tv Imperiya Petr I 1TV November 4, 2023 12:15pm-2:46pm MSK
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[000:00:00;00] the best holiday in russia, a big holiday showing that when a nation is united, it is invincible, peoples are all united, united, therefore our time is national unity, a holiday in the unity of the whole country, we are all together, we are all close, we are all different, but we are united , happy holiday to all of us, happy national unity day, in honor of the holiday of musicians, since flowers and apple trees are toys, i remind you that together with you we are in the very center of events at the grandiose exhibition of russia at vdnkh, everything is live, one of our cameras on the sun ferris wheel moscow, stunning views from above, we have a large holiday guide, the best angles for you, dizzy, let's travel together. so, the main event
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is the exhibition of russia at vdnkh. see it all, let alone a day or a week is not enough, dozens of sites, 265 km, a whole city of dreams, where to start, there are a thousand options for every taste, here’s where your heart lies, the first pavilion in all its beauty after restoration is historical appearance, here's the filling, super modern, joint exhibition, movement of the first platforms in russia a country of opportunities, guests will be greeted by animated stained glass windows, scientists, inventors, and astronauts. everything in the atom pavilion is on a grand scale. feel like a nuclear physicist, take part in laboratory experiments and see in detail the operation of a nuclear reactor. everything is possible. seven floors, three of which are underground. well, in the pavilion opposite, there is an exposition of the russian geographical society, a virtual question to which you should look for the answer in the pavilion and on the central alley. well, what if you dreamed of becoming a train driver, then you should go to the pavilion
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number 15, everything from retro transport to cars on the verge of fantasy and most importantly the opportunity to get behind the wheel yourself. well, traveling around the country, the most interesting thing, from all over russia, is the largest pavilion 75. and i’ll add that the exhibition will last until april 12 , channel one will accompany you on this exciting journey, and as always, for our viewers only the most interesting things from atoms to space, from the treasures of our history to the developments on which the future depends. stay. well, now on the first channel there is a documentary-fiction film empire of peter ii. heart-rending women's screams drowned out the sound of the bath bell.
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it splashed onto the porch of the faceted chamber. blood, this only embittered the rebels more, clearing the way for themselves with spears and reeds, they burst into the opening, one of the leaders was still shouting out a list of unwanted boyars, when dozens of drunken archers rushed to search the interior. the rebels executed everyone who dared to resist on the spot, and so that no one could hide from reprisals, they placed guards throughout the kremlin while the young tsar was hiding from angry crowd,
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his mother, natalya kirillovna, almost fell under the hot hand. 3 days, before the eyes of ten-year-old peter , the archers tore to pieces both his mother’s brothers and even the neighboring boyars. since then , the kingdom of moscow will forever remain a symbol of the wild for him. habits and even the appearance of his subjects, he will go down in history under the name of peter the great, on the site of old russia he will build the russian empire, the state created by peter will exist for two centuries, during which time it will survive political
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upheavals and... than for a hundred nations, become famous for scientists and diplomats, musicians. artists and entrepreneurs and will soon become one of the world's leading powers. in 1682, after the death of tsar fyodor alexievich, who left no direct heir, a political crisis erupted in moscow. it reached its climax during
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the bloody streltsy revolt and was resolved after the convening of the zemsky sobor. as a result , two brothers, fifteen-year-old ivan, and ten-year-old peter, were elevated to the throne at once. until they grew up. the country was ruled by their elder sister princess sophia. she was a very enlightened woman, intelligent and power-hungry. peter and his mother natalia kirillovna were forced to move to the village of preobrazhenskoe near moscow. the young king was not known for his perseverance. church books bored him. but peter could not tear himself away from the colorful ones. hastily flipped through the pages of the birth, the unfamiliar
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life of manila seemed like an eternal holiday, not like the remote kingdom of moscow. by the beginning of the 1680s, the russian kingdom occupied a territory of 14.5 km, settled about 11 million people, less than one person per square kilometer. the lands beyond the urals remained almost deserted. if in moscow there were 100,000 inhabitants, then in all of siberia there were no more. russia attracted neighboring lands to itself like a magnet, starting from a small moscow
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principality, it turned into an empire when no one called it an empire. the annexation did not always happen peacefully, but step by step russia grew together with other countries and peoples. they quarreled with each other and the authorities, rebelled and put forward demands, the authorities suppressed the riots, for this they did not like her, but were forced to demand listen, for this she was respected, and meanwhile the peoples and states of europe existed in cramped conditions and crowds, a large state developing technology and science. my knowledge in western europe, they learned to value both the land and its reserves, and the great geographical discoveries and the capture of overseas colonies with their enormous riches
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pushed economic growth even more. it was followed by the creation of modern political institutions. tsar fedor alekseevich introduced unified taxation and abolished the local custom. approved the project of moscow university. it was planned to introduce a unified system of government officials and publish the first history of russia. but tsar fedor died early, and the ruler sophia acted with great regard for her surroundings and hesitated. european weapons, ammunition, watches, and carriages were brought to the country. from poland, little russia and lithuania , local nobles were hired to serve in the countries. new customs, languages, and clothing came into fashion. many nobles preferred the polish kuntush to the ancient caftan, which was originally
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oriental clothing, like the boyar garlat hats and peasant army coats. peter more and more spent time with peers. soon the boys' games of soldiering grew into real business. amusing regiments, armed, trained and dressed in a foreign style, under the command of the young king turned into a real military force. violent activity. tutka frightened princess sophia. she held onto power tightly and had no intention of sharing it with anyone. at her suggestion, people in the capital began to say that the younger king was acting weird. he should not be allowed to govern the state. meanwhile, peter was seventeen years old. it's time to look for a bride. having gone through several
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options, kirillovna. girls from a family that may be seedy, but numerous and loyal to their family, where, wait, the king did not contradict, let everyone see, he is already an adult. but the young husband felt cramped in his cozy family nest, there, far from the royal chambers, on the free banks of the yauza, reckless friends and new plans awaited him, and his wife increasingly had to while away the long summer evenings alone, meanwhile the capital was shocked by the terrible news that allegedly ... peter decided to break into the kremlin with his amusing troops and kill
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older sister, brother ivan and become the sole ruler. sophia, who herself spread this rumor, demanded that the archers stand in her defense, and not anger peter and arrest him. the conflict between sophia and peter came down to a struggle for power between two aristocratic clan powers. sophia and her circle were catholic oriented. poland and austria. the princess's victory would lead to increased influence of the papal church. all this in orthodox russia could cause religious conflicts, or even a civil war. peter will choose for landmark protestant countries. holland, germany, england. his subsequent reforms were little in line with legalism. but despite the shocks associated with peter's
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reforms, russia escaped. russia, pyotr alekseevich could not calm down his anxiety. having learned that his sister was raising archers against him, he fled here, to the trinity monastery of sergius. any reasonable person would do the same. now a lot has changed, he is a king, by his order the trinity sergeev monastery has already moved and the whole yard is amusing troops, but will the moscow regiments obey him, if they choose sophia’s side, then again, as in childhood, blood will be shed. colonel franz jacob leford arrived, bringing good
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news. moscow for petra. there is nothing to fear. franz liefort, a native of the free city of geneva, grew up in the family of a successful merchant, but despised his father’s occupation and dreamed of a military career. at the age of eighteen, during the years of the actual reign of princess sophia, he rose to the rank of colonel. in august 1689, when the conflict broke out between sophia and her younger... peter's moscow regiments became decisive in the fight against sophia. it didn't even come to a direct military confrontation. peter remained indifferent to the new management, so the most important decisions for several more years were made by those closest to him.
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year, peter and evdokia had a son. the heir was named in honor of his grandfather, tsar alexei mikhailovich. this news did not please peter for long, franz lefort. it was at lefort’s invitation that peter, returning to moscow, went to the german settlement, where no russian had ever visited before. ruler. german settlement or kuku. a quarter for immigrants from germany, england, and holland, located outside of moscow. in russia, knostrians were treated with caution; they were called germans, that is, not us. those who did not speak russian, along with experienced officers and craftsmen, failed adventurers met here. the settlement was considered in moscow a nest of heresy and debauchery due to the abundance of distilleries and noisy holidays. dear franz
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flew down the stairs to meet you, no bows or that much beating, and it was clear that he was not lying. french caftan mercilessly he cut his armpits, his head itched terribly under his wig, but peter was happy. everything here was unusual, unusual, noisy and fun, the proximity of women in open dresses with high hairstyles was deafening. liford whispered in his ear, maiden, it was the beautiful maiden from his childhood dreams. according to russian tradition, communication between men and women outside the family was greatly limited. on feathers, with the exception of wedding ones, women did not sit at a common table. in peasant families , men ate first, then women. in rich houses there were separate meals in different halves
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of the house, men's and women's. the customs of the german moscow residents seemed to them a provocative and immoral phenomenon. unusual for russian girls in her free manners and cheerful disposition, she was the youngest daughter of a native of westphalia and ogan, georg mons, who moved to moscow in the middle of the 16th century, and being a goldsmith, amassed a substantial fortune here. many contemporaries noted the special beauty of anna mons, although ill-wishers assured that they were simply trying to flatter the king, one way or another, her authentically. the tsar became a frequent visitor to the german settlement, and here, between dances and fireworks, the first plans for future reforms were hatched. peter understood that in order for russia to compete on equal terms with european countries, it needs
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knowledge, skills, and technologies. it is necessary to build an empire, gain access to the seas, and create a modern army and navy. but where to start, how? yes, everything is fine, the team is friendly, the work is interesting, so, brother, problems with the woman? what is there to interpret? you are almost never at home, we will wait for you, you hear, as long as we need it, we’ll be there as long as we can, why are you here, mikhailovich, you never told me, i just decided to spend the evening with you, at a reception at the german embassy? intelligence, today on the first. there are justified fears about the possible re-recruitment of comrade fitin by the germans. stirsman, a product of the stellar group. you cannot love your homeland and not
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understand culture, art, literature, geography. who lived uncle fyodor, what tigers live in russia? usuri, they are also siberian, this is a marble canyon, she walked this region with a backpack. there was no little goat a man becomes a kid after the wedding. but what is the depth of baikal. premiere, i love my country. watch after the evening news. lefford invited peter to see how european countries lived, and so the idea of a great embassy was born. the official purpose of the great embassy was to find allies for the war with the turks, and to informally get acquainted with european culture and technology.
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the embassy was headed by franz leford, fyodor golovin and duma clerk prokofy voznitsin. the tsar himself went on the train. in the tail of a huge three dozen young men, volunteers from among the royal amusements, walked along the embassy convoy; they were heading to europe to study shipbuilding. disappeared from view, an unkind whisper swept through the moscow streets, while still covering himself with the sign of the cross, the sovereign went to join the germans. repent, brothers, for
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the last times have come. abroad, peter walked the streets, wore the clothes of a dutch sailor, and, unthinkable, worked. he loved manual labor all his life and greedily mastered new professions, forged a yakar, and made paper. worked on a lathe, pulled teeth courtiers, sometimes took up the surgeon’s scalpel, once worked for several hours in a row in a smelting shop, producing 18 pounds of iron, for which he received 8 altas. with this money, he immediately bought himself, first in zaandam, then in amsterdam, and in his free time he examined collections of minerals, coins, weapons, and archaeological finds. he was not interested in art galleries and theaters, with the exception of the anatomical theater of professor
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friederik ruysch. peter bought the anatomical collection of ruysch, and on its basis he created the first russian museum, kunstvamera. entrance to the museum they made it free, and visitors were treated to coffee, zuckerbrods, and hungarian wine. wine especially attracted men; they visited the kunst several times. remaining completely indifferent to the collection itself. from amsterdam, moved to london. there he began studying british industry and government. i'll try the service, but to no avail. one of the tasks of the great embassy was the recruitment of specialists. the first batch of mercenaries numbered 672 people; weapons, tools, materials were purchased for the army and navy,
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for peter's personal use, mathematical , medical, drawing instruments, medicines, books, several live parrots, one monkey, as well as two stuffed animals, a crocodile and a swordfish. it’s not a day, a new convoy from arkhangelsk, they are bringing... dried lizards, and the archers have not been paid a salary for six months, they said that the musketeer frantishka, out of malicious intent, persuaded the tsar to go to the germans in order to drug him with a potion and replace him there. and now, they say , tsar peter is sitting in prison, instead of him , a german, a warlock, and
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the wrong antichrist himself will soon appear in moscow. peter was inspired never, and franz from amsterdam wrote letters to the sovereign several times a day: this is the ruler that russia needs, now this country is huge and rich, protected by the guards of centuries-old prejudices. but peter is determined enough to break down what is unnecessary and build what is necessary. from london, peter and his retinue went to veno, the owner of the house, which was rented for the russian tsar, appealed to the british government with a request to compensate for the damage. it's sterling. meanwhile , they arrived from moscow. bad news,
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the streltsy rebelled, four streltsy regiments were marching to moscow in order to burn the german settlement, exterminate peter’s supporters, put his sister, sophia, on the throne, the letter about the riot went on for a whole month, he held it up, peter did not know, the king was in convulsions from hatred and fear. there, in moscow, the hated sophia again called upon the archers to kill him and trample on everything that was dear to him, his friends, his dream , his love, day and night, stopping only for lunch to change horses, but the king was afraid to watch, he didn't sleep for 4 days. pater , with shaking hands, accepted mail from the messenger,
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reported from moscow. 100 people were executed ; when on the evening of august 25, peter and his companions arrived in the capital, they were not expecting him yet, so they were not greeted; without stopping home, he went to the german settlement of cannemons. nobody recognized the tsar, people were on the streets. the next day after his arrival, the tsar staged a demonstration in the kremlin, two jesters cut off the boyars’ beards with eternal scissors. in russia, a beard symbolized solidity and piety, but in the eyes of peter it remained a symbol of
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patriarchal bones, which... the king collected 100 rubles a year from rich merchants, service people and mediocre merchants 60, the rest 30 rubles. 4 days after his return, peter ordered the riot participants to be taken to preobrazhenskaya. 14 torture rooms behind the walls worked around the clock. the king was personally present at the inquiry. and spent the nights on. even his relatives were afraid of him. a month later , executions began, the largest of which took place on october 22. two hundred arrested archers were brought to red square. wives and children ran after the carts, crying.
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there was a fort near the kremlin wall. refuse, even before leaving abroad, peter i wanted to break up with my unloved wife. on behalf of the king, she was persuaded to retire to a monastery, but she still resisted. she began to seek intercession from the patriarch, but only angered peter more, and now he ordered his wife to be exiled by force. that's the end. the heir to the throne will be sent to preobrazhenskoye in the care of the royal sister natalia. and now alexey watched as the guards took his mother to the monastery. eternal imprisonment.
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a powerless anger against his father grew in his soul. anna mons became peter's official favorite. among the people nicknamed the kukui queen. patriarch adrian himself came to talk with the king, but he insisted. all of moscow was indignant. the tsar preferred the lawful southern winter of 1699; frozen corpses of archers, which were prohibited, hung throughout moscow. to clean up, clouds of crows hovered over the city, only by the end of february the archers began to be buried in mass graves at the entrances to the city, and then sheets with the royal decree appeared in crowded places, for the glory and beauty of the state, all ranks of people, and moreover the spiritual rank of editors and arable
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peasants, wear hungarian and german dress. traditional russian clothing completely hid the body, which corresponded to the peculiarities of the climate, while european clothing emphasized the figure, limited movement, and for the russians it was very uncomfortable, tight, cold; those who dared to appear in a public place in old russian clothing were forced to kneel and their long skirts and sleeves were cut off. peter demanded a complete change of not only his clothes. but the whole way of life, believing that this is the only way to turn a russian person into a european. the european dress was open and tight, hair was styled in intricate hairstyles. russian ladies accepted them willingly, but not everyone wanted to give up the traditional kiki so as not to look
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simple-haired. and only later, with great difficulty, they changed it to... fontange made of starched lace, whereas previously the clothes of the boyars and peasants differed only in the quality of the fabric. decoration, then now a split has occurred. the baptism remained in the same clothes, and the nobility dressed in european dress. but the craving for traditional clothing remained strong. not even 50 years have passed since peter's death, how a fur coat with a fur hat, russian felt boots and much more will return to the master's wardrobe. new outfits and manners. feasts and conversations, they symbolized the social activity of the nobility and its unity around the tsar, but for russia the matter was new and primitive. the formerly
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reclusive girl quickly got used to the innovation and developed a taste for it so much that after a few years she easily accepted the courtship of gentlemen. laughs and talks, runs through the streets with his bosom open, sits with others well done to men, pushes with his elbows, does not sit quietly, but sings prodigal songs, has fun and gets drunk. at the assemblies, where tobacco smoke hung thick, they drank wine, beer and coffee. coffee in europe only recently came into fashion; in russia it was not known at all; sausages were prepared by stuffing washed intestines with buckwheat. peter, who
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really liked dutch cuisine, decisively introduced it in russia. sausages and sausages made from meat with spices, salted herring, pies, which were called pies inside out. before, people got along very well in russia. but peter commanded grow potatoes. at first, few people knew that they needed to eat the tubers, and many were poisoned by poisonous berries. ladies used potato flowers as decoration. the sunflower brought by peter was also initially grown as an ornamental plant. they just started making oil from the seeds. those whom i do not ask, let me breathe and believe
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in the wounded heart, this is my fight, my last battle, even if it’s bad, my god, it’s stronger in my chest, our eternal memory, i’m russian, i’m going to the end. shaman, i'm russian, premiere, today on the first, product of stetel group, carry me recal, the most important song for me, when we first met, i personally couldn’t imagine guessing the future people’s artist. no possibility, these are the guys from our yard, this style is closer to me, that is, such an intimate conversation with the audience, the first rehearsal, the boss is annoyed, he just goes to the microphone, only the first
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to speak, let's go, boats, we'll go, we'll ride, the audience loves the ensemble love, love, love these songs, they know them, together, i am very grateful to the audience for the fact that these 30 -odd years, they have been with us, god willing, that’s all we will be fine in the future, i drew a cat for you there, i know that you love them, the film lyuba, lyuba, today on the first, agent devi, mayor gru, he, on the instructions of beria, obtained the secrets of the atomic bomb, was betrayed, miraculously escaped , having fled with his family to the soviet union. union, his son became a famous writer, but disappeared from the field of view of journalists, an international man of mystery, on the eightieth birthday of sasha
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sokolov, tomorrow on the first, many in moscow were dissatisfied with the new order, but were afraid to talk about it openly. how did peter start? alekseevich left for voronezh, where, without sparing his belly, he built a navy, here the german lifort and janitz were blamed for those troubles. the fornicator, who led the sovereign astray, a rumor spread that liford was sick with a fever, did not show his thoughts, and many boyars openly rejoiced, they say, rather bylefort had already died, so that there would be an end to our torment, peter did not take into account the opinion of the boyars and even the boyars ignored the duma; instead , a nearby chancellery began to work,
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composed... of the tsar’s main associates. it was the first step towards creating the governing senate, which will begin work in 1711. the senate controlled diplomacy, justice, trade, government fees and expenditures, and other matters. decisions were made collectively, at a general meeting of participants. thus, the king delegated part of his powers to the senate, but at the same time imposed personal responsibility on its members. the work of the senate was monitored by the prosecutor general, who reported directly to the sovereign and was called the eye of the sovereign. instead of a system of orders or departments, peter introduced swedish colleagues. the areas of activity of each board were strictly delimited. a deliberative or collegial management system was also introduced in the collegiums. catherine ii transforms the work
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of the college, bringing it to an end. in 1802, emperor alexander ii created the first ministries in their place, laying down the basic principles of their work, which are essentially preserved and to this day he sent his sons abroad to study military and naval affairs. in russia , education was of a humanitarian nature, but the country now needed engineers and technology. in 2 years it will open in moscow. school of mathematical navigational sciences. later, artillery, medical, engineering and mining schools, and a naval academy. the first russian academy of sciences was created in 1724. by 1917, in russia there were 11 universities, 113 other higher educational
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institutions and 123. 1745 first coming to the voronezh rope, pyotr alekseevich now studied in holland and england. the dense youngsters left, and the young men returned, from whom they should be taken as an example, or a new dress, as if they were born in it, spoke several languages fluently, drew drawings, mastered the sciences of russian life, but how much more had to be done, corrected, changed? forced europeanization affected all classes except the most numerous - the peasants. the peasant, as 200 years ago, counted only on his own labor in order to grow in
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... a short northern summer the same crop as on the southern black soils, he had to cultivate the heated soil in the winter, bast shoes and shirts were not restrictive when working in the summer, houses were built from the most affordable material - wood, they insulated as best they could, small windows, low doors. peter realized that it was impossible to turn a russian peasant into a landless one; nevertheless, he regulated peasant life. his decrees determined how to harvest grain, build huts, how many times during the never-ending war. to increase revenue to the treasury, taxes were introduced on private fishing, inns, mills, beekeepers, and stables. a recruit or a soldier was taken from every hundreds of households, the taxation system changed. previously , the tax was taken from the yard, but the peasants began fence around two or three farms. in
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response to this, the state introduced a capitation tax. the messenger brought an urgent dispatch, franz yakovlevich was dying, life was bright, like fireworks, but any holiday comes to an end. what a pity, his mission is completed, peter will go further on his own, and leford, who gave peter his word to serve for the rest of his life, kept his word. because franz lefort's word is firm. lifort ordered the musicians to be brought, the tables to be set, the cups to be filled, the doctors to be driven away and friends to be called. and feast. not a holiday
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franciliforta. at dawn a mud-stained cart drove into the yard. the rooms were empty. tired servants were cleaning up traces of yesterday's celebration. peter understood that now he was alone, those around him were faithful servants, but his friend was no longer there. the memory of franzi lee forte is preserved in the name of the moscow lefortovo district, as well as in the name of the lane, as the lefortovo palace is recognized as a cultural heritage site.
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having buried his friend with military honors, peter returned to voronezh, on the way he remembered that all the nobility had gathered at the magnificently decorated coffin death of franz, they must think that without him the sovereign would stop doing weird things, changing everyone’s clothes, redoing everything, fools , they still didn’t understand anything, everything had to be changed so that they would not just carry out the decrees, but so that they would think in a new way, the only way, without unfortunately, by discarding age-old customs, it is possible to turn the muscovite kingdom into peter began cultural changes in the western sense, as the last stronghold of orthodoxy was supposed to leave the space of church culture and become a secular
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state. the church font, according to peter, was inconvenient for quick reading. peter he left it only for liturgical books, and personally developed a new one, for citizens. the font in which letters were written, documents were compiled, books, textbooks and newspapers were printed. under petra, 4,500 new words entered the russian language, borrowed from european languages and used to this day, for example, point, system, barrier, compliment, politics, portrait, secret, military vocabulary, admiral, trench, uniform was completely updated. gun, parade and much more. the whole war will happen in russia only in the 20th century, with the coming to power of the bolsheviks, who also will radically change the way of life, and along with it new words and concepts will be introduced into circulation.
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the first newspaper in russia appeared under tsar mikhail feodorovch. the embassy order compiled handwritten chimes and brief reports, which included articles from foreign newspapers. and other information, the first version was published on january 13, 1703, which is why now january 13 is celebrated as the day of the russian press, before peter the day was divided into day and night hours, and the clock dials had 17 divisions. such a dial was previously located on spasskaya tower. a clockmaker worked in the tower, who manually set the time to the hour at sunrise. day and struck every hour. at sunset , the master switched the clock to night mode. the longest day of the year had 17 daytime and seven night hours, hence the 17 divisions on the dial. in total, the day consisted of 24
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hours. but every day the hands needed to be adjusted in order to start counting time from sunrise. new dials have been installed. kremlin, on the bell tower of the church of the archangel gabriel. in rus', the annual cycle of time is until peter was measured not according to the julian calendar, as is sometimes believed, but according to the byzantine calendar, which was called the great indiction. the summer of calculation was carried out from the creation of the world, and the new year began on september 1. there are two in the byzantine calendar. the summer of happiness now began from the birth of christ, and the new year began on january 1. in 1917 after the february
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revolution in russia. that is why today christmas in the orthodox church is celebrated on january 7th. decrees were posted throughout moscow: to count the new year everywhere - 1700 from the birth of christ from january 1. in honor of the new years, decorations from fir trees, amuse children, ride sleighs. adults should not commit drunkenness and massacres, there are enough other days for that, before novolete was celebrated with a festive prayer service with a procession of the cross. peter ordered, after the prayer service, to organize mass celebrations throughout the entire holiday week, from january 1 to january 7. they fired cannons and rifles, lit fires at night, made illumination, and ordered houses to be decorated with pine and juniper branches. the familiar new year's holiday with trees and firecrackers was started by peter ii, as well as
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generally a tradition of secular holidays. at first , decorations made from spruce branches did not catch on ; only in the second quarter of the 21st century did a stable custom of decorating a christmas tree emerge, which under soviet rule was again called new year's, as in the time of peter the great. and peter did not take his eyes off his beloved. again i remembered the pictures from the treasured book of his childhood: knights in shining armor, magical cities, a beautiful maiden and life. a whole life is like an eternal holiday. why hesitate? is it possible to find
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him a better wife, con? but, in all sincerity passion, she responded with a learned, polite smile, behind which one could read cold detachment, the same one that the tsar sometimes noticed in the faces of foreign advisers when he shared plans for transforming his homeland according to the european model, so maybe everything he was striving for, the holiday was over, together all doubts disappeared with him, the sovereign again left for voronezh, there was a big war ahead, the fleet and army had to be rebuilt throughout the country. peter did not look back at moscow, he already saw a new city in the distance, streets straight as an arrow, canals, palaces huge ships.
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he did not yet know where this city would be, but he firmly believed that it would be, since peter became the sovereign ruler, the tsar was almost never seen in moscow, he conducted maneuvers of amusing regiments, built wooden fortresses, and took them himself , and meanwhile the decrees have already filled the box, the door. the sovereign of all russia burst into the chamber, grabbed a scroll at random , it seemed to be written in russian, the meaning, go and figure it out, eat it , it’s due, mortal melancholy, woe to
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the country whose ruler is insane. what will happen to the russian kingdom if the sovereign behaves like a child, and how obsessed they play with toy soldiers, but it is these children’s games that will lead to the emergence of a new type of regular army in russia; to create it, peter the great will redraw the entire state system and economy. then, he will lead his army into battle against the most powerful military force in europe. the army has always remained the guarantor of the country's security. troops defended borders, troops suppressed rebellions and riots. the army , loyal to the sovereign, held the throne. to the army. the power relied, by the time of peter’s accession the russian army was numerous, but
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heterogeneous, its basis was made up of noble cavalry, streltsy infantry and... a nobleman, under the conditions of military service, received from the tsar a land allotment, an estate, and with the income from it he acquired horses, weapons and equipment. at the first request, the noble cavalry arrived at assembly points for military reviews or went on campaign. the basis of the russian infantry were archers. the archers underwent combat training. they lived in separate settlements with their families, and in times of peace they carried out guard duties. a separate part was formed by the so-called regiments of the foreign system, at first, they were based on foreign officers and soldiers who served as the tsar’s personal guard. according to ancient tradition, each
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russian prince had a set of weapons and armor, as well as his own army for his peers, which was so called, amusing. but pyotr alekseevich needed everything real, deception, weapons, contentment and even cannons , cannonballs, powder supplies, experienced cannon fighting masters, the young king had at his disposal a well-trained army, in no way inferior to a real army. it is the foreign troops formation took as a model... for his army , the young tsar peter formed two amusing regiments, preobrazhensky and semyonovsky, peter drew up a training program, which he himself steadily followed.
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foreign mentors taught the tsar german and dutch languages, because all the important military books were not written in russian, geometry, astronomy, the same sciences were studied by his amusing ones, then again the firing drum again, storming the fortresses, marches left, right, left, right , in 10 years, former boys from amusing regiments will become the most combat-ready and professional military force in russia. the russian army has long been in need of serious reforms, it was effective for the war with old enemies, the crimean khanate and the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, but peter faced problems that only recently seemed insignificant; from arkhangelsk to the volga , foreign trading
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companies, the british, the dutch, ruled russia. swedes and danes bought russian goods for next to nothing, exporting them to europe in huge quantities. hearings were held in the english parliament on whether to turn the lands along the volga into british colony at the court of the polish kings , the issue was discussed that russia should become for poland what the american colonies were for england. russia had neither a fleet nor even access to the seas. the baltic was not allowed in by the swedes, who built fortresses along the entire coast. from the south. moscow was propped up by turkish bastions, blocking the way for traders to the black sea. the russian state, with all its vast expanses, in a matter of years could turn from a great kingdom into a colony like an african one. peter decided
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to make his way to the seas. whatever it takes. build your own ports, ships, create a fleet there. and the tsar’s main goal was access to the baltic, and this meant a war with the most powerful army of europe at that time, the army of the swedish king charles xix. the swedish king was 15 years old. in europe they believed that he was not capable of anything. behind his back, karl was called the boy who fell into his father's boots. concluded a military alliance with poland and denmark, set about strengthening his army, recruited recruits and foreign officers, sparing no expense, purchased guns, cannons, ammunition, finally made up my mind. a celebration was held to mark the start of the military campaign. peter did not take his eyes off sanna montz; his beloved was
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as beautiful as ever. toasts followed one after another, he appeared. rattling buckets on his feet, he imitated charles in the bathfords, piled up on the table, and the guests, exhausted from laughter, threw everything they could get their hands on at him. while the feast was going on , peter was handed the dispatch, all his amusement vanished. the news couldn't have been worse. charles of sweden with a swift blow brought both the bol and danish kings out of the war. russia was left without allies. in september 1700, the advance detachment of the russian army approached the swedish fortress of narva, meanwhile intelligence reported to peter that king charles was already
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moving to meet with reinforcements, the sovereign hastily left for novgorod to organize the transfer of lagging troops and artillery, according to all calculations, before the arrival of the enemy the army had a week left. the soldiers who were imprisoned were waiting for the real thing to finally begin, the big battle, and until tsar peter appeared with reserves and guns, they could pass the time, and then the jokes came to an end. the accounts on which the sovereign relied turned out to be incorrect. charles of sweden appeared at the walls of narva earlier than expected and unleashed the full power of his army on the russian regiments. captain
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mikhailo galitsin understood: this is the end, close ranks. the swedish infantry attack broke through the front in three places at once. the russians fled in disarray. the mercenary officers immediately surrendered or were killed by their own soldiers. peter was in novgorod at that time. he did not see how his army perished in the snowy whirlpool, how the recruits and archers, maddened with horror, rushed about, and how on the right flank three regiments stood as if rooted to the ground. preobrazhensky, lifortovo and semenovsky. kulya hit her leg. load, fire, the swedes stopped, squelched in their boots, the second
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bullet tore the caftan, hitting the shoulder. the battle was already lost, but they held on, standing literally knee-deep in blood. yesterday's amusing ones, the future guard of the russian army. later, in memory of this, the deception of the guard regiments will be included. red stockings, but then the army only these three regiments, king charles allowed them to leave the camp with weapons, banners, drumming, from respect for their courage and ability to fight. peter met the remnants of his army in novgorod, unarmed ragamuffins stretched out along the entire road, throwing themselves into the mud. his armies. there was no, suddenly, the silence was broken by the beat of drums, in uniforms brown with blood, with difficulty maintaining thinning orders, the preobrazhentsy and
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semyonovtsy walked, in regimental formation, with weapons and banners, his undefeated guard, and peter understood what needed to be done, now such a guard should become the entire russian army. it will be. an army that can fight any enemy in any circumstances will not counting on no one's help to win, the events of the demolition showed that the russian army lacked not only experience and training, but also discipline, desertion, especially since the shift had to be suppressed harshly,
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peter was especially merciless towards the officer-insurgent. peter introduced discipline in the russian army , regulated by military regulations. for its violation, a system of punishment was provided, from being under arrest and flogging by batagas to the death penalty for treason. for theft they had a shameful mark burned on their faces, for cowardice and desertion they were hanged. for blasphemy sovereign and commanders, as well as looting,
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beheading or quartering. a thorough edition of the charter appeared in 1716. later, even when solving criminal cases, they often turned to the military regulations of peter ii. by the time of peter's reign, military affairs in europe had changed greatly. infantry, cavalry and artillery acted in battle as a single mechanism. commanders were required to have knowledge of tactics, topography, and mathematics. from the soldiers, discipline and military skill, which were achieved through training and exercises. russia needed an army that was not just large, but regular and professional, capable of coming to the defense of the country at any moment. peter began its creation, using the experience of the regiment of the foreign system and the former amusing ones. he announced the admission of free people to military service for a salary and streamlined recruitment
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. conscription of serfs one recruit at a time from several dozen households. to prevent the conscripts from running away, they were immediately put in stocks. a recruit mark and a gunpowder tattoo in the form of a cross were stamped on the left hand. if a recruit ran away, he went home he could not return, and the peasants of his community put up a new man. the age of the conscripts ranged from twenty to 35 years. military service was declared for life and relatives. they mourned the conscripts as if they were dead, so 29 infantry and two dragoon cavalry regiments with a total number of 32,000 people were formed. driving past, pyotr alekseevich stopped. major of the guard mikhail galitsin, not sparing his belly, fought
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with the newly recruited. soldiers, it was painful to watch, the village boys with three did not know how to walk, how to handle ammunition with weapons no one knew, they were panicky afraid of the officer, golitsin lost his voice when giving commands, but everything was in vain, the recruits did not understand what right and left were, left hay, right straw, after thinking, he ordered to tie it to the left but... when instead of the usual left, right the sound of hay and straw was heard, things immediately went smoothly, straw, straw, and peter drove on in an excellent mood , now it’s time to create his own
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officer corps, the russian one. i command, peter sent letters to the governors, to compile a list of all the nobles and their children, of whom the king chose those fit for service and personally assigned them to the regiments. messengers rushed to all corners of russia. in eighty-eight cities, the authorities recognized 11,147 landowners as fit for service. the rest of the nobles were ordered to remain ready and report to the ranks at the first call. the rank of officer implied not only noble
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origin, but also knowledge. at first, abroad, but soon he established officer schools, including artillery and engineering, where they taught mathematics, ballistics, topography, and tactics. for the first time in russia military education appeared. a year after narva , there were not a single foreigner among the officers of the semenovsky regiment, and only three in the preobrazhensky regiment. only the troops of general sheremetyev were sent. for 206 russian noble officers. tell us about nikolai markin? are you a troski, or what? sorry friend. didn’t admit it, you, if anything is needed, then agree on who is in favor of making lev davidovich trodsky a member of the petrograd soviet, it’s time for me, not with you, natalya,
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vange’s predictions for 2024, they promise a decrease in the world’s population as a result of a global conflict, the strongest in history an earthquake in the pacific ocean , which will also lead to a large number of victims, she said that there will be... natural disasters, that they are intensifying, some will come from space, from where more and more vanga’s forecasts regarding the future are born humanity, she felt people at the aura level, she felt our planet, and what price everyone who looked into the future had to pay, and the boy, the boy is 9 years old, but my son was gone, for 2 years, i was in such shock, that i... our exclusive , unknown biographical facts in ang , videos and prophecies, if you want, i’ll say now what could happen in the twenty-fourth year, exclusive with dmitry borisov,
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premiere, tomorrow on the first. as soon as he managed to find even an hour, peter came to the german settlement to visit his own. annushka in a big beautiful the house that he himself gave her, home comfort, delicious food and the radiant eyes of his beloved, what else does a tired soldier need? peter loved anna to greet him according to the old russian custom, with a glass of vodka and a kiss. he also loved noisy jokes, brawls, rude jokes, and drunken soldiers. and she so wanted beauty, tenderness, flowers, well, flowers, so
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flowers, danilych is alive, menshikov, as always, turned into... the blink of an eye. the flowers did not seem familiar to me, because they were simply torn from her own flowerbed. peter did not delve into such trifles. he was is fascinated by the new weapons of the infantrymen, and the rest can wait. the basis of the army was the infantry; from the attack of the cavalry, the infantry formation was protected by pekings with long pikes aimed at the enemy. over time, instead of pikes
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, guns with attached long bayonets began to be used. the cartridges were stored in pouches, a round bullet and a portion of gunpowder, wrapped in a paper card. following the commands, the soldier bit the paper and poured a little. gunpowder onto the shelf of the gun lock, the rest of the gunpowder was poured into the barrel, where the bullet was sent, hammering the charge with a ramrod. the first rank fired simultaneously and retreated, the second rank advanced and fired the next salvo. on average, reloading in battle took the unit 20-30 seconds, that is, two to three shots per minute. only... brave soldiers could achieve this, and sometimes a higher rate of fire. thus, during the battle, a continuous avalanche of rifle fire fell on the enemy along the entire front. at that time it was considered the most progressive. and an effective way
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of fighting. on the carow. peter's preparation bore fruit. the turks and persians believed that the russians were shooting straight from their fingers. and after the battles they examined the hands of the dead. are they people? of all the branches of the military, peter especially singled out artillery. and therefore to the royal review. the semenovsky regiment was prepared especially carefully. the tsar began his military service in the bombardment company; from then on he loved to conduct shooting himself; once, with an unsuccessful shot, he almost lost his sight and his very
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firearms maker and artist, we admit perhaps. from then on, the tsar demanded that he be addressed only as mr. bombardier, and sometimes signed the letter in three syllables: bom, bar, dir. having returned to moscow, peter went straight from the road to annushka. narosh about his arrival. i didn’t warn you, surprise, someone’s voice was heard behind the door, male, unfamiliar, they spoke german, what a surprise indeed. franz koenecksek, envoy of the polish king augustus of the former ally. is our brother august healthy? “he’s healthy,” könihsek assured, but he’s very sad because he doesn’t have enough funds for
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he’ll come to his senses, he’ll know how to wear it, 2 years have passed since the defeat by the blast, but peter’s determination winning access to the baltic from the swedes only strengthened. this time the russian command acted more consistently, before going to narva, it was decided to take the noteburg fortress, if it stood in the mouth of the field, its capture would make it possible to use the river to transport supplies for the russian army. russian artillery shelled noteburg for 2 weeks, and finally part of the eastern wall collapsed. having crossed the river, the russians tried to break into the fortress through this gap, but the siege ladders turned out to be too short. the swedes threw grenades at the russians,
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the assault stopped. standing on the cape at the silent battery, peter looked at the chaotic dump near the walls. well... it's time for the guard. lieutenant colonel mikhailo galitsin, having received the order, rushed to the shore. his semyonovtsy, bending their oars in an arc, flew on the boats of the fortress. probably death. having landed, galitsin ran and led his men to the assault. the soldiers stubbornly climbed the walls under a barrage of buckshot and grenades. stones, but did not advance even an orshin. in the sixth hour of the battle, peter could not stand it and sent an order: do not kill people, retreat, the messenger brought golitsin’s answer. now i belong not to you, sir, but only to god. peter managed to see how the stubborn bear was pushing boats into the river so that
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no one would be tempted by the opportunity to retreat. it was the madness of the brave, outright suicide. but i caught the golitsen boats. he put his reserve on them and, without waiting for an order, went to the rescue. after 12 hours of assault, noteburg threw out a white flag. this is an ancient russian fortress on orekhovy island, before it was captured by the swedes it was called oreshek. peter ordered to call it shliselburg, key, city. this was a victory indeed, the key one made it possible to capture the nyensha fortress a few months later. 50 km from srisselburg, where the new capital of the russian empire, the city of st. petersburg, was founded. shlesselburg really
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became a kind of key to the northern capital. in 1941, the capture of this city by german troops marked the beginning of the blockade of leningrad, which lasted 872 days. the oreshek fortress on the island itself resisted for 500 days, never allowing the enemy to cross to the right bank of the niva and cut off the road to life. only the liberation of shlestilburg in 1943 year made it possible to first improve the supply of the northern capital, and then completely eliminate the blockade. mikhailotsin survived miraculously, and as soon as he recovered from his wounds, peter promoted him to colonel, all the surviving semyonovites were generously awarded, and now they greeted the king with the beating of drums,
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standing under the banner of their spider. according to peter's decree, all military units had banners. company colored panels with an eagle, regimental, white. leaving the banner in battle was punishable by death. if after the battle there were only a few left from the entire regiment man, but the banner survived, the regiment continued to exist and was recruited anew. for just a couple of days, peter escaped home from the front. first of all, i stopped by to see my annushka, i really miss her. he sent away his retinue, he wanted to finally be alone with his beloved, without all this crowd of faithful drunkards and rowdies , but it seems that no one was waiting for him here, that’s how it is, while his faithful drunkards and rowdies stood up for him to the death, his beloved woman, whom he
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trusted, she betrayed him more than anyone else, simply in a prude way. and we had to learn to live with this, the next day, könik sek was found in the dark melkovdye, they reported that he slipped on a stone while drunk and broke his head. anna mons was deprived of all the privileges of the property given to her by the king. she was placed under house arrest only 2 years later, after numerous requests, and was allowed to go to the lutheran church once a week. 4 years have passed since the explosion disaster. peter was approaching his
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main goal - to clear the shores of the baltic from the swedes. the narva fortress, where it all began, remained. of the last strongholds of the enemy, in the summer of 1704, the russian army besieged narva for the second time, almost 10 times more size of the garrison. the fortifications of narva were practically impregnable, and besides, there was a rumor that general schripenbach’s seven-thousand-strong corps was coming to the aid of the fortress. and then an idea came to peter’s head. all night long the regimental rags were sewing swedish uniforms from blue cloth. he rushed around the camp in feverish excitement. i didn’t explain anything to him. the soldiers were ordered to change the combat charges to blanks, put on blue uniforms
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and move to the nearest forest. for some reason, the tsar himself dressed up as a swedish general; he was clearly up to something and was very pleased with it. four russian regiments dressed as swedes. menshikov and repnin. the commandant of the fortress believed the deception and sent a detachment under the command of lieutenant colonel markwart to help the mummers. the russians immediately tried to cut off the swedes from the fortress, but the trick was discovered. most of the swedish infantry managed to return to narva, however, part of the swedish cavalry was cut down, and the
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detachment commanders captured the battle. that night, the russian generals, led by peter, had a lot of fun, remembering how menshikov, commanding a fake battle, almost fell off his horse from laughter, and what kind of faces the swedes had when they discovered the whole masquerade, but it had to be admitted, he lost his temper, it was not possible to rush into narva unceremoniously, a proper siege should have been started. for 2 months, russian cannons hit the fortress, fires did not stop in narva , famine began, but to the offer of surrender, commandant gorn responded with embarrassment. peter ordered the assault to begin. the garrison of narva fought with wild tenacity. the russians barely managed to climb up. the swedes detonated a mine, destroying their own and others, you cannot love your
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homeland and not understand the culture, art, literature, geography, what was the name of the village where uncle fyodor lived, absolutely right, what kind of tigers live in russia? usuri, they are also siberian, this is a marble canyon, she walked this region with a backpack. he will stop a galloping horse, he will resell an apartment while he is galloping, i remember you, rose, i went, i went to the skating rink, as you think, there was no little goat, a man becomes little goats after the wedding. but what is the depth of baikal, premiere, i love my country, watch after the evening news. montechoca cognac, product
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cold, i'm not used to such a dubak, tsesyuzhty, chelyabinsk, sha, earflap hat, sha, hard sign, s, soft sign, uh , yu, i, beckoning, hollywood, november 6, on the first, when the sky stopped falling : bloody stones, the russians burst into the city was in such a brutal rage that there was no mercy for anyone, the screams were ringing in the ears, the officers could not stop their frenzied soldiers. peter entered the city, on horseback, as befits a winner, the first thing he saw was a russian soldier dragging a woman by the hair, in a rage the king hacked to death the marauder
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in front of the others, the pogrom stopped, the commandant was barely captured along with the remnants of his garrison. with the onset of autumn , the army went to winter quarters, a temporary location. temporary houses were built for the regiment, or soldiers were assigned drink from the townsfolk. according to the regulations , one bed was required for three people, on the basis that two would sleep on it, and the third would be occupied. on guard duty per day, a private was entitled to: 400 g of meat, lamb or beef, 800 g of rye bread, two glasses of wine or vodka, about a liter of beer. also, per person per year was 350 kg of flour, 160 kg of buckwheat or
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oatmeal, and 11 kg of salt. peter personally approved the daily portion; after that, for a month he ate exclusively soldier’s food, not allowing himself the slightest indulgence, but on during the campaign, food convoys were often late, sometimes due to the fault of the quartermasters, the food arrived stale, in times of famine they saved not only... the soldier never missed the opportunity to steal a goose or chicken from a gaping man in the street. the military was quite decent, although payment was often delayed. the cost of living was 2 rubles per year. with this money one could buy
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80 kg of wheat flour or 40 kg of beef or 80 kg of herring, while the colonel received 300 rubles a year, the captain 100, the private 24, of which half was deducted for uniforms. troops were supplied with everything necessary according to uniform standards, uniforms were regulated down to the smallest detail. the private was given: a tricorn hat, a long single-breasted caftan made of cloth. the infantry are green, the dragoons are blue, and the artillery are red. a komzol, short pants to the knees and two pairs of stockings, a tie, two pairs of shoes , low boots on the march, boots on guard, the dragoons have high boots with spurs. two pairs of underwear. in winter, a yapancha cloth cloak was worn.
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supplying the army has always remained a tasty morsel for merchants and factory workers. manufacturing weapons, ammunition, deception brought considerable income, often becoming the subject of embezzlement. peter used to feel the cloth of the soldiers' uniforms and cloaks, inspect the shoes; if they turned out to be of poor quality, the full power of the royal rage fell on the culprit. in army life, medicine was regulated and regimental doctors were given monastery bags with a set of tools and consumables, knives, files, tourniquets, splints,
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wax-impregnated threads, needles, syringes and... a prototype of cotton wool. in foreigners usually acted as healers. they rarely dealt with the treatment of infectious diseases and prevention, considering the main task of operations to remove bullet fragments, treatment of wounds, and amputation of limbs. at the same time, the most common diseases in the army were intestinal infections. at times the pain from them reached half the army. menshikov invited the tsar to visit his camping house; he needed something, apparently, at the table... they were served by a new housekeeper. peter became interested, who is she? captive from marienburg - explained menshikov. the name is martha
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katarina, the widow of officer johan cruz. he said something else, but peter no longer listened to him. the housekeeper seemed to bewitch him. what are you saying, katya? i’ll stay the night, in the evening you bring me a candle to the bedchamber, i’ll bring it,” martha katarina answered quietly. in the morning peter left, the next day his orderly arrived and took the officer’s widow martha katerina cruz, with all her belongings, to the tsar. not at all. by 1704, the russian army had conquered almost the entire southern coast of the baltic sea from the swedes. peter's strategic task seemed completed.
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st. petersburg was being built at the mouth of the neva, marinas, ports, military merchant ships were being built, russia was preparing to join world trade, and its army made it clear that there would be no colonies on russian soil. neither peter nor his generals knew that the main test for the army and for the country was still ahead. the loss of the baltic coast forced the swedish king charles xix to pay attention to events in the east. the commander, who had already defeated all the allies of tsar peter, decided that it was time to deal with russian problem. in june 1708, stunning news came to st. petersburg: karl, at the head of his entire army, was moving towards moscow, the very existence of the russian state was under threat, and peter
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understood this like no one else, it was one thing to take individual fortresses, and another to fight the main forces of the best armies of the world. fortifications were hastily erected on the western border, and preparations were made for defense. moscow, repaired the walls of the earthen city, china city and the kremlin, where they installed 2,000 guns, russian diplomats tried to achieve at least truce, but karl did not want to hear about it. in july 1708, his troops approached the city of golovchin, near mogilev, less than 600 km remained from moscow. a letter arrived from moscow from ekaterina vasilevskaya, so martha katarina was now her name. peter was alarmed, how could this be, he ordered
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katerina to be taken out of the city to a safe place, who dared to disobey? may my lord, the light of joy, live for many years, but i will not carry out your order. sorry, better let me come to you, wherever you are. and colina. i will wait for you here, i with you forever, where you are, there i am, i remain , your devoted servant katerina vasilevskaya, peter knew that the swedish army , after a long campaign, was experiencing great problems with supplies, and that a huge detachment with food and ammunition came out of riga to meet karl’s army, peter decided to find and attack levengaopt, and
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intercept the boss, the battle was long, the soldiers of both sides were so tired that they sat down to rest right on the battlefield. but the incredible happened: for the first time in open battle, the russians defeated the swedes, who outnumbered the russians... in numbers, barely catching his breath after the battle, mikhail ogolitsin
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arrived to peter. peter immediately awarded him the rank of commander general. the bear deserves it. now they fought side by side, and peter was inferior in rank, so if necessary, he could act under the command of golitsin, he did not consider the blue one shameful. the victory at the forest became a turning point in the entire war. the russians captured a huge military unit with food, deception. ammunition, which was supposed to ensure the swedish offensive on moscow. this forced karl stops advancing towards the russian capital and turns to ukraine to wait out the winter. he was moving towards the small ukrainian town of poltava, where the outcome of the war was to be decided. everyone was in their place.
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commanding. the center of the army was the general, the commander of the guard, general mikhail galitsin, they went with him all this way, from the village of preobrazhenskoye to poltava, and now they were ready to die for him, like the entire huge army from general to private. peter quietly, as if he said to himself, do, brothers, as i will do, everything with the help of the almighty there will be good.
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silence fell for a while, only the banners whistled in the wind. suddenly the king raised his voice. so, so, you should not think that you are fighting for peter, but for the state. the battle began while it was still dark at 2:00 am. the menshikov cavalry flew into the attack. bruce's artillery rained grapeshot on the swedish infantry. ripnin held the center of the front with his last strength. the swedes rolled
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like an iron wave. and the russians began to retreat, on the verge of a breakthrough peter appeared in front of the infantry lines, he saw how on the left flank the battalion banner trembled and tilted. under a barrage of rifle fire, the king galloped along the entire formation, the infantry closed ranks and moved forward, the banner leveled. the ensign, pierced by bullets, while falling, managed to stick the shaft deep into the ground and held it with the weight of his body. at this time, the golitsen guard crushed the enemy’s left flank. the tracks touched and ran. by noon the battle was over. the swedish army ceased to be the strongest.
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the military power of europe, it was defeated by an army that no one had heard of just yesterday. the russian army will expand the borders of russia from the baltic to black sea, defeat napoleon, enter paris in 1814, defeat hitler in 1945 and raise his flag over the reichstag. the battle of poltava will be the first in that list of great victories. from poltava, peter immediately went to the village of kolomenskoye near moscow, where his unmarried wife catherine was waiting. she simply glowed with happiness, home comfort, delicious food, and the radiant eyes of her beloved. what more does
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sleepy water. but then the sail opened with a rustle. and as if some force picked up the ship, the rigging was fastened. spray flew in the face, battle flags roared and guns roared, enveloping huge ships in smoke. there, beyond the horizon, where the young king carried a small river boat. thanks to the iron will of peter ii. russia will become the only country in the world that will build a navy literally from scratch. in one human life will make up for 300 lost years, but the king is not eternal, who will continue the great reforms when he is gone, who to hand over
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his legacy, army, navy, empire, for many years the sovereign will pin his hopes on his son, alexei. however, fate would have it otherwise; the history of the russian fleet began along with the history of the state, when the legendary prince rurik and his barags came from across the sea on battle boats. from time immemorial, the slavs built river plows, flat-bottomed boats with steep sides. in the white sea, russian pomors hunted for fish and animals on sailboats . their hull was shaped like a nut shell, so the ice did not squeeze the ship, as if they were pushing him to the surface. but
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european shipbuilding has made a giant leap forward. three-masted ships carried huge cargoes while withstanding ocean storms. sailors discovered new lands. 150 years before the birth of peter ii, fernand magilan had already made his first trip around the world. the russian kingdom remained a land power, access to the baltic sea was blocked by sweden, to the azov and black sea by the ottoman empire. by the time peter ordered the establishment of a rope near pereoslavl, russian shipbuilding lagged behind the european one. at 300, the young tsar spent all his free time on plishcheevo lake, carpentry and personally supervised the digging of a canal; he was briefly distracted from his favorite pastime by his marriage to evdokiya lopukhina, and the birth of his first-born, tsarevich alexei, but peter,
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who himself was only 18 years old, became a small heir i didn’t see the throne, and i didn’t think about the heritage itself, as soon as the rivers opened up and the tsar hurried to the rope to prepare the first russian flotilla for launching. behind the preobrazhensky regiment, where he served older brothers, twelve-year-old naum sinyavin got involved. the brothers told me to sit still and keep my head down. but how can you sit here? here in the distance the sovereign’s voice sounded: let it be, let it go,
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boats as huge as huts descended to the water one after another, the amusing army greeted the amusing flotilla. meanwhile, the world was ruled by maritime powers, the power of the british and ottoman empires, the wealth of holland, spain and portugal was based on maritime trade. the russian kingdom had only one seaport, arkhangelsk, on the white sea. trade caravans ships came there only in the summer months, when the ice receded. russian trade resembled colonial trade. they exported fur, wax, honey, hemp, flax, valuable fish species, caviar, timber, and grain. and they brought in weapons. fabrics, luxury goods, conditions and prices were dictated by visiting
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traders, this meant foreign control over foreign trade. peter understood that economic control would be followed by political control. the russian tsar went to arkhangelsk to see real sea ships with his own eyes. english and the dutch ships saluted. to a small plow on which peter and his retinue were, and the sailors looked condescendingly at the muscovite king. getor ordered to moor to a huge frigate, the forest was everywhere, he grabbed everything with his hands, and asked questions in broken dutch. the young officer asked why his royal majesty needed to know how the ship was controlled. and then, why
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do i want to build the same ships? no, not like that , i’ll build more, russia is going to fight the seas, and that means we need a navy. at the end of april 1695, twenty-two years old tsar pyotr alekseevich sent his army... on a campaign against the turkish fortress of azov, which blocked the exit to the azov and black seas. and after 7 months, he returned to moscow alone. the defeated russian army moved slowly across the frozen steppes. but peter already had a plan. the besieged fortress was supported by the turkish fleet, supplying the call with reinforcements and provisions. having no ships. could not interfere with the turks, which means that the creation of their own
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fleet from a childhood dream became an urgent necessity, the games ended, work began, in voronezh on the banks of a tributary of the don they laid a great trust, where craftsmen were brought from all over the country, peasants from neighboring villages were driven to cut down forests, military equipment purchased in amsterdam... the disassembled galley was delivered to preobrazhenskoe near moscow, where all its elements were copied and sent to voronezh. golera is a sailing and mushroom ship with a long and narrow hull and a shallow draft. the armament consisted of one or three cannons on the bow platform and one or two light cannons in the center of the deck. they had two or three masts, usually with a slanting lateen sail. the speed is in knots,
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that is, about 11-15 km/h. by order of the king secular church landowners united in a partnership, a trade union, financed the construction of ships by pooling money, and organized the hiring of foreign specialists for the trade unions. hundreds of carpenters, under the leadership of the dutch and british, built the sailing fleet, lived in barracks, in the cold and damp. in the open air, and the merchants sought to reduce their costs, sometimes purchasing low-quality raw materials at a low price. by april 1696, in just a few months , 23 incendiary ships and 1,300
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plows, large boats for transporting infantry, had been built. contrary to fears, the ships not only did not sink, but confidently set out on the voyage, arrived , although with difficulty, they had to stop every now and then for repairs, but on may 27, 1696 , the russian flotilla appeared in azov. the turks did not believe their eyes and the fleet saw the russian golers under siege from land to sea. on july 8, the garrison of the fortress capitulated without an assault. on a rocky cape called taganrok, peter chose the site for a harbor that was to become the first russian naval base. peter considered the sea of azov only as a springboard for advancing into the black sea, and maybe further, so i
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have nothing to hide. fittin pavel mikhailovich born in 1907. everyone has something to hide, intelligence chief, today is the first, now you have nothing of your own, only someone else’s, someone else ’s life, someone else’s name, someone else’s language and other people’s things, veta vodka, a product of the stellar group, you can directly feel the karelian spirit, here we have wool , and here the nettle is taken, and what a man , well, a natural corel, as if he had been wearing a nettle vest all his life, a bathhouse, the bride shares her energy with her friends, and de ba ok, i already really like karelia. the kareli bride had to weave 40
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thin towels to decorate the groom's house . wow, we’ll collect moss, moss, we’ll take ferns and ferns, we’ll take everything, we’ve got a groom, what do you think , what do the young people do now, like true coralians, of course, rowing, our premiere, we’re playing a wedding, on the sixth november, on the first, we will invite specialists from the netherlands, i am involved in government affairs, the king... has not seen his son for years, alexey grew up as a withdrawn and distrustful child, at the suggestion of his mother environment, everything that connects. unlike his father, the tsarevich showed no zeal for either practical matters or science, and when teachers were sent to him, he beat them with a stick
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and pulled them away by the hair. then peter ordered to appoint the best foreign teachers for his son. however, even they failed to force the heir to come to his senses. in one of his letters, peter wrote to his son: god has not deprived you of your reason. the princes really had enough abilities to master the wisdom of the sciences they were studying. but alexei’s mind was extremely passive and lazy. unlike father, who, in order to obtain the necessary knowledge, was not too lazy to go to holland himself as part of the great ambassador. the official purpose of the great embassy was to search for allies against the ottoman empire, and the unofficial purpose was to recruit shipbuilders and
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sailors for the russian fleet, the tsar arrived incognito, under the name of sergeant peter mikhailov as part of a group... the small town was one of the centers of dutch shipbuilding, here day and night fifty shipyards worked, an average-sized ship was built in 6 weeks, that’s why peter sought here, in order to learn how to build ships myself, i borrowed old tools, hired a car as a carpenter for a private uber. then he moved to amsterdam. at the ceremonial meeting, the burgomaster informed peter that in his honor
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a frigate, the holy apostles peter and paul, 100 feet long, had been laid down at the shipyard of the ost-insky company. full sail. equipment, unlike the golera, had a wide hull and a greater draft, which made it more stable. artillery armament of up to 44 guns was located on gun decks along the sides. frigates were built only on specialized shipyards. first, all the details of the ship were drawn in full size. ribs and frames were installed on the slipways to the keel. then the frame was sheathed with boards inside and all the cracks were sealed. to protect against rotting, the bottoms were treated with a hot mixture of resin and tar and installed. beams on which the deck was laid. cannon ports were cut into the sides, after which rangolt,
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masts and irei were installed and mounted. peter worked in amsterdam for 3 months and received a certificate from shipwright gerrit klass paul. i i truly certify that pyotr mikhailov studied ship architecture and drawing plans thoroughly, as much as we ourselves understand. peter persuaded cornelius of chris' sailors to go to russia. on april 9, 1698 , cornelius cruys entered russian service. in the same year, a soldier of the bombardment company of the preobrazhensky regiment began his service. naum sinyavin, who once reread
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the letter from his brother ivan. he wrote that having joined a dutch ship as a sailor, he had already seen both france and denmark, and now, following the sovereign , he was going to england. here it is, brother of science to the sea, and you, nahum, march until the end. yes, they fired from cannons, peter failed to find allies in the war against the ottoman empire, but on the way back to russia, the tsar agreed with the polish king augustus to jointly oppose the swedes. plans changed, the tsar was no longer going to fight the black sea, but the baltic sea. having failed to fulfill its diplomatic task, the great embassy completely coped with the second. to moscow. hundreds of foreign specialists, shipbuilders, gunsmiths, and sailors were traveling.
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cornelius cruys arrived in voronezh, he examined believe and reported to the king that everything must be started anew, the ships that were built were only suitable for firewood, the timber should be dried in covered boathouses. for them at home, instead of bad craftsmen, hire good ones, dozens more demands, conditions, instructions, peter found this impossible, but the stubborn sailor stood his ground, in the spring there were 58 ships under his leadership. 60 new ones were repaired. the trade unionism was abolished, and instead a single tax was introduced on the construction and repair of ships. so, 500 km from
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the sea in voronezh, a huge ship factory began operating, following the model that grew the business fyodor matveevich opraksin, one of the founders of the russian navy and the first president of the admiralty in the collegium of the highest governing body of naval affairs. the project of the main shipyard of the country, the st. petersburg admiralty, was drawn by peter himself. in the courtyard there were boathouses, a room for building a ship with slipways and inclined platforms for launching the ship. dry docks and swimming pools with shutters were built nearby. the ship was brought into the dog, placed on supports, and then pumped out of the pool into the water. as a result. workers gained access to external body parts for repair. the building itself housed warehouses, workshops, forges and
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various services. ever since he and his wife evdokia were imprisoned in a monastery on his orders, his son tsarevich alexei behaved like a wolf cub. peter understood, he holds a grudge against his mother, but... there was something else, something alien in the look , something that he could not unravel. peter tried to captivate his son with stories about long voyages and sea battles, and he looked past, either the raven was counting outside the window, or was planning something something unkind, cool mast. war, formation armies and the construction of a fleet remained
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the tsar's primary concerns. in 1699 , the azov flotilla set out on the kerch campaign to demonstrate to the ottoman empire the strength of the russian fleet. the ship, where the tsar himself was the captain, bore the name opened gates, and the sailors on it were soldiers of the preobrazhensky regiment, among them. the palms of the hands, worn away by the ropes, turned bloody. and the worst thing is from excitement. knees trembled when the bosun ordered to climb the mast. tsar pyotr alekseevich himself looked at the young sinyavin. like walking along the branches of a tree he climbed up ventôme step by step, his head raised. higher, even higher. when he reached brahme and the king broke into a satisfied smile. well done,
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sailor. anum was already standing twelve fathoms above the water, happiness did not fit in his chest, in the distance he saw the sea. at first , the ships were crewed by foreigners, as well as officers and soldiers of the preobrazhensky and semenovsky regiments. the officers gave orders in... three languages, russian, dutch and english. then they began to recruit recruits for the fleet, most often from arkhangelsk. province, since the pomors knew the sea from childhood. by 1700, at least a thousand russian sailors served in the fleet, by 1815, there were no mercenaries left among the lower ranks, but the terminology remained dutch, and this is one
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of peter the great’s traditions that exists... to this day all naval terms are mast, yard , spar, tequilage, topmast hundreds of others, these are distorted dutch words, so the famous polundra, which means beware, comes from the dutch falonde, literally falls down, so they warned about the fall of the load or debris of masts during the battle. according to the charter , the sailor was supposed to have 5 years to understand the structure of the ship, but in reality the training took place faster. each recruit chose an uncle from among the old-timers who taught him the maritime profession, and the young sailor, his nephew, washed the uncle’s clothes and was on his errands. the most dexterous were designated as mars sailors who worked at high
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altitudes. they removed and set the sails. get started! the smartest ones became helmsmen. they recognized compass points, knew how to navigate according to them and maintain the indicated course. all sailors must there were tying knots, weaving, that is , connecting without visible knots into torn ropes, sewing sails, steering a boat. sailor naum sinyavin went through several battles, was seriously wounded, and at the age of 28 rose to the rank of foreman. he already commanded a two-masted golera as part of a mushroom flotilla guarding the approaches to
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st. petersburg. the task of the flotilla was set by tsar peter himself, to prevent the swedes from crossing the neva in the area of the tosny river, but they began to build a fortification upstream, all the russian ships went there, leaving utosny a detachment of dragoons up to two galleys is on duty. he peered into the fog and realized to his horror: the swedes had deceived the russians and had begun crossing. charge! both ships rushed to the shore, the swedish coastal battery hit and the first cannonballs crashed into the side. lawrence turned around
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and left. leaving a bruise. the cannonball knocked down the mainmast, the bow guns of the goler broke down, and the vinegar for cooling the barrels ran out. and then, worse than death. then naum gave the command to go ashore. the rowers and sailors seemed to have turned into infantry of the preobrazhensky regiment. lieutenant sinyavin takes his team into battle. this attack forced the enemy to abandon the campaign against st. petersburg, but russia was not yet ready to confront the swedes at sea. peter i, the first in everything, was the first to create a regular army in russia, and we, in one form or another, still use the results of his
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work, he was the first to create a fleet, peter’s order was never to lower the naval flag to the enemy and to prefer death to surrender. captivity , these are... rules that are still, under him , class ranks and social elevators first appeared in our country, he was at that time probably the most democratic monarch, he was a great worker, peter per laid the foundation of a great power. thanks to pyotr alekseevich, we have the far east, and we have access to the baltic sea. 350 years have passed since the birth of peter, but we owe much of what russia is like today to him. we wake up in the morning, what
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date is it today? this calendar was given to us by peter the great. we get up, have breakfast, what we have for breakfast, what peter the great told us to eat. they bring us a newspaper, this newspaper was founded by peter the great. that's an academician. now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter, he is comprehensive the soul on the eternal throne was the worker, st. petersburg, today this is the most visible legacy of peter i. this city can safely be called a portrait of its founder, equally stubborn, contradictory and acting in spite of circumstances. after all, st. petersburg was also built in spite of, in the swamps in a place where it would seem impossible to live, in a few years a modern european city appeared. this city was founded in 1803, and these lands
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officially entered russian territory only in 1721. peter ii. built a city in another country. but he was very self-confident, he knew that this land would still belong to us. in violation of all the laws of politics and geography, peter actually built the capital on the territory of another state. well, formally, of course, yes, it was considered swedish territory, until a non-state peace was signed with sweden in the twenty-first year, according to which, so to speak, a distinction was made, according to which the baltic territories went to russia. territories of estonia, latvia, peter ii himself also lived in spite of everything, he was even the king became only thanks to a fatal coincidence of circumstances; the fourteenth child in the family seemed to have no chance of taking
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the throne, but almost all of his older brothers and sisters were born weak and died quickly. the water pipeline in the kremlin, which boris godunov built, it had lead pipes, lead... how it definitely influenced the romanov family, yes, but why did peter survive? but because his sister sofia, when he was 10 years old, sent him to the village of preobrazhenskoye, and there, excuse me, the water was from the yauza, now you don’t need to drink it, yes, there, yes, at that time that was all ok with the environment, yes, we imagine what peter ii looked like primarily from films, this is how he was performed by actor nikolai simonov, this is how the story about how tsar peter looked in the film... ora got married, and this is one one of the latest petros performed by actor dmitry dyuzhev. gagarin, although you are a natural rurikovich, you did not meddle in gosudaev’s affairs, it is not your father’s concern. pyotr
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alekseevich had a height of 2 m 0.4 cm. i am 195, and he also liked shoes with heels, and he also wore ... a wig, that is, you can add 3 cm to 2.04 heels and a 3 cm wig, in fact, people saw him 2 m 10 cm, what did the first russian emperor really look like? this can be represented quite accurately. on the day of his death, the sculptor was called to the palace , who made plaster casts of peter's face, hands and feet, as well as exact measurements of his body. narrow shoulders, long arms, long legs, twitching. gait with frequent seizures, which began with tics on the left
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side of the arm and could often lead to loss of consciousness, yes, he could pass out for several hours, this is peter’s death mask i, made from a plaster cast, even here it is clear that the emperor’s eyes are a little protruding; he generally seemed , so to speak, ugly as a contemporary of the king , with a small head, long arms, enormous height and unusually small size... despite the fact that his height was 2 m 04, his leg size was thirty-seven to thirty-eight, it was amazing, this is generally the physiology of the leg, in general, the historian and i began to guess that well, i tried myself, tucking
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my fingers so that i have smaller legs, and of course, i felt how different this sensation was, well, so to speak, according to the growth of the large size of the leg, foot , oddly enough, most of all , this monument, made by mikhail shimyakin, which is located in the peter and paul fortress, is most similar to the real peter, the fortress stands on hare island, it was from here that the city of st. petersburg began. it was founded on may 16 , 1803. no, peter was not present here, judging by the preobrazhensky journal, at that time he was on his way, the construction of ships was underway there. and as a matter of fact, then may 16 is still
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it was not clear whether these lands were ours or not. whether the swedes sing them or not, in fact, there is no triumph over the laying of the tree of the earthen fortress, and initially it was built very quickly from the earth and there was no wood, this place in st. petersburg is perhaps even more important for russian history than the hare island. in peter’s times there was a small troitsky church here, the first church built in the city; it has not survived, but was erected in its place in 2003. here the wedding took place, the emperor was announced the title was awarded to russian emperor, all-russian, the empire begins here , 1721, after the victory in the northern war, a non-state peace, when these lands had already officially returned to their native harbor, under our jurisdiction, it was then that russia was recognized. a key player on the world stage.
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at that time, there was only one empire in the world - the holy roman empire. and russia became second. this is the result of the fact that the northern war ended in victory. he really changed the role and place of russia in the world. after the northern victorious successful northern war in 1721. everyone realized almost everything in it, he created a fleet, a regular army, a senate, new social elevators, changed the system of government, he completely rebuilt the life of society, almost all of his undertakings are reflected in modern life, in 1720, he issued general regulations, this is a legislative
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act , there are little things, for the legislation of the 16th century, in principle, attention to detail is characteristic, there are such little things that every institution should have its own archive, you and i have an archive in every institution, there every institution should have a journal of incoming and outgoing documents, every institution has this to this day, it all started here in st. petersburg, the city became a swamp, in just 9 years, an unprecedented period for those times, in 1712 st. petersburg proclaimed the capital of the russian state. this is the first city in russia built according to a pre-planned plan. wide straight avenues were calculated and laid out to the nearest meter. by the time peter died in 1725, there were about 6,000 houses here, so
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imagine, this is a large number of buildings, standard construction was introduced, so peter ii. among other things, we, the author of standard construction, were ordered to take drawings from the architect trizin; types of houses appeared for different categories of our citizens, then, depending on property and social status, these standard houses are now called a house for the vile, well, for the ordinary residents who pay extra, for the wealthy and for the eminent. st. petersburg in our opinion is a city of stone. not in vain pushkin has stanzas. the neva is dressed in granite, its coastal granite. peter really ordered the construction of the capital from stone, but in reality this happened after peter’s death. this is the first house built in the city by
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order of the king. it was made from wood by kostroma carpenters. and from above, from above, that means they drew it. bricks, because peter ii wanted to make a brick house, but in principle there were no brick factories here, they put a symbol on top, a symbol of the ocean or sea, either a naked woman or a man, it’s not clear, they also put a cannon. around peter's house, on on the banks of the neva, his associates built houses for themselves; all the houses were wooden, except one. here is the first stone house of st. petersburg, around the corner vice-chancellor golovin decided to build a stone one, why? but he just came up with the idea, let’s dismantle nein-chance, the swedish fortress, there were people there, but they were driven away, they left, yes, they dismantled it from the stones
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of the undead nein-chance, golovkin built himself a stone house, during the construction of st. petersburg peter really forbade use stones throughout. introduced to the country stone tax. everyone coming to the city had to bring stones or bricks with them, but these were used to build public roads, not personal palaces. because in general, the city on the swamp, of course , was built, so it was necessary to solve the main issues of the life of our state that are indestructible to this day, and one of these main issues. was just on the road, probably the most widespread myth - the myth that petersburg was built by peter on the bones. allegedly hundreds of thousands of peasants called for construction, died of hunger and cold. the corpses were dumped in pits and covered
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with quicklime. so, excuse me, find these bones, archaeologists, especially in the resources, yes, to show how tsarism bullied the russian people, alexander dach, such an archaeologist in the seventies was given carte blanche to dig up these graves, you know, he found the bones once, but then it turned out that these were, so to speak, the remains of cows, that is, what the people of st. petersburg ate. in fact, the workers who built the city were well fed and came to the construction site on rotation method for 3 months, but after that many stayed, the settings paid decent money for those times. we have money, mortality, judging by the latest research on this issue, it did not exceed the ordinary mortality rate throughout the country at that time, they fought against the contagion, because there was vitamin deficiency, fir cones,
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