw this antiquity, especially since the streltsy, streltsy rebellion, this very one that gave birth to peter's emotions and which later, as many historians believe, cost him a nervous tic and fits of rage when he saw how matveev,

his confidant, and his mother, of course, were dealt with before his eyes, as you can remember here lenin’s quote, yes, i’m exaggerating , but nevertheless, he somewhat reformed the barbaric country using barbaric methods, the methods were extremely cruel, and this cruelty was established from the same beginning, this is that part of peter’s reign, which in no case should be forgotten, because there is such a cult image peter i, there is a second one, this shadow peter, who we must also remember, it’s generally curious, because we have a very similar attitude towards german freedom, well, some kind of foreigners. there’s something about the word germans, not us, not, well, germans, yes, no, not us, yes, not us, peter also , of course, does not have a christian image, there are all these his sprees in the german settlement, he studied and walked, although this is generally for a person , this is also a kind of education, it shapes , so to speak, peter in general, of course, well, according to

today, i can call him a technician, he is in first of all, he was interested in the glands, also - in preobrazhenskoe he took a lot from the kremlin, all sorts of weapons and so on, chambers, and from the armory, and then he returned everything broken or disassembled into parts, because he tinkered with all the glands, first of all he was interested , of course, technology, military affairs, anything, so to speak, connected with technology, with all these matters, this was the first priority and , in fact, when he went abroad, the first thing he did was... see riga fortress, the swedes are not they allowed it, then there was a version that they say he started fighting with the swedes because he was offended that they didn’t let him in, look, they really greeted him, very coldly, they greeted him coldly, unlike the germans, well, of course, i remember , that somewhere after peter’s death they found in the archives the notes of some incomprehensible gentleman, so to speak, his

impression of the west, but this gentleman was just for the sake of understanding, here are the directly opposite antipodes, i don’t know, acrobats are jumping across there head, dancing elephant, well a lot of all sorts of entertaining things, decorations, yes, what did peter do, well, you know, christomatina, he worked there , i don’t know in holland, with his own hands, by the way, it is known that here you can correct me again, you don’t know the numbers, but in in his younger years, he had already mastered fourteen different, so to speak, specialties, or crafts, let’s say, professions, this is too loud, of course, the dutch taught him to some level in a ship building, no, he was not satisfied, he went to england, i also studied a lot, there were episodes when

he somehow touched on other topics, visited... about religion, so to speak, church affairs and so on, it seemed like there was a serious conversation, although the englishman, in my opinion, uh, reacted to this conversation in a way that was unusual a combination of a wild barbarian and the smartest man, the same two german bookstores who received him, from whom at first he covered his face , you were stony, he was shy, and then they said that he was at the same time very kind and very evil, yes, yes, that’s how it is and there is, yes, that’s how it was, so the man was of course very complex and contradictory, this must be understood, this is still largely a mystery, because historians have versions of how he was formed, his personality traits that developed in childhood, but he is not a characteristic figure for russia in the 16th century, this is important to understand, this

is it desperate curiosity, craving for novelty, the ability to assimilate it, the desire to touch everything with your hands and do it all yourself, a clear focus on practical needs, theoretical ones also appeared later, when there was a regular regulation, when there was already some attempt to create what we call a regular state, but this will come later, peter’s reforms are quite chaotic, the whole goal is to create a coalition against turkey, although historians argue from the very beginning or against the ottoman empire, maybe initially there were also ideas about sweden, but in any case, the task is to create a coalition for access to the sea, the sea is needed for what, this is trade, since the income from trade... from russia ended up in the pockets of western merchants and some of the largest cities through which exports russian goods, riga, respectively köniksberg, where, by the way, to peter, on the question of his practical needs , the head of the prussian artillery demonstrated,

respectively, the fortress artillery, how to handle it, and peter, first of all, listened carefully and absorbed all this. peter is looking for allies, trying to create an international coalition in order to get access to the sea, access to the sea is also an opportunity to receive more of those same new products from the west, and in this case it is not particularly important to him which access sea, or to the black sea, then you have to fight with turkey, continuing the azov theme, or the north , accordingly, then against sweden, but i must say that diplomatically it didn’t work out very well, russian diplomacy was only still in short pants walking around diplomatically in holland the mission was completely failed, absolutely including through the fault of peter himself, there was not enough subtlety, and europe at that time, what is interesting, was supposed to die soon, the elderly spanish king and

europe had to grab the spanish inheritance, who are the bourbons, the french, or the habsburgs, the holy roman empire, vienna, peter ii visited vienna, of course, he was there , well, it’s just like the austrians in their goal, with these diplomatic subtleties, then at least then he’s on. .. and russian diplomats will learn later , but then they still couldn’t cope, especially since the russians were just beginning to comprehend the science of giving bribes to foreign ministers, while they behaved quite freely, this is in my opinion in holland, or in england, in england , the bill was presented by the owner, the owner of the house where the russian embassy was located for broken furniture, torn paintings and even a ruined park, we had a complete rest , but it was not possible to create a coalition against turkey, russia then... in europe is not particularly interested in western europe, even if you look at the maps then , there are all kinds of names, yes, there is black russia, white russia, tataria, it’s just not interesting, europe ends, roughly speaking, then it’s still poland, well, yes,

he still managed to create a coalition against sweden, yes, the swedes interfered with the danes, the saxons, the saxon ruler augustus v, thanks to russian troops, by the way, received the polish crown, the final touches to the anti-swedish alliance were given when peter rushed, but it must be recalled that he was going to get to italy, just to venice, yes, to get acquainted with the venetian trade, venice at that time was still, well, no longer at the zenith of power, but still a fairly well-known, powerful trading state, but in russia

, with the streltsy, it was rushing to chop off heads. russian grand prix, live broadcasts on october 28 and 9 on the first, let's see, there will be very interesting, love figure skating, adore figure skating, appreciate figure skating, what kind of idiot wrote this letter, and which one? cool, cool kostya kenya, they really could have imprisoned him, because they imprisoned pop musicians, if roman kostomarov had not been a famous, legendary athlete, you would have fought for him in exactly the same volume, any celebrity who gets into the shock hall will end up in that same bed, right there on the ekmo machine, on the same device, we don’t have any kind of division, consideration of the case of kamilla valieva, of course, they want geniuses like her, because she is truly a genius, they want this to be born in their countries, because if we have it in our country, we will

always defeat them, any person who wants to adequately assess the present, of course , should know stories, now they don’t ask, it was you who flew into space, now they say it was you who starred in the film challenge, but for me it’s different , they tell me, but it was you who flew with yulia, i say, no, it’s strange, it looks like it, i say, you anal. i know you've been having a very difficult time recently. accident, flew forward from the back seat, i have a concussion, the man got into a standing traffic accident at a speed of 110, he did not brake at all. podcast lab is with you all night. this is a historical podcast, russia and the west on the swing of history, we study, consider the history of peter’s reforms. in fact, you outlined why peter went anyway. to the baltic, why did the northern

war begin? and, because, well, this was really russia’s national interest, it was necessary to break through to the baltic, the history of the confrontation with the swedes is long, there uh a lot of things happened, uh, they beat us, they beat us for a long time, while in the forest, we don’t know much about it, but peter called her this battle mother. and poltava, so to speak, because there for the first time, they defeated the swedes completely, and there were much fewer russians, about 6,000, and most importantly, it raised morale, so they went to poltava with a completely different mood, to talk about the significance of poltava this is also a fairly christian topic, i will cite only one, such a funny episode, our former ambassador to sweden, grenevsky. recalled that when one swede was asked, but

what would have happened if the swedes had won and not the russians? and he answered that well, then a soviet swedish union of republics would also arise, because well, in english, it sounds like so, so, so, that means, somewhere near the white sea a large russian state, very rich, comfortable, in 1991, in 1991, this whole swedish union would have collapsed miserably, apparently the russians thought, maybe it’s near the white sea, maybe not like that, it won’t be so rich, maybe not so russian it will be this state, apparently they decided, thought, decided, without all these, it might be better to win. the battle immediately put russia among the european states, let's remember that

sweden at this moment was a very powerful regional power, almost a world power that, as a result of the thirty-year war, rose to prominence in europe. the swedish army is considered a trendsetter in land battles at that time moment, here is this victorious swedish army, which had previously beaten the russians led by karl, beat the poles, whoever had been beaten up to this moment, now it endures devastating, it is important to understand that this was not just a defeat. it was a disaster, it was a complete defeat, only later after the pursuit of the russian army after poltava it was captured, but it must be said that peter was leading to poltava very carefully, peter avoided unnecessary risks, in general there is such an idea, peter’s determination, storm onslaught, there and so on, like bisforg almost with iron and blood, peter is very careful, peter, in the period after narvo, here, by the way, there is an interesting nuance, history does not know the adjective inclinations, but imagine what would have happened if charles 12. had not gone to poland after august, yes, but had turned immediately after

poltava to finish off peter, it is quite possible that history could have gone a different way. charles xxi made a fundamental strategic mistake, and peter ii, using the strategy of a small war , the strategy of attrition, beats swedish troops in the niva region, in livonia, gradually recaptures the cities, then recaptures narva itself without the noise with which his defeat was associated, so in the same way, with the help strategy... exhaustion slowly, with the help of the strategy of squeezing out the land, he forces, in fact, karladets to depend on the convoys and will eventually go to mazepa, although the story with mazepa is for himself. was a surprise, mazepa already demonstrated loyalty in this sense, unlike many previous hetmans, but these are details , he never followed the strategy of crushing the enemy, he was a very careful commander, a fairly cautious ruler, few people in our country wonder why, strictly speaking, between

poltava and the non-state world have already passed 12 years, what happened, we don’t think much about it, some people think that it was all about karl 12. this is his character, he was in general, well, he was stubborn, he didn’t give up, and so on, there, however less, he returned home, and after some time, it means that he again had a huge number of plans, and now he already wanted the russians to become allies, then - that’s it, all these negotiations ended, because charles x is somewhere in there norway, during the assault on another fortress, it means he died, his sister went away, everything froze, what to do? first of all, no panic, he was sure that by this moment the russian army, the russian fleet was capable of defending russia, and secondly, a policy of enforcing peace had begun, so you said they went and beat as far as poltava, the same thing, they landed

troops on swedish soil, they also marched on churches they didn’t touch, they didn’t touch the civilian population, they destroyed the slow-moving factories there. and so on and so forth, especially since peter i removed the threat to germany, he removed troops from mecklenburg, again he did not take risks, this is very important, and in parallel with this, it is also important here understand why for 12 years, firstly, the swedes still had a fleet that also needed to be beaten , and gangut in the fourteenth year, green-gam, then, yes, the swedish fleet was defeated, the second time in view of the english, by the way, but most importantly that during all this there is a restructuring, a radical restructuring of the entire system of management and taxation. provision of the army, the old system of noble militia, which was dying out even before peter, it did not work, yes, hence the attempts of the retar regiments even under mikhail fedorovich, then restoration under alexei mikhailovich, this system does not work, it is outdated, accordingly, it introduces conscription, an unlimited source, and this is a tough, very

tough system, if a recruit flees, then those who respectively provided him, those who vouched for him, are there there were guarantors, they had to borrow. his place, a very rigid system that caused opposition, but nevertheless, peter provides it, he provides the army with personnel. the army needs to be subdued. accordingly, tax reforms come from here, from this very the famous poll tax, hence the beginning of censuses, revision tales, yes, which allow you to count how much of the population how much can be taken from it. then there are all these famous profiteers, yes, when yes, it is necessary to calculate where to take taxes. the profession appeared, yes, where to take taxes, and the first was, in my opinion, the courtyard man sheremetyev, the butler sheremetyev, and kurbatov, who came up with the idea that you can take money from stamped paper, and this led to the fact that the paper on which official documents are written decrees must be stamped, and this accordingly rebuilds the entire

legal system, that is, the source of law now becomes only the state, well, yes, whoever has stamped paper is only the sovereign. yes, and accordingly, the money goes to the state, and the state again sharply strengthens control over citizens, here this image of a regular state begins to take shape, initially quite chaotically, which is quite modern with the ideas that then exist in europe, the state, where, ruler, respectively identifies himself with the fatherland, and peter i actually identified himself with the fatherland, considered himself a servant of the fatherland, though the first, of course, but still a servant of the fatherland, but at the same time this regular state must subjugate the inhabitants, there must be control over the inhabitants, symbolically, peter ii returns from the great embassy, ​​in addition to the fact that he chops off the heads of the archers, takes part in torture, he cuts the beards of the boyars,

with his own hands, and then after a while he also shortens the poltanov, that is, that is, albeit petty, control, including over the personal lives of the inhabitants of the state, and all this together adds up to that pyramid of reforms, because peter’s reforms are very difficult to study chronologically, because here and there, yes, we still talk about them in hindsight, yes, because otherwise it really chaos, peter i works on the principle of stimulus-response, in the first place initially, the fleet, the army, and then everything that follows, but in the end it does not line up in some simple... pile, in general it is quite harmonious, which existed after him decommissioning of the building. all historians, in fact speaking, they, chronologies, as you said, are almost impossible to build there, because... everything is going on at the same time, being adjusted, corrected, expanded, canceled and so on, only then, based on the result of the reforms

, they say: these are peter’s reforms, but how to do this, in this turmoil, in this great turmoil, you can only look like this and quickly jump out of there, because there is little there, little is understood, peter corrects his own mistakes, introduces one of the first reforms, having arrived from the west, having looked at the mayors in the cities those elected immediately. that they elect mayors, they have more benefits in trade and craft, which means they will get richer, so they should be given double salaries, peter rolls back, yes, peter understands that he went too far here, this will further be characteristic of his reign, peter succeeded everywhere , reformed a lot in all areas, and of course it didn’t work out everywhere, somewhere it worked out great, let’s say, well, military affairs, the army, so to speak, even training in military craft, all this was done very well and

quickly, very historically plan, yes to say, peter, he even got rid of foreign advisers, because it was after peter, after peter, that salaries were leveled, they were equal, no, they were, but the generation of russian officers was already rising, of course, industry is irrelevant, because so much was built. well, one example, if iron was exported before peter, then after peter it could have been imported, on the contrary , or rather, on the contrary, the quality is no worse, and in some ways even better, and even better than foreign ones, the same with weapons, and this is a matter of national security, purchased weapons in huge quantities, under peter they practically stopped purchasing, that is, some other types... something was purchased, but in general they switched to their own production, failure, of course, was

agriculture, because the country was so exhausted, the village was bled dry, so here, of course, to take a step forward, well, since it was simply impossible to step forward in the area of ​​industry, let’s say, we continue to deal with peter’s reforms, in the historical podcast russia and the west, the swing of history, you said, in general, peter understood perfectly well that for war you need money, money, and money, so here is the military question, military reform, it dragged everything else with it, education, of course, worked out here, in some special areas of education it advanced, but in general, of course, the country remained illiterate, the same as she was, those who received, so to speak, a certain education - of course, specialists, because they were needed, nevertheless, the academy was created, no, the academy was in st. petersburg,

created, schools were created, schools were created , no, a lot has been done, thanks to christianism, all this is being created, in addition to the fact that the peasants are building st. petersburg, in addition to the fact that the exiled peasants were also building the very azov fleet, which allowed them to take it the second time, and also, these are thousands of people touched places, and then tens of thousands, and then hundreds of thousands, peter’s manufactories, under peter, increased by an order of magnitude, but at the same time, those who before peter worked in the few manufactories had free wage labor, including those, these were either otkhodniks, or those which are for rent to the landowner earn, and now and there they enslaved, or a few, respectively free people, walking people, and now strictly, assigned, sessional workers, serfs, yes, who are assigned to the ural... and the merchants get the opportunity to own them, because by the way , petrovskaya’s reform is also an interesting one, at first the state creates various

types of merchant trades, realizing that this does not work very effectively now, they are sometimes simply given to merchants for free with the obligation that the merchant must fulfill state orders, army orders order first of all, the main source of development, is still the state, and so this strengthening of serfdom is a huge problem, which also needs to be talked about, because the source of reform, the main one, is the tightening of serfdom, yes, it didn’t start in the first place, slavophiles here they were, of course, wrong, they attributed to peter a sharp tightening of serfdom, it is a conciliar code of eternal enslavement, but peter is the first, of course, to tighten these screws very tightly, to the point that the peasants, moreover, like former black sows, that is state peasants, they are now all state-owned, they are different, leveled out, state peasants also do not have the right of free movement, if you get drunk, you end up in a neighboring village in a drunken shop, you are

forcibly expelled back and put on notice that they say you can run away. how many disputes there were about whether it was possible or impossible to reform russia, so to speak, not as harshly as peter did, well, dashkova , for example, wrote that peter instilled some kind of skills that the russians would have learned anyway by communicating with other peoples painless, the issue is very controversial, but it is clear that shaving beards, it is unlikely that this would greatly help the reforms, so to speak, or a controversial issue is a controversial issue, you can bet, because of my beard, i think that it is impossible, it is impossible, it was not necessary, but were these mandatory camisoles and tobacco needed, foreign camisoles, lifestyles need to be changed, no, lifestyles need to be changed, long camisoles, a different type of movement, but no,

yes, yes, just walk with scissors and cut. because it was necessary quickly, and that is, he cut everything off at once, ran, it’s clear why, after all, during the astrakhan uprising, yes, it is known, the astrakhan uprising, bloody suppressed, yes, bloody, they wrote tearful letters to the don cossacks so that they would support them, what is in these letters? yes, there are, so to speak, complaints about hardships, some kind of service, and whatnot, but first of all, the humiliation of human dignity. why are they forced to go to church in a foreign costume, why are these unfortunate beards and so on and so forth, they force tobacco, it ’s generally difficult to imagine now, but in russia she didn’t smoke, she didn’t smoke, for smoking nostrils were torn before peter, yes, yes, and this means they are forcibly forced to smoke

, so it was possible to get by without this, russia before peter... is, in fact, on the verge of the possibility of becoming a dependent country, yes, the story that in the end, it overtook poland, three partitions, no poland, the ottoman empire, the sick man of europe in the 19th century, who bullied everyone and everything, who was a miracle, in fact, to a large extent a miracle, thanks, among other things, to qemali atatürk at the beginning of the last century , retained the sovereignty itself, which is where everything was going, persia, which stole itself, simply squeezed out of its own inhabitants everything that china, which in the end also turned into a state torn apart and which spent the entire century recovering after the opium wars, russia was waiting for this story, and it was painful to break out of this dependence, and the price is high, there are approximately 12 million people in the country, half a million losses, this is a gigantic figure, but here’s just one small remark about the vital

necessity of peter’s reforms, well, history generally loves paradoxes. so and so on, later peter became very friendly with leibniz, the most famous figures, but he is there , i don’t even know what to call him, he was everything, he is also such an encyclopedic person, and a philosopher, that’s it, there’s a lot of everything there, if you list it, you’ll be tormented there, so, they later became friends, corresponded, and when he was in europe, they traveled there together , and so, before peter appeared, leibnets came up with a peace plan for europe, so that they would not fight with each other, would not fight, he came up with a plan by dividing the spheres influence outside europe, there the spaniards should naturally have sailed to

south america to conquer something here and there, the french. and the russian land was intended for the swedes, so he simply thought of everything, he was the wisest man, yes, but one thing the light of peter the great did not foresee, so let’s not reduce those opportunities to peter alone, yes, because potential, yes, potential the country had a huge one, peter managed to use it, your mother-in-law solovyov, a significant historian , he wrote that russia was ready, was waiting, if we talk about failures, peter i, of course, made a huge bet on the fleet, but firstly russia never received a merchant fleet , and the navy partially rotted after peter, it is also important to understand that russia is a maritime power, russia became a land power with a fleet, but

a maritime power, and this is a very difficult question, these are the guilty heirs of peter. there weren’t enough resources, but the fact remains: in russia there weren’t enough incentives for development, let’s call a spade a spade, but capitalist relations were not enough at that time. yes, some things worked, some things didn’t work out, and there was a price for it, for all these reforms, of course, you're right, it's just that they paid a lot. this was a historical podcast: russia and the west on the swing of history. pyotr romanov and sergei solovyov were with you, study history with us, without history you cannot understand modernity. all episodes of the russian west podcast on the swing of history can be viewed on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru.

hello friends, this is the podcast life of the wonderful with you, me, its host, writer alexey varlamov, my guest is vladimir romanovich legoyda, whom i’m even afraid to introduce, he has so many positions and duties, but a journalist. professor mgemo, editor-in-chief of the thomas magazine, chairman of the synodal department for interaction between church and society, head of the press service of the holy patriarch, public figure, religious leader. vladimir ivanovich, how did you get to this point in life, that’s what interests me, the first one is very much, i want to say that you have no less responsibilities and positions, dear alexy nikolaevich, well now i’m asking a question, yes, yes, yes, well, how- then, you know, by the way, i was recently thinking in connection with one life date, that somehow everything turned out completely naturally for me, well, i still read teaching in my main incarnation, i really wanted to teach, i started teaching while still a student, well, sometimes

such stories happen to us, in fact, i lived at the institute and continue to live there, and then when the patriarch turned this movement of life around so abruptly, the professional gave me such an honor by inviting me to create a department - a new one at that time, information, well, with the magazine it also turned out somehow very naturally, while still a student, in senior years, we came up with a form, and at first volodya gurbolikov and i, you know well, at first we were with the editors, then i immediately became the editor-in-chief, so when i work at the journalism department, i always say , that it’s difficult for me to talk about some journalistic things, actually, because i immediately became the chief, my first position was editor-in-chief right away, so something like that, but you know what else is interesting, because you, as far as i understand ... were not born in moscow, far from moscow, on in the north of kazakhstan in kustan and there you studied, then after graduating from school, you entered mgemo, the second time it didn’t matter, i would like to dwell on this moment, but for me

mgemo, it was generally something transcendental, i just mgemot only through connections, only there are children from some families, that’s how the idea even came into your head that why you magimon, mom, mom, mom wanted it, mom wanted it, i’m like... i once- then he joked that out of obedience i, i wanted to go to the faculty of philosophy, moscow state university, moscow state university, but first urgu, first serdlovsk, yekaterinburg, i even went there as a schoolboy, i had some conversations about mgemo, but everyone said that it was impossible, that’s exactly what you just said, what’s there, and the first since it didn’t work out, you say, the first time it didn’t work out, i had a medal, medalists then had to confirm the medal with two exams, and i wrote at 5 that it doesn’t happen, so to speak, i asked for four in english, in general, that is, you were killed in english, well , i wasn’t stabbed, i objectively, of course, didn’t knew, and i had to take it further, then there were five exams, and i ended up scoring 22 points, i needed 23, that is, the passing score

turned out to be 23, and you still took the risk of going there again a year later, but somehow i i already had it, i prepared, prepared, worked in parallel for several months, though in an ambulance as an orderly, well, in general , i looked at life, so to speak, from different angles in different optics. so i got in, and i got in, since the medal was still valid, i got two a’s, i got in, yes, but i’m still very interested, because as far as i understand, it was a terribly curious time, it was the end of the eighties, the beginning of the nineties, an extremely curious time, because i entered as a citizen of the ussr, by the end of the first semester i became a foreigner, and in general everything was incomprehensible, although you know, i recently talked about this i thought when we talked with the students... i talked about their time, this is what they are going through now, and i understand that we didn’t feel all this drama that we are talking about now, the collapse of the soviet union and how you felt, here's to me

true, this is very interesting, there is this feeling that we are living in an era of change , yes, everything is changing before our eyes, what will happen next, no one knows, this is a parting with the past, these rallies are some kind of august peak ninety the first year there , or vice versa, october ninety-three, is that how you perceived it all then? sounds, i was never interested in politics, having graduated from a political university, defended myself in political science, somehow, well, it was always less interesting to me, and the august puch, i remember, that i just returned to kustanai, my dad had an apiary and now he has an apiary, here we are going, we’re just going, i remember a hard evening, we pumped out honey, i ’m still hurting you there, these bees stung everything very painfully and we turn on the radio and i tell dad, dad, don’t turn it on he already says , well, what if we suddenly miss something important, i say, well, what could be important, that’s what’s there now on the eighteenth and august 19, yes, he’s

turning it on. i remember that i managed to escape from some lecture on completely legal grounds, because i approached the professor, in northern california it was university, i say, have you heard what is happening in our country , yes, i say you know how to let me go, please, i have to see what is happening, he says, yes, yes, of course, go, here we are then here , it was completely curious, because i left - it turns out from one country and returned to another in every sense, and now how do you perceive all this? now, you know, i perceive this through the prism of general thoughts about how man, humanity, society, i don’t know, academic circles, are they able, being in the moment, to assess the situation, or is there still a need for historical distance, is there such an imperative?

the requirement for assessment, well, firstly, because we don’t know the consequences, yes , when today everyone talks about the historical nature of the events taking place, i perfectly understand that this is so, but i also perfectly understand that we do not understand, in -firstly, without knowing the consequences, yes, being in the process, we still cannot evaluate it and it seems to me that this is both not given and impossible for a person, i can’t do much to say, i think a lot deeply, but still... periodically i ask myself this question about the importance of historical distance and what else is needed to evaluate events, but it just seems to me that almost no one imagined that the soviet union would collapse, when people now they say, yes, we knew everything, we always knew, there were different ones, i understand, there were forecasts, there were some, but then in the moment, so i listened, recently there were lectures there by our outstanding historians, who i honestly say, but no one i didn't expect this, coming back to to your question, it seems to me that somehow i... like probably many of my classmates

and friends, we still partly existed in some kind of, well, i can’t say, academic reality or something else, but anyway, that’s where your treasure is, that’s where your heart is, that’s how i started to be interested in literature and philosophy there, i continued in that space, somehow it was more interesting for me there, then we opened a church for ourselves at that time, and i, for example, if you remember what happened in the first year, then despite all the drama and scale of the event that we are talking about, i remember much more sharply and clearly, for example, remember, this store as it was called, because there was the only store where they sold religious literature, it was a department on the frunzinskoye metro station in a shoe store store, there were several tables, and there, in my opinion, from the publishing department of the moscow patriarchate at that time, they sold the first reprint of this letter, i remember this very well, but from what you are telling, it looks more like the youth of such a future an academic professor who really lives in history, philosophy, and it turns out that you are now

working at the cutting edge of political life. in that it seems to exclude the possibility of distance, yes, if you are forced to comment on certain events, the relationship between the church and society, you cannot say, let me, a year or so will pass, and i will tell you what to think about this or that friend, what to do with the trinity icon or some other things, this is how it gets along with you, well, you know, it seems to me, i realized in time, just as i realized at school that i’m not a poet, and at some point in college i realized that i’m not a scientist, well , simply because with all my interest in academic life, that’s respect there to philosophy, during my postgraduate years i generally disappeared into the department of philosophy, what department i studied in, then it was called the faculty of international information , department of public relations, in graduate school i was already with my favorite teacher yuri pavlovich vyazimsky at the department of world literature and culture, but i defended myself in political science, but i realized that , after all, i don’t have this dominant academic scientist, i’m not ready to give it all up, i’m still a teacher, that is, i’m a popularizer...

when just in school, i remember we