[000:00:00;00] despite everything, ukraine is a slightly different story, it is far away; it has already received the largest, largest package of financing, perhaps, in the entire history of the united states, there, if you take into account those same 100 billion, lend-lease, and assistance, direct assistance, this is the largest package that has ever been allocated to another country, so they say that enough is enough, enough and uh is already concentrating on some other problems, well... some kind of forgetting just begins, on the front pages - there is practically no ukraine now there are other questions, so yes, there is a certain fatigue, but what i would like to understand is fatigue from ukraine, uh , it, i think, will play a role in the american approach in american readiness to make the war in ukraine a priority for the united

states, but i i know that there are a number of people in moscow, including experts and journalists , who think that this war over ukraine will end, and it will be possible to return again to those relations with the west that existed before, and which, well, if you want, this globally minded public, these relations turned out to be extremely desirable and beneficial, but i don’t have the feeling that... the states will be ready to return to this kind of relationship, provided that this requires respect for russia, recognition of russian sovereignty, taking into account russian security interests, or i too pessimistic? i think you are absolutely right, i think that here we need to look at how the united states is currently working

with china, i think that it will be... similar tracing, when a certain country or a certain state shows its position and unwillingness to compromise at certain points and negotiation rooms, and the united states understands this, how necessary it is to somehow negotiate, but naturally, there is no love like there was in ninety-one, these hopes for what we have now. .. there will be such an absolute idyll, i think that this is still excluded, but i think that the parties will find common, and common topics for interaction, there, for example, nuclear deterrence, yes, right now - rebkov spoke about

that that there have been proposals to resume negotiations on strategic, strategic weapons, but i think that the countries will cooperate on intelligence, yes, some - i don’t know, terrorists, but countering terrorism, but helping citizens, countering drug trafficking, these are the general topics in which there is unity , of course, they will probably be - again on the table and people and diplomats on both sides will talk about it, but expect that our sanctions will be lifted, remember how the venik amendment was canceled, yes, still in some countries cis, this amendment exists, they suffer from it, so normalization, i think that if it happens, it will probably not happen for decades right away. ekaterina, thank you very much, as always, interesting, informative, although not as

optimistic as many of us would like. thank you, it was a great game, we'll see you next week. hello, this is the schrödinger's cat podcast, and i am its host, grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the popular science magazine schrödinger's cat. and we just talk about complex scientific things, on the other hand, we talk scientifically about very simple things. and today we will talk about such a seemingly simple thing as plastic, it is everywhere

, in furniture, in bags, in packaging, everywhere, but is it safe, is it good, or vice versa, is it so scary? we are two guests, one guest is the artist, julia che, hello. hello, another guest of the crane academy, alexey removich khakhlov, head of the moscow state university department, a scientist who works, among other things, with polymers and knows well about plastic from the inside at the molecular level. hello, hello, and my first this question is a bit philosophical. is plastic good or bad? here is alexey ramogovich. plastic, of course, is good; the polymer industry has begun to develop approximately. 100 years ago, over these 100 years, the objects surrounding us have changed beyond recognition, if before it was all mostly wood, well, some metals and so on, now almost most of the objects that surround us

are made of polymer, plastic or rubber, well, in general, these are also polymer products, and of course, modern life cannot imagine without plastic products, so it's good. but there is a threat from plastic, there is a threat, because the threat is connected with the fact that over these 100 years the polymer industry has developed so quickly that corresponding waste also arises, plastic, ordinary polyethylene, polypropylene, these are ordinary plastics, they are very slow decompose, so there are really garbage islands, even islands in the ocean, which many people talk about, and this is a really big problem, because pollution occurs, including including pollution of the aquatic environment, and of course, this is a problem in this sense, and it needs to be addressed. before i ask yulia’s question

, i want to draw your attention to these art objects that you probably see on the screen now, they were created by yulia, who created from plastic, which we, alas, are accustomed to throwing away, yulia, you create your works from plastic, how do you feel about plastic, does it not seem somehow hostile, lifeless to you, no, of course, i adore plastic, this is my favorite material, i adore , he is subject to me, and the last 6 years, it is i who prioritize working with plastic; in fact, since 2013, i have been closely involved in design based on the up-sell principle. this is the reuse of old things, originally it was old jewelry, old clothes, even dishes that were already out of order, i created

clothes, accessories, art objects from these things, and one day, accordingly, my friend is a photographer who is not indifferent to environmental issues , asks... me: julia, would you like to make clothes and hats from plastic, from used goods? exactly from garbage, from garbage, yes, it’s just that this word garbage is a little scary for me, so i prefer used plastic, she says: and we can subsequently organize a filming on the topic of ecology, so that the viewer will pay attention to the problem of sorting plastic waste. so i thought and decided, why not, since then, of course, i made clothes and accessories, we did more than one shoot, and in the process i realized, yes, this is such

an interesting material that it is within my control, just i now get great pleasure, for me even my friends are already interested, friends, girlfriends, some acquaintances are already taking away a train of plastic as they accumulate and hand it over to me, i have a question now for both of you , look, while i was walking, i found several plastic bags in my pocket, yeah , those classic plastic bags, probably yes, the industry produces millions, billions of them, well, i’ll put something in them, maybe i ’ll buy something, put it in it or use it for garbage, and what will be their fate? ? what will happen to him what's going on with this bag? most likely, this bag will end up in a landfill, what should the landfill do?

nothing, it needs to be buried in the ground, so to speak, and it will gradually decompose , in principle, despite the fact that the decomposition time is very long, but nevertheless it exists, of course, well, it will gradually become crushed, less and less and less, some of these particles will be washed out into rivers by underground waters , then it will be... the ocean, this is really true, how many years will it take, these are hundreds of years, hundreds years, that is, we have not yet realized, that is, since the polymer industry began to develop 100 years ago, we have not yet realized, so to speak, the full scale of the problems, that is, in 500 years this bag will end up in the pacific ocean, well, in part , yes, yes, yes, particles from this bag, some will end up, well, in a quiet place, well, in some kind , gradually it will spread across all the oceans, after

all, it can be recycled somehow, recycled in order to reuse it, well polyethylene does not lend itself very well to such processing, but there let's say polyethylene terephtholate, from which plastic bottles are made, as they call it, it is quite recyclable, well, it can be recycled up to ten times, that's why... even in moscow there are special containers where these bottles can be put and so polytape reftholate can be recycled, and there is no problem here if i am carrying a bottle, or i need to tear off the label, wash it off the glue, well, it is advisable, so to speak, to remove the cap, because the cap is made of polyethylene, and that is, these are different substances yes, that is why they collect the bottles separately, separate the skins, but this is

done there, even if you just throw it away. this will already be done at the factory where they produce secondary polytiltolate, and this is a valuable raw material, because polytiltolate can be recycled many times, in general, in principle, the polymer is a valuable energy raw material, among other things, so there are waste incineration plants that produce electricity as a result burning plastic waste, and now there are catalysts that, well, practically lead... to the fact that the environment is not polluted, that is, in reality , look, the situation is such, the life cycle of a polymer material, any such that it will ultimately end up either in a landfill, or it will end up in a waste incineration plant, or, unfortunately, as is done in many countries, a truck will simply dump all the garbage into the ocean. instead of putting it in a landfill, it is precisely because of this that

such huge garbage islands arise in the ocean, all this recycling, waste sorting, it can only delay a little, and then, so to speak, in a limited quantity, the moment when the polymer ends up either in a landfill, or in an incinerator, or in the ocean, that is, if i throw it into a fire, it will not be very good, because there are a lot of... harmful emissions even from a small bag, of course, of course, this must be done at a special waste incineration plant, where there are special catalysts. and now garbage plants in russia allow you to burn this bag, get energy and not pollute the air? yes, of course, well, we purchased, there are quite a few waste factories in europe, in fact there are places next to waste factories, housing is more expensive because

electricity is cheaper. is supplied by burning waste, this energy supplies the surrounding houses, then until recently , say, the scandinavian countries simply bought plastic waste from russia, even there, yes, so, in principle, well, we built waste incineration plants that they work quite well, and don’t throw anything into the air, well, they do, but a minimal amount, well, minimal - how dangerous, not dangerous, no, well, i’m telling you, here in the center of vienna there is a waste incineration plant, well, no one is protesting, yulia, now i have a question for you , look, it’s an ordinary white bag, i’ll rustle a little so that the audience listeners could feel, here is a familiar sound, here it inspires you, as an artist, to do something, of course, it inspires, i can’t say right away, here i see the package in your hands, i know what i will make of it, no, i have

a completely different principle, i have several containers at home where i sort, for example, one container means bottles, the second container means bags, the third container means toys, and when i have a moment, let’s say inspiration, i want to make something from what i have accumulated, i lay out these things, and in front of me i look at the bag with which it will go beautifully with some bottle there, yellow, blue , black, golden, then i already. even i don’t know what i will have, but in the process of collaging , some kind of silhouette, some kind of object is born, in fact, i need all this and it will come in handy later, that is, the package itself is not a symbol, rather in some context, yes, yes,

rather, mankatcher whiskey, a product of the stellar group. you are watching the schrödinger's cat podcast and today we are talking about plastic, everything seems wonderful, you can get energy, which is always in short supply, you can recycle it, you can create such beautiful art objects. why are people so concerned about plastic, i read somewhere that they are even going to ban plastic bags, they have already banned somewhere... than with global warming , there really is a problem, well, as for burning garbage - this is, so to speak , well, a small share, after all, the bulk of the garbage ends up in a landfill, but why a small share if it is not so harmful and profitable, why be? well, it’s still expensive,

the catalysts are expensive, and the plants themselves are expensive, few countries can afford it, so to speak. well-equipped landfills, but everyone can afford it, but nevertheless, most countries, mainly southeast asia, they just dump all the polymer waste into the ocean, and don’t care, of course, it’s cheaper than making a landfill, then you have to reclaim this landfill, which means that a fertile layer appears on top of the already frozen landfill, so that there is grass , trees grew and so on. this requires costs, so to speak, that’s why the problem with large waste is really important , and it really needs to be solved, but it needs to be solved not by banning the production of some kind of plastic there, reducing it, but by it is necessary to treat plastic correctly

after its service life has expired, this is what now sometimes, let’s say, the european one has recently adopted. now in europe you cannot buy an ear stick made of plastic, it is now made of thick cardboard, i can tell you that it is much less convenient, it breaks, naturally, and the benefit of this is very small, just now recently , european. accepted the new package, which means they banned the so-called intentionally added plastic, for some reason intentionally added plastic, from their point of view, is mainly added to cosmetics , there in women's, for example, glitter, for example, all glitter is already banned, plastic

glitter, they say that now there was a very big boom in europe, because just a week ago... so before that, all the glitter was literally taken off the shelves, so to speak, you know, that means, and at the same time, i forgot how much, but they want to start saving in about 12 years, there, in my opinion, 40,000 tons per year, whereas, well, it’s easy to calculate that, say, simply due to the wear and tear of car tires, the annual, so to speak, formation of these microparticles of plastic is 6 million tons per year, but of course, no one can touch the automobile industry, so they decided to pay it back on cosmetics and children's toys, and so

so in general, in principle, i thought that as far as plastic is concerned, this is really a very important problem, it needs to be solved mainly due to the fact that... these uncontrolled discharges into the ocean, somehow prohibit it, but what concerns microplastics, now this a horror story that appears everywhere, microplastics, what a horror, i can tell you for sure that the harm from microplastics has not been proven at all, it is a polymer, it is quite inert, and most importantly, people say that we have evolved towards this are not adapted, because plastic began to develop only... 100 years ago , let’s say, we lived with sand for millions of years, and so on, but at the same time they forget that there is no such plastic as such, pure, when it comes somewhere in the aquatic environment, it

is covered with various surfactants substances, when this plastic enters the body, the body develops an immune response not to the core of this particle, but to these surfactants to which it is already accustomed, so most likely all this, so to speak, will pass through the digestive system and be excreted, and there are only isolated cases when... let's say, these particles passed through the emissions of some chemical, say, plant with harmful substances, they absorbed these substances onto plastics, then were released in a cooperative way, say, in the stomach of a fish, this dangerous, indeed, but this needs to be investigated, and it is necessary to say indiscriminately that microplastic is harmful, that in no case should you take coffee to go, because, so to speak, it contains a huge amount of microplastic from the glass. so to speak, it will get in and so on, it will cause irreparable harm to your health, in general , i can authoritatively say that this is all nonsense,

these are all horror stories that do not yet have a scientific basis, well, that is, if i put it in this bag bread, apple, this package will not emit anything harmful, nothing of course, it won’t separate out anything harmful, another thing is that this is where waste sorting is good, in germany, so to speak, i’ve been to germany many times, and so to speak, i saw all this from my own experience, so it’s necessary to separate food, called biomul from, so to speak, this kind of garbage like plastic, that’s why, because food, it decomposes much faster, it’s not hundreds of years, but then, well, in a few months everything will decompose for you, so this, so to speak, should go in a composter and, so to speak, decomposes very quickly, so... this is the separation of plastic from food, it is justified and of course it needs to be done, no , i mean, is it possible to eat bread after

it has just been sitting, but bread can be eaten, but if i eat a small piece of the bag, it won’t do anything, you can eat this thing is not tasty, but julia, the question is, are you afraid of plastic, well , many people advise, never store water in plastic bottles, because plastic releases a further list of substances, y... do not put fruits in plastic bags, because ethylene is released , the fruit starts right away oppress, aren’t you afraid of plastic? no, gregory, i’m not afraid of plastic, the only thing is that i would n’t heat something in a bag in the microwave, by the way, when heated , what happens in the microwave, for example, no, well, you just don’t need to put it in a plastic bag, because it may melt, but if you have special dishes for microwaves.

how do you feel about clothes made of polymers? i see you ’re probably wearing synthetic shoes, something plastic on your head, and you’re not afraid, no, i’m not afraid, i love plastic, just i love many other materials, including building materials, they are much more harmful than plastic , what will happen to plastic, chemical... the reason for this is long chains, plastic consists of long polymer chains, they are not volatile, that's why ethylene from a plastic bag, it won’t fly out, yulia, still come to you, i know that you have a whole manifesto about plastic as an object of art, if i’m not mistaken, my manifesto is simple, it sounds like this, you don’t need to make garbage out of garbage , at the same time , artists like me, who... there shouldn’t be a lot of plastic either, why?

well, imagine, let’s say, i have 10 more of the same, there are 20, in one city, in another, they create such large installations and then exhibit them in the same art park, for example, the same as the museum, and yes, in every city there is a park and not just one, and imagine, in one park there are 10 sculptures, 20 made from garbage, in another park, there are even more, more, more of the same, from the outside, every city will seem like some kind of landfill, because even i'm like an artist when i take part in exhibitions, festivals , do performances, and the viewer is divided into two opinions: those who, wow, this is so beautiful, this is so impressive, and those who say, well , it’s rubbish, it’s still... rubbish, why, we don’t need it, we don’t like it, on the one hand, it’s as if there’s no need

to make garbage out of garbage, but my manifesto is also that ... i want, of course, to show the viewer from a positive, creative side that there is a problem, it needs to be solved, of course, i am for zero waste, plastic is, well , a brilliant invention of mankind, the main thing learn how to properly dispose of it and recycle it correctly, then we will all be happy, but i have... a question, they often write biodegradable on bags, this means that if i suddenly throw it into the forest there or a bag from the store, then in a month will it dissolve, or is this a bit of a hoax? no, no, this is, of course, a little deception, usually, when they talk about biodegradable bags, they are, of course, completely, so to speak, made from such natural polymers, but usually we are talking about the same

plastic bags where it is added starch, that is, biodegradable... the additive since starch quickly decomposes, then, quickly, a plastic bag is crushed to the state of microplastic, say, according to the international classification, any object smaller than 5 mm in size is considered microplastic, well, i think, well, so to speak, you won’t be very happy if your forest is littered with, well, some... small particles of plastic 5 mm in size, so it still pollutes the environment, but another thing is that sooner or later this polyethylene will also decompose, but it’s still better to take it all to a landfill , everything is equipped there, everything has the necessary modes so that in a controlled manner, so

to speak, all this will slowly decompose, causing damage to the environment. you are watching the schrödinger's cat podcast, and today we are talking about plastic, how dangerous it is, how beautiful it is. here in my hands, i’ll rustle, is a plastic bag, which is both a huge achievement of science and a kind of threat to nature, to the environment. a after all, is it possible to create a plastic that will simply turn into some elementary components in a foreseeable period , in a year, in a month, yes, of course, they have been created, here are polylactides, for example, please, so to speak, they decompose very quickly, but they are more expensive, no economy can stand it, so from those polemers that you named, what are they already

making from them? no, well, the bags are made of polylactide , but they, as they say, are not so durable, but for example, in the project that we recently completed, this property is that polylactide quickly decomposes, it was used in order to - that means, there is copolycondensation of polylactide and - that means , a monomer that contains boric acid, and if after that this bag is put in the field as fertilizer, then since boric acid is for a number of plants very good fertilizer, then you get a prolonged action, a prolonged release of this fertilizer and, so to speak, there are quite good results for agriculture, that is, many things can simply be used for so that you say, slow decomposition, of course, if it’s been hundreds of years, it

’s not suitable, but if it’s been there for a year, then it can be used for... so to speak, prolonging the action of releasing certain useful substances, well, it seems to me that’s a dream any summer resident, these polylactides of yours, collected polymer garbage, poured it into the garden, and harvested, i’m afraid that the summer resident will not be happy with the price of the package that he will receive , how much would such a bag cost, well, this is the order, this is the order , that is, it’s 100 rubles for example, well, not 100 rubles, well, 10, yes, well, 10. this is already a bag, as they say, a package of 100 bags costs, well, how much does it cost ? in my opinion, 40 rubles of this type, well, for 10 rubles one is 40 kopecks. yulia, would you buy such a bag for 10 rubles if you knew that it does not cause damage by nature? well, probably not, no, of course not, there are a lot of these same bags

, i need a lot of bags of them, while i have the choice to buy cheaper. or more expensive, of course i’ll buy it cheaper, that is, we need to support the reduction in the cost of these polymers, or it’s impossible to make it cheaper, no need, it’s necessary properly dispose of... polymers after the end of their service life, nothing will happen if you, so to speak, carefully collect all the packages and take them to the dump, so i gave the example of germany, there is a huge amount of packages there, every fiturka there is small, it, which you buy in the supermarket, it’s wrapped, so to speak, in a polymer package, well, it’s polytilene, usually, which means there ’s been one there for quite a long time. the theme is that that's all, if there is a certain icon on this package, then

this is garbage, it is not in the ordinary garbage the container is thrown away, and the so-called gelbezak, such a yellow, well, big package , which, well, is delivered centrally to every household, every 2 weeks, everyone takes out these hefty gelbezaks, in which, so to speak, well, basically, plastic packaging is stacked up a hill in front of home, a car arrives, they take them away, they take them to a landfill, so to speak, well , at least, or to a waste incineration plant, but these companies that produce goods that have plastic packaging, well, polymer packaging, they are responsible for the correct recycling, this is their business, so to speak, that’s all, this also needs to be done , that is, for companies to do everything correctly, a huge amount, i see here,

even in this artillery, just typical items that would go to gelbezak, companies just need to, so to speak, take care of the garbage that their products produce and negotiate in the right way. companies to properly dispose of them, that’s all. and in moscow , for example, you manage to recycle correctly, in moscow there is no such system, in in moscow there are containers where everything is put, and as a rule there is no sorting there, even i noticed that when there is sorting, they say here, these are secondary raw materials, and this is general garbage, well, somehow no one, i’m trying, in accordance ... plastic waste and something else, well, in russia there are still some

sorting methods, there are, there are, but in fact they are doing this, so to speak, further on, but this is not transferred to those who throws out garbage, and this is already done by those who recycle garbage, of course, they sort, how to motivate people to sort garbage, you still need one bag for bottles, one for paper, one for food waste, one mixed somewhere, probably, you know, a person gets used to it very quickly, very quickly, so to speak, here if you do it, if you do something like this, then everyone does it, if you don’t do it, it ’s somehow, well, you become some kind of inferior member of society, one or two weeks and you get used to it, nothing complicated about it. yul, do you sort the garbage, i have almost all the garbage is going to work, i want to note that i still live in the city of voronezh, so we

put a tank for plastic bottles next to the usual tanks, and of course it filled up within a day, there wasn’t even any room anymore, and then they took it away, like if only people would get used to it and start putting it there, and i, too, what didn’t... so when it was removed, such discomfort already arose, what to do, where to carry it, so i try to use it as much as possible in my creativity, well, probably, friends, instead of taking it to recycling, they bring it to you, yes, aleksanovich, and you mentioned the damage from cars, you mean tires that wear out, yes, well, of course, tires wear out, so to speak, we all know, so to speak, that they cannot be used indefinitely, all this remains on the asphalt, it rained, it was all washed away and so on , it’s another thing that i wouldn’t say, what does it mean

i already said, that’s 6 million tons per year in the world, it comes in the form of microplastics, well, in the end eventually into the oceans, but you see, i would n’t demonize these microplastics, but no one has proven that it is... so harmful, for some reason in the context of tires i remembered the story about these same swans, because there was also a problem with the disposal of old tires. and people came up with the idea of ​​making a godly, maybe, but mass art object out of this, carving swans, you actually consider it an art object , here is a swan at the dacha carved from this tire, so classic, i think, but more like a dubious kind of art, but i know this practice, what they do, you know, is the covering for playgrounds, they crush it for some kind of sports... this is just now

banned in the european union, yes, yes, yes, although this is, well, compared to how much tires, so to speak, wear out on the roads, this is nonsense, this is less than 10%. that is, it is harmful, it turns out, yes for playgrounds and no, the fact that it was banned in the european union does not mean that it is harmful, so to speak, there are officials there who have to work to justify their salaries, that’s all, we are already approaching end. i have this question for you: what advice would you give to people who daily are faced with such packages, and at the same time they want to be creative, they want to be environmentally friendly, they want to be responsible, so what should you do? people should, of course, sort garbage, but in order for them to do this, it is necessary that the relevant city authorities also

develop such a system, so... so, i would advise reading less newspapers, classic advice, so to speak, nothing like that there is no harm in this, but of course, so to speak, if we are talking about plastic waste, then it needs to be put in a trash bin, so to speak, and then they will sort it out, as long as there is no sorting, but under no circumstances should they throw him in the forest there, a common thing, so to speak , that... well, any cultured people do this, but no one would think of it, so to speak, throw away a plastic bag in the forest there, but still, you’ll probably take it to the nearest trash can, yulia, but what advice would you give, the same advice, the main thing is to take it to the trash can, take care of nature, teach children from a young age , still comes from childhood.

for my part, i would wish, you know, more love plastic, because in fact, this is a very social material , how much people suffered to get normal clothes, normal dishes, especially people in poor countries, and thanks to science, thanks to polymers, thanks to chemistry, physics, they managed to get a very cheap, very simple product, which clogs something somewhere, but on the whole it rather helps us to live and live comfortably, yes, there was a podcast with you , schrödinger’s cat, and i am its host, grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the popular science magazine schrödinger’s cat, and we were talking about plastic, how beautiful it is and how dangerous it is, our guests alexey

removi. khakhlov, crane academy, head of the department at moscow state university, and yulia ch, artist, i recently saw two public opinion polls. our people were asked who the greatest, most effective ruler in russia was, well, they named peter the great, in general it’s clear, there are two reasons in my opinion, firstly, the reforms were truly grandiose, and secondly, in general, and before revolutionary historiography, soviet historiography, today there are more most of the attention, in my opinion, is paid to peter among the former, this is understandable, but in general there are all sorts of

nuances. not christian, let’s try to talk about this topic, let’s try, especially since discussions have been going on around peter since the beginning of his reforms, in fact , yes, in fact, one of the most famous discussions of our 19th century between westerners and salonophiles around the figure of peter, these debates continue to this day, they remain relevant, of course, hello, this is a historical podcast, russia and the west on the swing of history, with you... romanov and sergei nightingale, today we will talk about, one might say, the main westernizer of russian history, peter i. i can name. there are many names who were called the forerunners of peter the great, although in fact, of course, some, some, but they are incomparable, not one of them with

peter in the enormity of the reforms, in the persistence of these reforms and in the results, in general, because yes, there was ivan the terrible , who strove for the baltic, and there was a period when...' during the livonian war, the russians occupied narva and peter tried to make narva a gateway to the west, ivan the terrible, he really tried, i tried, but it turned out that they left narva, there was godunov, who sent to peter the great to study in the west , so to speak, there were not many russian people, and none of them returned, however, unlike those who sent whom to study . the favorite of peter's sister sophia, vasily galitsin, was the most avid european and westerner, he knew

languages, he knew languages, he even communicated with the izuzuts, so to speak, calmly, completely, and also dreamed of many, many reforms, first of all, so to speak , about army reform, because that during..." the retreat to the south suffered a major setback , especially since he wanted to reform the army, well, in general, all of them, of course only partially, vasily kolyuchevsky believed that, in general, the ancestors left peter almost a preliminary design of all reforms, and peter then, so to speak, followed this project , there is really no evidence of this, none in history, and not all of what klyuchevsky listed, so to speak, in general logic, especially since this logic was determined , a number of negative factors, russia in the 17th century a lot and often loses wars, well, you can remember the time of troubles, but then twice in 1634, in 1660, the russian army capitulates with banners with

the commander-in-chief in full force. the chagerin campaigns, the war with the ottoman empire, are dragging on for russia in general, for the ottoman empire it was also not very successful, but at least a decisive turning point was not achieved, with the polish army not the most combat-ready in europe, russia has been fighting for a very long and painful time , in fact, the crimean campaigns of vasily golitsen, whom you they mentioned unsuccessful campaigns, they tried to make some kind of attempt at success out of them, but nevertheless, the crimean khan then annoyed russia until the time of catherine. russia is inferior to the west, this is becoming. among these failures, the first attempts of peter i, this is the first azov campaign, also not the most powerful fortress, because the azov fortress was outdated at that time, nevertheless, the first azov campaign fails, the second is successful with great effort, and then disaster, explosion, 1700, when

the northern war begins for russia, all this shows that the country needs modernization, because if the army is fighting like this, if the situation with military-political efforts is so... then this means that they can simply eat you, to put it in a completely banal language, of course, of course, they wanted to eat you , and they wanted to eat, they wanted to eat, yes, russia pulled out such a joker from the figure of peter, because the figure is completely extraordinary, there are a lot of coincidences here in my opinion, well listen, the sixteenth child, from his second marriage, by the way, from natalya naryshkina, he is the fourteenth, well, it doesn’t matter, i don’t remember. you know, you can get lost, there with so many descendants, you can get beaten up, it was necessary for a lot of different circumstances to develop in order for this particular person to ascend to the throne, he did not receive the upbringing that

the heirs to the throne usually received, so to speak , after the death of his brother fyodor, in general, his teachers became the street, german freedom , and german freedom, by the way, next to preobrazhensky, appeared, in general, also by accident, because it burned down, it could have been build in a completely different place, and we know what influence , so to speak, german freedom had on peter, and those uh masters with whom he met and who taught him, but the same klyuchevsky, and he once wrote in his diary that autocracy, with only narva without poltava, is nonsense, so... he really belonged to those people who knew how to take responsibility for themselves , that is, he did not hesitate to take responsibility for mistakes made, he did not try to make them blame it on the performers. and other figures in russian history, he never followed the principle of nicholas ii, we do not need smart people, but loyal

subjects, on the contrary, yes, on the contrary, from the very beginning this was so, but at the same time, for a huge part of the population, peter ii went down in history not as peter the great, and as peter the antichrist, this is, of course, an old believer designation, because under peter the persecution of the old believers sharply intensified, in whom peter saw this antiquity, especially since the streltsy, streltsy rebellion, this very one, which gave rise to peter’s emotions and. then how many historians believe that it cost him a nervous tic and fits of rage when he saw how matveev, the confidant of, yes, his mother, peter ii, was dealt with before his eyes, uh, of course, how can you remember lenin’s quote here, yes, i i’m exaggerating, but nevertheless, i somewhat reformed the barbaric country using barbaric methods, the methods were extremely cruel, and this cruelty was established from the same beginning, this is that part of peter’s reign, which in no case should be forgotten, because there is such a cult the image of peter i, there is...' the second is this shadow peter, which we must also remember, it’s generally curious, because we have

a very similar attitude towards german vocabulary, well , some foreigners there are something like germans, not us , no, well, the germans, yes, no, not us, yes, not us , peter also, of course, does not have a christian image, there are all these sprees of his in the german settlement, he studied and walked, although this is actually for a person , this is also a kind of education. it shapes, so to speak, peter in general , of course, well, according to today i can be called he was a technician, he was primarily interested in hardware, back in preobrazhenskoe he took a lot from the kremlin, all sorts of weapons and so on, and the gun chamber, and then returned everything broken or disassembled into parts, because he tinkered with all the hardware, first of all his of course, he was interested in technology, military affairs... anything, so to speak, connected with technology, with all these matters, this was

a priority and, as a matter of fact, when he went abroad, the first thing he wanted to see was riga fortress, swedes they didn’t allow it, then there was a version that he started to fight with the swedes because he was offended that they didn’t let him in, look, they really greeted him very coldly, yes, they greeted him coldly, unlike the germans, well, of course, i i remember that... somewhere after peter’s death they found in the archives notes of some incomprehensible gentleman, so to speak, his impression of the west, but what interested this gentleman, just to understand, these are the directly opposite antipodes, i i don’t know, there are acrobats jumping over their heads, a dancing elephant, well a lot of all sorts of entertaining things, curiosities, yes, what did peter do, well, he worked there i don’t know in holland with his own hands,

by the way, it is known that here you can correct me again, i’m not good with numbers, but in his younger years he already mastered fourteen different, so to speak, specialties, or crafts, let's say, professions, this is too loud, of course, the dutch taught him to a certain level in a building ship, no, he was not satisfied, went to england, also studied a lot, there were episodes when he somehow nevertheless touched on other topics, visited parliament, left there with an impression, and it’s funny when they scold, so to speak, the sovereign , but not for us, but not for us, not for us, not for us, he had a conversation with the people there archbishops regarding, so to speak, religion, church affairs and so on, it seemed like there was a serious conversation. although the englishman, in my opinion, reacted to this conversation in a way

that was an unusual combination of a wild barbarian and the smartest man. the same thing, two german