[000:00:00;00] spectators, he loves music very much, he dances at every installation , he is a very happy child with us today , valery kuznetsov, vladimir smirnov, georgy ilyin, ksenia ugarova and natalya moshtakova, channel one st. petersburg, finally went for a walk. it’s not just a night of light effects at vdnkh, everything will shine for six months, so from space they will probably see high technology, science, the best achievements of our country, russia and we are in the very center, from our studio everything is at a glance, right now we we see how the weather has cleared up, there is a strong wind, that’s why everything is shaking, it’s raining today, but the weather, of course, is not a hindrance, when there is a unique opportunity to see , feel, and sometimes touch the most interesting exhibits, so go ahead, well, we ’ll tell you what will be shown where, when, so stay with us , and now on channel one there is a documentary feature film

empire of peter ii. having decided to create a fleet, peter sent 30. five young noblemen abroad for training, and in 1701 he founded a school of mathematical navigational sciences in moscow. however, every year young men from the most noble families went to study maritime affairs in holland, england, and spain. despite all the efforts of peter, the young nobles did not want to go

into difficult naval service. tom. it was already known that russian gordomarinas lived poorly abroad, they themselves talked about this in letters home, the treasury paid for their studies and maintenance, but the money came with great delays, the young men wandered around the city in search of part-time work, every now and then getting into unpleasant stories . the son of a kaluga landowner , maxim spofariev, took him with him to holland servant, a kalmyk boy named denis. the master led a cheerful life, and his servant studied and went to sea. upon their return, the officers were examined by the tsar himself. mainmast. spafariev knew nothing. when denis began to give hints to the master, peter noticed this and began to examine

the servant. okay, show me. enroll as a sailor, and what became of him is unknown, and denis peredonovich kolmykov will become a captain, receive the nobility and rise to the rank of rear admiral and commander of the kronshtat port. thanks to the efforts of peter, the first generation grew up in russia own naval commanders, and one of them was naum sinyavin, signing the order for his appointment as captain, the king did not doubt his decision, and naum, receiving

the document from the sovereign, did not believe his luck, captain, sovereign commander, king and god for the entire crew, on he is responsible for the fate of the ship and crew members, he enters into battle, and is the last to leave board if the ship dies. the ship is also a huge host. everything from gunpowder to the last cracker and piece of rope was counted, checked, recorded and put in its place. having lined up the crew, the captain goes to inspect the ship, climbing into its depths

where sometimes even sailors do not go. were located in the forecastle, that is, the bow, where the infirmary and galley, the ship's kitchen, were also located. at night, in the lower deck compartment , bunks were hung from canvas with hooks; in the morning, the bunks were rolled up and placed in bed nets along the sides. the aft part was the officers' quarters, where the company cabins, the officers' mess and the lieutenants' cabins were located. the midshipmen huddled in a small enclosure, next door to the ship's priest and doctor. only the captain was entitled to a personal cabin. a separate sealed cruet chamber contained tons of gunpowder. extraordinary fire precautions were taken on wooden ships. to light lanterns and kindle the stove , permission from the watch officer was required. smoking was allowed only during the day on the tank near

the water supply. special safety lights burned in strictly designated places. supplies of drinking water and provisions were stored in the holds. salanine in barrels, cereal crackers, butter at waterley level. in the most there was always water splashing in the depths of the hold. all wooden ships were leaking and the ship's carpenters made sure that the water level did not exceed the permissible norm. by order of the king, the captain took him under his command. here adjutant general anton devier, peter’s favorite, menshikov’s son-in-law and

generally an important person, stood up. not accustomed to objections, he immediately began to reprimand sinyamin, allegedly creating a mess on the ship. but not like that, peter raised his captains so that they would meekly listen to comments from outsiders, no matter who they were, beaten the deviary later wrote to peter’s secretary alexei makarov, i lay in bed for more than a week, that i couldn’t turn around from the beatings, peter’s new wife, catherine, gave birth to the tsar two daughters, anna and elizabeth,

nineteen-year-old alexei, the son from his first marriage, remained the only contender for the role heir to the throne, but will he be able to continue his father’s undertakings, he spent more time in riotous companies for ... wine, in order to introduce his son to state affairs, peter gave him his first serious assignment: to supervise the construction of fortifications in moscow the case of the arrival of the swedes. as the tsar was later reported, the heir did not spend half an hour at the post entrusted to him, looked absent-minded, nodded his head and drove off to his company. peter was beside himself. he was lenient towards other people’s mistakes, but never forgave a lack of diligence, he called his son for a conversation, scolded him, appealed to a sense of duty , it would have come to beatings, but

catherine intervened in time, only she managed to resolve the conflict, but as soon as peter left, the son again found himself in the arms of his friends. i am engaged in the construction of the russian tsar fleet personally drew a sketch of st. andrew's flag. on sailing ships the length of the banner reached 4 m; in the wind the banner roared like a siren. lowering the stern flag during a battle meant surrendering the ship, which was unthinkable. the battleship devenshier, captain sinyavin , entered the port of hamburg. a local

escort was walking towards us. according to naval custom, all ships must salute a warship flying the state flag by lowering the vimpil. but this one is welcome. signal demanded a salute to the russian flag. the impudent german replied, i don't know such a flag. guns ready for battle, damn it, damn it, two russian cannonballs flew past, but the third hit the sloop's wall, its pennant fell into the water, henceforth remember that there is a russian... st. andrew's flag.

captains of different nationalities flew under the st. andrew's flag. peter needed experienced sailors; the king was not interested in their past. so the serbian corsair, matya zmaevich, the threat of the turkish fleet, was redeemed from prison in constantinople by the russian ambassador. peter personally examined the sailor and immediately promoted him to the rank of captain of the first rank. zmaevich. handled well golers, it was on the goler fleet that peter made his main bet in the naval war with sweden. in the baltic skerries, narrow shallow bays, golers turned out to be more effective than large ships. on june 21, 1714, the russian mushroom fleet under the command of admiral general apraksin met umys gangut, a powerful

swedish squadron of the admiral. tsar peter and opraksin looked into the pipes for a long time, counting the enemy pennants. in the end, they decided to make a haul to drag some of their galleys to the neighboring fjord. admiral vatrang sent 10 ships to intercept the russians. but peter canceled the tug-of-war. he waited for the full style, and when the swedish sailors became helpless, he gave the order. 35 golers under the command of izmaevich flew out of the bay and headed to where the ships sent by votran were stationed. apraksin moved next. tsar peter took part in the boarding attack under bullets and cannonballs. on a par with rowers and

soldiers. all 10 ships of the swedish squadron, together with the flagship elefand, ended up in his hands. thus ended the first battle in the history of the russian navy. but swedish the fleet still controlled the baltic sea. russian golers could only fight against him. repelling one or two ships on occasion, but for the final victory at sea , it was not boarding attacks that were required, but large, well-armed ships with experienced crews. when entering a naval battle, the ships lined up in a column and, as they passed by the enemy, opened fire. they acted as a single unit, maintaining formation and maintaining the rate of fire. this tactic was called linear; it was for such a battle that

battleships were created, the most powerful the weapon of the era is the pinnacle of engineering, the battleship is the largest of the sailing ships, the basis of the regular navy. a three-masted warship with two or three gun decks, had an average of up to 100 guns, and a crew of up to 800 people. europeans. a few months ago they began to say that it is super important that africa is on our side, the most that ukraine can do in africa is just give me, ask for money, denmark is not the largest country in the world, we cannot make important decisions, we want provide maximum support for ukraine, we cannot make important decisions, so we support ukraine. i’ll be honest with you, we’re talking about tunisia, for example, it didn’t even receive one euro. they're clamping down, it's all about ukraine.

she doesn’t understand at all who is talking to her, she thought banderas, this is such an actor, they say that we will take what belongs to us, this is programmed chaos on the streets of europe, how to force hundreds of millions of people to commit suicide, the americans succeeded, vavan and lexus show, tomorrow on the first. romca, product stellar group. if we take it globally, i think that few people still know who slavsky is, the bomb, nuclear energy, education, medicine. all the elements that made it possible to say that sredmash is a state within a state, can you imagine leading such an industry, no uranium , no nothing, everything had to be created, what a responsibility it is, he was the owner, he was

the forest everywhere, he had to know everything everywhere, and most importantly, you need to be able to make a decision, you often send... people to die, this is radiation, this is radiation sickness, it’s worth kurchatov, where are you going, the devil knows that he was irradiated very strongly, he believed that the main thing in his life, he created a nuclear shield, he completed this task, on the 125th anniversary of the legendary minister, yafim slavsky, titan, atomic age , premieres on tuesday, on the first. after the gangut victory, peter had a new reason for joy. finally, catherine gave him a son. the boy was named peter in honor of his father. this event changed everything. now the sovereign could

choose an heir from two sons. the tsar sent alexei a final warning, demanded to take it. threatened: for for my fatherland and people i have not and do not regret my belly, then how can i feel sorry for you, the indecent one, the answer soon came. the prince abdicated the throne in favor of his newborn brother. he hoped that now his father would leave him alone. a month after receiving this letter, peter fell ill, the illness was so dangerous that the senators, in anticipation of the tragic end , were in the royal chambers around the clock, but the crisis passed and the king, having recovered, first

of all wrote to alexei: if you renounce, go to a monastery for a candidate who had renounced the throne. this was the only way. fleeing from this fate of his father's wrath, alexey fled abroad. soon , disturbing rumors began to reach peter. allegedly, his son is conducting secret negotiations with his military enemy, the swedes. he is going to overthrow his father and take his place on the throne. the sovereign's worst suspicions came true. by order of peter , intelligence tracked alexei in naples. the tsarist envoys deceived him into coming to russia. the king expected his cornered son to throw out all his hatred in his face. but he fussed, dodged, and

shifted all the blame for the betrayal onto his entourage. well, the mere fact of relations with the swedish king is enough to condemn the tsarevich to death, but the king did not want to control the fate of his son himself; a commission composed of the highest officials of the state had to pass a sentence on him. peter no longer felt either anger or rage, only a doomed emptiness in his soul. after the death sentence was pronounced, alexey was imprisoned in the peter and paul fortress, and after 2 days he died under unclear circumstances. a

a year later, before reaching four years of age , petrarina’s little son died from an incurable disease. this death completely unbalanced the king. the experience was accompanied by terrible convulsive seizures. peter locked himself in his office and did not see anyone for 3 days, refusing food. and to the father’s personal experiences was added the question of national importance, who after him... would take the russian

throne. but the king had to hide his feelings. the external way of life in the country has not changed at all. war with sweden was approaching victorious finale. at the end of may 1719 , a russian detachment consisting of six lines was stationed near the island of ezel. swedish convoy accompanying trade caravans. at dawn on may 24 , observers noticed three large ships without flags on the horizon, possibly swedes. on his flagship, the commander of iskadra, captain of the second rank naum sinyavin, ordered all sails to be raised and the sailing began. by evening the distance finally began to shorten. sinyavin gave

the order: prepare for battle. before the battle , a net was stretched over the deck to protect against falling debris from the spar. facilities control was protected from the nuclei by logs and barrels of scrap iron. sand was poured onto the deck to prevent the feet from slipping in the blood, and the stove in the galley was extinguished. the approaches to the powder kruyt chamber were covered with moistened canvas, and the cabin boys ran from there to bring charges for the guns. all temporary partitions were removed, and the lower gun decks were turned into an open gallery from the captain's cabin to the bow of the ship. gun ports opened, artillery crews opened, and guns were loaded and aimed. having approached, sinyavin fired two shots demanded to show the flag, swedish banners were unfurled on the masts. the russian flagship devanshir raised a red

flag on the foremast, a signal for everyone to join the battle. the cannonballs crushed the skin of the sides, tore the sails and broke the mast. sharp splinters scattered in all directions, but the sailors... the gunners officers did their job, the deck crew tracked the lighter grenades to cover them with sand. the infirmary team dragged away the wounded, and the ship's doctor operated directly during the battle. control and was immediately attacked by the swedish frigate and brigantine. sinyavin on devanshire left the line, made a sharp

turn at a short distance and opened fire with buckshot. a barrage of lead bullets swept away every living thing on deck. the frigate, and after it the brigantine, lowered their flags, only the enemy flagship left. but after 3 hours they caught up with him and forced him to surrender. russian. captured the fifty-two-gun battleship wachmeister, the thirty-four-gun frigate karskron wappin and the brigantine berngus. 387 people were taken prisoner with captain-commander wrangel. about 50 people were killed and 13 were wounded. russian losses amounted to nine people killed and nine people wounded. the first russian artillery duel. the fleet

ended with its first victory. a flurry of awards fell upon sinyavin; he was promoted through the rank to captain of the commander and was granted villages in such numbers that he became one of the richest landowners in russia. after 3 years, naum sinyavin will receive the rank of “shaut” benakht, that is, rear admiral. and will become the first russian natural admiral, as peter spoke about him. back in 1703 , with the capture of the nyenshans fortress, russian troops gained a foothold on the banks of the finnish bay. peter created the royal standard, a black double-headed eagle under three crowns holding four

cards in its beaks and paws. the white, caspian, azov and baltic seas. as a sign that they are different. russian tsar, ruler of the four seas. a new victory of the russian fleet over the swedes of the island of grengam and the signing of a non-state peace that ended the northern war secured the conquered baltic territories for russia. the long-awaited access to the baltic sea. and after another 2 months, peter received the all-russian emperor from the senators. in just a few years peter managed to create a fleet and raise a generation of the first russian admirals. he once dreamed that his sons, tsarevichs alexei and peter, would share his passion for the sea and continue their father’s work, but it just didn’t

work out. the entire russian squadron lined up for the parade that will take place. was accepted by the emperor himself, but instead of a battleship, a small old boat, once found in the izmailovsky barn, went out to the roadstead. on board were the admirals of the russian fleet, including rear admiral pyotr mikhailov, his imperial majesty. stern cannon the boat fired a shot, and in response , gun salutes thundered over the baltic. the emperor looked out of his boot with his head raised, leaving the past behind him, he looked forward, to where the sides

of the ships he had built rose in the powder smoke, he began to build his capital where there could not be a city, he invented it, designed it himself, rebuilt it many times forced everyone to live the way he intended, and in no other way, at the cost of enormous sacrifices, on the ruined swamps, under the blows of crushing floods, a city of amazing beauty, along straight, arrow-like streets, stone houses will stand in even rows, embankments will be dressed in granite. the squares will open and the spire of the peter and paul cathedral will cut through the sea fog, like the mast of a huge ship sailing into the future. the creation of peter the great, st. petersburg will become the main symbol of his transformations. but until the last

day of his life, the emperor will not decide to whom to transfer his us. the day turned out to be fine, the sovereign was in an excellent mood, a place for the bastion and the ravelels was quickly determined, but peter wanted to inspect and neighboring islands, rejoiced, saying that a true paradise smells like the sea. by that time, the tsar had managed to visit england and holland, the capital there is located on the water and it is no coincidence that where the sea is, trade is booming, the people of enlightenment are gaining, it was decided, here, danilych, you will build a house for me,

menshikov, an old comrade, doubted , what a house, minhertz, let’s drown, sir... i heard, and where you stand, we will build you a palace, build a large european city, peter dreamed for a long time, but it just so happened that the place for construction dictated by the war. by the spring of 1703, the russian army fought with the swedes along part of the baltic sea coast to the mouth of the niva river. the local marshy area was least suitable for building a new capital, but a fortress was required to protect the new lands. the emperor founded it on may 16 or 27 according to the new style, 1703 on the island of

janisaari. in russian, let's bunny. it started from this day. history of the city of st. petersburg. petersburg is not named after tsar peter alekseevich, but after his saint. patron saint of the apostle peter. the tsar himself in personal correspondence called it paradise, that is, paradise. the name peter, familiar to us today, appeared already in the 16th century. it was first mentioned in fonvizin's comedy nedorosel. during its history, the city changed its name three times. in 1914, at the beginning of the first world war, against the backdrop of anti-german sentiment. in 1924, after lenin's death , it was renamed leningrad. the historical name of st. petersburg was returned to the city only

in 1999. the first inhabitants of the yet unbuilt city were its builders. soldiers were transferred from neighboring fortresses, then they were attacked in organized parties peasants from the surrounding villages, working people, captured swedes and tatars, and for the hardest workers, laborers were delivered. now, instead of siberia, criminals were sent to build st. petersburg. at first, the workers were settled in a camp, in temporary camps, made of dugouts and huts. the convicts were housed in a guarded convict yard. nowadays there is a labor area on this place. mass forced labor was used only in the early years. later

, the construction mainly involved hired workers and artisans, for whom built huts. they worked in shifts from 12 to 15. on a rotational basis for 2-3 months. was 1 ruble per month, despite the fact that the monthly subsistence minimum was 17 kopecks. working and living conditions were difficult, constant cold, dampness, unsanitary conditions and poor nutrition. according to rough estimates , at least 100,000 workers died from exhaustion during the construction of st. petersburg. peter didn’t think long about who to appoint. did not refer to circumstances, and for

him there were simply no impossible orders. appointing menshikov, the governor-general of the future city, the sovereign had no doubt, was from a noble family. according to one version, he was the son of a groom, according to another, a baker. from the age of 14 he served in the tsar 's amusing army, where he quickly won the trust of peter, became his day-dealer, and then his closest associate and one of the top officials of the state. the tsar called him alexashia, heart friend, brother and son of the heart. during the northern war with sweden, menshikov commanded large forces of infantry and cavalry. while remaining governor general of st. petersburg. the construction of any structure in st. petersburg required tens of times more effort than in the rest of russia. the swampy soil

was drained by hand, channels were dug to drain water, and lowlands were filled with the excavated soil. the foundation required strengthening the soil with the help of piles, which were driven into the frozen ground so that they would float. shifting soil and abundance of water will create problems throughout the history of st. petersburg. water came to the surface, washed away the foundations, and washed away the cemetery. constant the dampness contributed to the development of a profuse infection in the neck. laying a metro in the city on the neva has always been fraught with great difficulties due to the complexity of the soil. powerful area. liquefied soil caused erosion from the flooding of the tunnel twice in 1974 and 1995, the consequences were eliminated

only in 2004. at first, st. petersburg was called a naval headquarters, and peter’s stay there was designated in documents as a campaign. wandering ankle-deep in the mud of the northern winds, the king delved into every detail. checked what he saw with the drawings and at the sight of the slightest mistake, he armored himself in such a way that even the experienced memshikov’s soul sank into

his heels, yours. now i’m thinking, maybe i shouldn’t have gotten involved with the bolsheviks, there’s so much hatred around, well, i like it, i love storm , they still had sex, but i don’t care, i’m for freedom, for everyone and in everything, i love you, i ask you, please, come up with something, but help me, but for my sake, please, labor. look after the program time, i’m your friend, you made me humane, it was impossible, impossible, gin

snob, a product of the stellar group, you see, cancels all social rules, he knows no prejudices, wearing a carnival costume, everyone can feel themselves in a role that is impossible for them in everyday life, this is the time for the fulfillment of secret desires, carnival for me is therapy, my psychoanalyst's name is carnival, in carnival there are no social differences, life is so complicated, we have no reason to celebrate at all, but suddenly carnival comes, people start... it's so wonderful to live the carnival in rio. matador, fever in rio, on friday, on the first. when you leave the sambadrome, it’s crazy, it seems like your blood is boiling in your veins, everything is turning upside down. despite all the difficulties, by the autumn

of 1703, the fantastic core of the city, one of its most recognizable symbols. the peter and paul fortress was built according to a joint project of tsar peter and the french engineer lambert de guerrin. at first it had a fortification made of wood and earthen embankments. in 1706, the bastions began to be rebuilt in stone. but the fortress became completely granite only by the end of the 16th century. since 1725, the peter and paul cathedral became the tomb of the romanovs. the bodies of all the emperors and members of their families, from peter ii to the supposed remains of nicholas ii, rest here. with the exception of ivan vi. antonovich and emperor peter ii. the secret office was located in the fortress. body of political investigation,

a prison was set up in kazimaty, in which important state criminals were kept. upon returning to moscow, peter hurried to share his joy with martha katarina. the king met her a year ago in the menshikovo house, where the widow of a swedish officer served as a housekeeper, and now he could not imagine life without her. without sparing paint, peter painted his beloved miracle city growing in the middle of the finnish swamps, and tasa caught his every word with gratitude, the sovereign blossomed in her arms, here she was, her dear soul, the construction of st. petersburg proceeded at a rapid pace, a battery grew on the spit of vasilievsky island, on the left bank...

of the neva, the admiralty faith was founded , a galley fleet was created, but all this actually happened on the territory hostile state, only in 1721 , after a non-state peace, the baltic lands, including st. petersburg, will be officially annexed to russia, but for now the northern war is in full swing. and the swedish fleet took the mouth of the neva in a blockade from the sea. not a single ship can get through to st. petersburg. the city from which peter plans to trade with all of europe found itself in complete isolation and few people even know about it. all this is in vain, no one needs this city, they just drew everything in such a way that it

’s at least in a loop. a merchant ship bobbed at the pier with an english flag, a miracle, the english captain was surprised, he was transporting salt and wine to the trading city of nienstat, and arrived in some st. petersburg, will they give a good price here? alexander danilovich is happy. presented him with a reward of 500 gold pieces himself, 10 tallars for each sailor. he was right, pyotr alekseevich. if merchants are rushing here, despite all the swedish machinations, it means that

the city will soon thunder throughout europe. peter, having received this news, was so delighted that he ran to brag to his catherine. russian. the merchants were speechless announce that they could bring their goods to st. petersburg for export trade, but the merchants stubbornly went to arkhangelsk, where the british and dutch came by sea, everything had been established there for centuries, convenient roads with inns and warehouses were laid from central russia to arkhangelsk. not to arkhangelsk, to st. petersburg. the land roads that led to the baltic were not suitable for trade caravans of heavily loaded carts. a traveler heading to st. petersburg in the fall or spring could count several dozen horses drowned in the swamp

straight to the fuckers. those goods that did reach the city on the neva rotted in the warehouses of the troitsky pier, because there was no one to sell them. foreign ships could not break through the swedish blockade. in 7 years from 1703 to 1710, only three ships reached st. petersburg. only after the non-state peace in 1721, foreign ships would go to st. petersburg, in such numbers that there would not be enough mooring space at the troitsky pier. in the meantime, due to the closure of arkhanelsk, the dutch merchants suffered colossal losses and the question arose about severing trade relations with russia. then peter partially returned trade to arkhanelsk, setting quotas on the most popular goods in a ratio of 2 to one in

favor of st. petersburg, but after a few years the quotas had to be revised again in favor of arkhanelsk. over the years, many russian merchants went bankrupt, and export trade... continued to suck raw materials out of the country at dumping prices. peter did not despair, everything has its time. he built st. petersburg not for immediate benefits, as a tsar he built it for the state, but as a father for his children. their catherine's first daughter died at the age of one year, but the second, anna, grew up. and immediately after the poltava victory she was born. and elizabeth. peter increasingly wondered whether to make catherine his legal wife. feelings for her did not cool over the years. and besides, it is not suitable for royal daughters

to grow up out of wedlock. but he put off marriage. the situation is now martial, and the work is tight. spent more and more time on the banks of the neva. he personally participated in the construction of ships, which he affectionately called children. his favorite was the sixteen-gun shnyava lizet, which the king named in honor of elizabeth's youngest daughter. the admiralty was located within walking distance from peter's house, and the tsar walked to work. he officially had the position of chief master at the admiralty shipyard, with a salary of 365 rubles per year. the governor general of st. petersburg menshikov worked there as a ship's apprentice and received 182 rubles. petersburg was already the capital of the state, but the state apparatus

moved from moscow slowly. the orders opened their branches and field offices in st. petersburg, but their leaders were next to peter in the new capital. thus , the moscow orders themselves turned into branches, and the field office into collegiums. in 1712 the governing senate moved. from that time on, peter’s stay in st. petersburg was no longer referred to as campaigns in documents. st. petersburg officially became the capital. since the time of peter ii, the country had two main cities: moscow, or the capital, where emperors were crowned, and st. petersburg, the official capital, where the court and central government institutions were located. peter iii moved the capital to moscow, but he successor anna ioanovna returned everything to normal

. st. petersburg remained the capital of the empire for more than 180 years. on march 5, 1918, due to the approach of the german front to petrograd, the leninist government of the russian soviet republic moved to moscow, since then it has remained the capital of russia. it was in moscow that tsar pyotr alekseevich organized celebrations on the occasion of the poltava victory. in january 1710 , thousands of captured swedes were led through the streets of the mother see. it was then that a report was received that among the prisoners an officer who calls himself johann cruz and the husband of marta skavronskaya. legs, even

an autocrat cannot marry a married woman, the sovereign ordered an investigation. it was soon confirmed that the real ogan kruza had indeed died. menshikov proposed hanging the impostor. peter decided to spare him, and to discourage others from chatting, he sent him to siberia for eternal settlement. he himself returned to the north, to where the war with the swedes continued, and the new city was replenished with inhabitants. the first

generation of capital residents were service people, from field marshal to private soldier, and clerks, that is, officials, as well as artisans and workers brought for the construction of the city. about a third of the population consisted of soldiers from the capital's garrison. there were many foreigners, both mercenaries and prisoners. shvedov and tatar. according to peter's decree, stone construction was prohibited throughout the country and was carried out only in st. petersburg. the stone craftsmen were also transferred here. limestone and granite were brought from all available quarries. in addition, anyone entering the city had to pay stone collection: three stones weighing at least 2 kg each, 10-30 stones from each vessel. but there was still not enough stone. peter wanted his paradise to be in no way inferior

to european capitals and therefore invited experienced city planners. one of the first to arrive in russia was dominico andrea trizini from lugano, switzerland, a specialist in military and civil architecture. he developed the layout of streets, became the author of standard designs for houses, as well as cathedrals, palaces and other urban ones. the architect trizin, pyotr alekseevich, did not disappoint when he saw the palace on italian manner, i couldn’t believe my eyes , i was happy like a child, i touched everything with my hands, there were trellises on the walls, mirrors, foreign furniture, large windows with solid glass, and here it was as if

it were evil. the cannonade thundered, swedes, that was the end of the palace review, it was not possible... alexander danilovich was proud enough, the sovereign rushed off to check the fortification of the cannon. the threat of attack by the swedish fleet remained throughout the northern war. to protect st. petersburg from the sea, in 1704, on a sandbank near kotlin island, a fort kranslot, translated from german as “ crown castle”. the fort... completely controlled the navigable forwater; in the entire history of kranschlott, not a single enemy ship passed by it. in 1723, near the fort on the island of kotlin, peter founded the fortress and city of kronstadt, which would become the main naval base of the baltic fleet.

the location of st. petersburg made it extremely vulnerable. under catherine ii. during the war with sweden. in 1788, cannon fire shook the windows of the winter palace, and the streets smelled of burning steam. during the first world war, in in march 1918, german troops came so close that they began shelling petrograd with artillery. in 1941, wehrmacht troops already in the third month of the war were 40 km from leningrad and took it. blockade, but throughout its history, this city has never been captured by the enemy. peter finally introduced catherine to his family and the entire court as his future wife. the king did not have time to get married immediately; he was preparing for a campaign against

the turks. menshikov did not really believe that the sovereign with his violent temper was in the hands of his wife, but look the happy king was pleased. peter built his new capital in accordance with his tastes. he strictly ensured that only the prescribed materials were built according to the prescribed designs. the usual russian layout, when the house was located in the middle of a courtyard with services and vegetable gardens, was prohibited; houses had to be built along the red line, and not turn their courtyards gray, that is, all the houses had to stand end to end, the facades were on the same line, and a small space was allocated for courtyards just behind the house, this yard was built with other residential and commercial structures, over time they grew and

stretched upward, and this is how the famous st. petersburg courtyards and wells arose. the difference with moscow is felt now. muscovites are accustomed to front gardens and public gardens in their courtyards; the entrance to the house is called the entrance, because a cart could drive up to the entrance. st. petersburg residents say the front door, because all old houses also have a back door from the yard. previously, food peddlers entered through it, immediately ending up in the kitchen. he sold provisions in st. petersburg. fish and meat in separate rows for fish and meat, with mandatory sanitary control, bread was imported dairy products were supplied by finns from the surrounding

capes, peddlers walked around the city, each with certain goods, stoves with stoves were installed in the kitchens, where meat could be... fried in a frying pan, and not baked as before. the first one loved to say: god grant me health, and st. petersburg will be a new amsterdam, he showed everything to his catherine , plans, drawings, drawings, the dutch landscape was given tiled roofs, many mills, high spiers, there were about 50 of them, the architectural appearance familiar to us today st. petersburg, strict and monumental, was formed mainly in the 19th century, during the era of nicholas ii, who changed the capital in many ways. palace square with the alexander

column, senate square with the bronze horseman, st. isaac's and kazan cathedrals. the capital has turned into a grandiose architectural ensemble in style. initially, the city was built in the restrained style of the so-called petrovsky boroko, with the view from the water in mind. peter dreamed of making ice boats, small sailing ships, the main transport in the city. for their there was a private shipyard for construction and maintenance. peter distributed small vessels to residents and obliged them to participate in weekly water assemblies. just think, but in st. petersburg, famous for its

bridges, under peter, they were deliberately not built, with the exception of floating or panton bridges, and drawbridges, in the most necessary places. in addition, it was forbidden to arrange permanent boat crossings. so the king tried to accustom the inhabitants to movement. on water. but the plan failed. for several months the neva was covered with ice and during the ice drift there was no islands with bridges lost all communication. we also had to abandon the initial layout of vasilievsky island, where the street was supposed to replace a network of parallel canals, lines that were intersected by avenues. however, the streets still have a name attached to them. there are many bridges in st. petersburg, most of them, as in the time of peter, are raised so as not to interfere with

the passage of ships. finally, in the new capital , an event took place that had been awaited for many years, the sovereign, pyotr alekseevich got married to his beloved, she converted to orthodoxy with named after ekaterina mikhailova. elizabeth, those born out of wedlock acquired royal dignity, but according to the law of that time, the right to the throne passed through the male line, the sovereign did not give up hope for the birth of a son, to whom he could without hesitation pass on everything that he had achieved during the years of his reign. therefore , marriage with catherine was especially important for peter. what only recently seemed like

wild fantasies was becoming reality. the city founded by peter grew and was filled with more and more new residents. along with him, the number of worries that fell on the shoulders of governor general. menshikov oversaw the improvement of the capital, cleaning the canals around the admiralty, and strengthening the banks. the main entrance road to st. petersburg became the so -called nevskaya prosiko, from the alexander nevsky lavra to the admiralty. a perfectly flat road was laid through the forests of the swamps, the monks of the lavra were captured by the swedes, paved with stone, along the roadsides. prospect, and then from

1781 nevsky prospekt, the length of nevsky prospect is 4.5 km, it is almost three times longer than tver, and for a long time remained the longest street in russia. nevsky prospekt was the first in the country to receive street lighting. in a unique avenue ensemble, the front façade of the empire. the soviet government renamed it into an avenue on october 25, but a quarter of a century later, on january 13, 1944, the day before the start of the operation to lift the blockade, the main street of st. petersburg is part of the highway connecting the two capitals, from red square to palace square, and

the only street in russia, which in clear weather is completely visible for several kilometers. petersburg street was paved with wood. wooden planks were laid on top of the logs, embankments were built on stilts. a plank pavement was laid on top. they would be dressed in granite only in the second half of the 16th century, and under peter the only stone embankment was in front of his summer palace. the construction and maintenance of embankments, as well as pavement street oil lamps, was the responsibility of homeowners. in addition, everyone had to plant linden trees in front of their house, and so the greening of st. petersburg began. the first public park in russia was the garden around peter's summer palace. visitors were allowed into the garden in decent clothing. and all the statues

sculptural groups of fountains during major holidays, the garden was illuminated and there were tables with refreshments, and soldiers carried a tub of vodka along the alleys. tired of military and government affairs, peter found a new outlet for himself. by personal order of the tsar, trees, lindens, chestnuts, even grapes and cotton, which did not survive well in open ground and froze, began to be planted in st. petersburg. peter devoted himself to this hobby with passion, spending less and less time with catherine. she tried to attract attention husband, sighed meaningfully, and asked leading questions. finally, the offended woman went

home, but the sovereign said. the center of the city's commercial life became the square near the trinity church near the pier of the same name , where royal decrees were read out in front of the long college building. bidding and contracts were announced at gostiny dvor. military parades were held on the square on the occasion of holidays, in which peter himself invariably took part in the preobrazhensky uniform. and then there were fireworks, from which... in the collegiums , the weather broke the windows in a separate article. the cost was the repair of windows, as it was listed in the account book, of which during victoria the whole city was like peter’s huge estate, where he disposed at his own discretion, interfering not only in the professional, but in the personal life

of his subjects. it was established by order of the senate. main police chief office. subordinate to the police chief were allocated: 10 officers, 20 non-commissioned officers and 160 good soldiers. the powers of the police were extensive. she monitored everything from the layout of the appearance of houses to the condition of cesspools, to throwing sewage and garbage into the street, whipping and hard labor. for selling stale vegetables and dead animals at the market, whip. and hard labor, merchants’ scales had to be branded, for counterfeit scales there was a fine, homeowners were obliged to inspect the pavement in front of their houses every day, repairing it in a timely manner. the fire service was also under the responsibility of the political master. in addition to the fire brigade with a flooding machine, a fire warning and extinguishing system was created. the inhabitants

had to resort to the signal with axes and help firefighters with hooks; to protect against fires, it was forbidden to build private baths, only public ones. homeowners were required to clean chimneys monthly, smear ceilings with clay, and monitor the condition of fire ponds. bread was allowed to be baked only on thursdays and sundays, if there was no heat and wind. at night there was a patrol team led by a sniffer, an ensign. she literally sniffed out those who were secretly baking bread or heating the bathhouse. there was a permanent curfew from 10:00 p.m. in summer from 8: in winter. only military midwives with a special document could move around the city at night. financing of the grandiose construction project, as well as reforms and wars, occurred through

increases. peasants paid 74 kopecks. from each male subject, townspeople one ruble 20 kopecks. the number of taxpayers also included those who had not previously paid taxes. and the volga region. the revenue side of the budget has tripled. the army took about 3 million a year, in st. petersburg the budget of the city chancellery alone amounted to . 1722 year - 1625 rub. pyotr alekseevich threw a letter to danilych. one of the royal relatives complained that the roof of her palace was leaking, so that during

the rainy season it was impossible to find a place to shelter. alexander danilovich was quite surprised, he worries about such trifles, i have a lot of troubles with such trifles, what can you say? danilych. minchikov croaked at the sovereign’s wills , the haters, having an account for every penny, brought up the prince’s sins, took away lands and villages from the landowners, took away the heritage that had passed on to the state, sheltered schismatics and the fugitive peasants, charging them a fee for living on their lands, lost sleep; if menshikov, showered with honors and bounties, does not disdain to profit from the public account, then

who can he trust now? she was taken to moscow like a captive, fearing a conspiracy, no one was allowed to see her. at 17 , a widow, without a home, without money, without someone to lean on. just yesterday she was a duchess without a dukedom. for many years she endured waiting, everything depended on strangers, and today she was offered an imperial offer. corona, yes, they were going to make her a pawn in someone else's game, but the russian princess believed that, having returned to her homeland, she would be able to stand up for herself, no matter what the cost, the empire of anna

ioanovna, fortunately, can she now breathe freely and arrange her life at her own discretion, these hopes collapsed overnight. montechoca cognac, a product of the stellar group, per drum. i need to learn from larisa how to manage to press any button and still make everyone happy. sing the star, season premiere,

tomorrow, on the first. embezzlement and corruption sometimes reached unprecedented proportions, from for every 100 rubles of taxes collected , at best 30 rubles reached the treasury. many people stole and not everyone was able to be caught by the hand. peter established the fiscal service, a specialized supervisory body whose main task was. at the head of the service was the oberfiskal, subordinate only to the king. oberfiskal alexey nesterov had long ago tried to match the all-powerful menshikov, but his hands were short. then he began an investigation into the abuses of prince matvey. gagarin, the siberian governor-general, who, according to

rumors, was covered by his serene highness, not executed, the drumbeat stopped. prince gagarin looked around the crowd with a heavy gaze; not long ago he boasted of unheard-of riches, built luxurious mansions, threw feathers with five to ten courses, but he was destined to die a beggar. everything that was pressed went

to the treasury according to the royal verdict. peter looked sternly at alexander danilovich, asking if the nom was clear? although menshikov fell out of favor, he avoided arrest and execution, largely because his old friend, ekaterina alekseevna, often took the prince’s side. during the attacks of the royal

out of anger, she came to the rescue more than once, defending alexander danilovich. peter loved her, he never loved anyone else, and this love saved menshikov. in 1721, st. petersburg celebrated the non-state peace. the northern war ended in complete victory for russia. in the trinity cathedral. peter the title of emperor and father of the fatherland. when he entered the square, he was enthusiastically greeted by a huge crowd: petersburg perii. the festivities continued continuously for 7 days, with masquerade, balls, illuminations and fireworks. catherine became empress. peter personally placed a crown on her head, the first crown in russian history. empires.

the festivities of the peter the great era were lush, noisy and long, and the participants in the masquerade had no right to take off their masks and change clothes until the end of the holiday. roasted carcasses of bulls stood in the squares, and alcohol was poured from tubs and barrels to everyone who wanted it. warships shook the shores with cannon salutes and took off into the sky at night. fireworks and crackers. all these celebrations were subject to a clearly defined script, in the scenery used an extensive system of allegories, for example, a flaming heart depicted the tsar’s heartfelt affection for st. petersburg. november 5, 1721, exactly a week after the end of the celebration: peace,

all the decorations were washed away, another flood occurred, floods in the niva delta happened almost every autumn and spring. if the water rose above the normal level by one and a half to 2 meters or more, the flood became a natural disaster. cannon shots from petropavlovskaya warned about the dangerous... non-rising water fortresses the flood of 1777 practically destroyed the summer garden and flooded the cellars of the peter and paul fortress, killing several hundred people. the flood of 1824 is described in pushkin's poem, the bronze horseman.

the streets have been transformed. the flood of 1924, which was said to be a punishment for the renaming of st. petersburg to leningrad, was particularly powerful; it was the only way the city had the opportunity to protect itself from a natural disaster. alexander danilovich watched as the water flooded the embankment. petersburg, after another challenge to patience the sovereign burst out and he removed the quota for the posts of governor general. the prince understood that this was just the beginning. doesn't the fate of matvey gagarin now await him? but in those days, preoccupied. kim, he received news that

hit him right in the heart, catherine cheated on him, and most importantly with whom, the kumerker mons. emperor mons was accused of bribery and sentenced to beheading. in the margins of the document, peter wrote: commit according to the sentence. he didn't talk to catherine anymore. i didn’t want to see my friend sasha, and perhaps i didn’t want to live wanted. with a heavy heart, the sovereign returned by water to st. petersburg after the inspection. on the way, he saw a stranded boat with soldiers, which was being overwhelmed by the waves. the emperor rushed to the rescue, saving human lives. peter fought to the last, as if he wanted

to single-handedly conquer the raging elements. this heroic act had fatal consequences. a long-standing illness has worsened, though. understood that from now on his days were numbered, there was no regret in his soul, he lived a glorious life, full of feats of death, about which others could only dream, he loved, was loved, had good and faithful friends, knew the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, fate gave him the rare happiness of seeing how his wildest dreams become... reality, he gave himself to this life completely and generously shared his irrepressible energy with those who were nearby, and when he met resistance and misunderstanding, well, then he was fierce and merciless even towards his loved ones. yes, he did not spare either

himself or others, for the kingdom to become a european power, and on the site of ruinous swamps he built a magnificent city of dreams. still no doubt the question of who would continue his work subsided, the eldest son alexei was accused of high treason and died without waiting for the sentence to be carried out, the younger peter died before he was 5 years old, two beloved daughters and a wife remained, his successor, but his last will remained a secret.

pyotr alekseevich faded away rapidly, and with him an entire era passed into the past. but what he achieved forever transformed the history of the russian state. outside the windows, heavy groans could be heard from the emperor’s chambers. peter ii. he died in terrible agony. he did did not name the name of his heir, and now the future of the russian throne. the supreme council had to decide; the choice was difficult. several people could claim the throne at once: peter’s wife, catherine, his daughters elizabeth and anna, his grandson, as well as other

relatives. in those days, none of the highest dignitaries took into account the emperor’s niece anna ianovna. already an heiress of russian blood. i lived in distant courland for 15 years. lonely, surrounded by ill-wishers, the duchess of courland did not feel like a mistress in her own home, nor a ruler in her dominions. could anyone imagine that only 5 years would pass, she would return to her homeland in a blaze of glory

and become an autocratic empress. she appeared in the cross chamber of the tower palace in the moscow kremlin. i almost didn’t remember my father, ivan 5, older than my brother, after which emperor pyotr alekseevich took the fate of his niece into his own hands. as soon as anna turned 17, he married her to the duke of kurlyansky, of course there was no talk of love, but which of the princesses married for love? in dapetrovskaya russia it was difficult for the tsar’s daughters find a spouse. marriage with compatriots was considered not trustworthy, which often did not suit the western powers. the situation began to change since the time of peter ii. the russian empire was included in the number. major political players, and dynastic marriages began to serve new state interests. the marriage of anna ianovna

and duke friedrich wilhelm of kurlya was intended to strengthen russian positions in the baltic sea. before leaving for kurland. anna came up with the idea to compete in the art of drinking with tsar peter himself, here is the result: on the way to the duke things got worse and he died in the arms of his young wife. arriving in mitava, where he was to live, she saw that the possessions were ruined and the castle

was plundered. at 17, a widow, without a home, without money, without someone to lean on. this is how the adult life of the royal niece anna ioannovna began. years have passed since then, the news that tsar peter is on his deathbed , st. petersburg has fallen silent, catching rumors and whispers, the winter palace has already... among them, prince alexander

danilovich menshikov occupied a special place. closest companion the emperor came from a humble family, but during the years of peter's reign he amassed a huge fortune and became one of the most influential russian dignitaries. and now he was afraid of losing his position if they brought their candidate to power. in russia, the royal throne was passed down in a straight line from father to son. the right of a contender to power was usually confirmed by the zemsky sobor, which gathered delegates from all over the country. everything changed in 1720 tracks. now the emperor could appoint a successor, regardless of his gender or degree of relationship. however, he himself peter could not do this. for a long time, tsarevich alexei, the son of his first wife, evdokia

lopukhina, was considered the heir of peter ii, but in 1718 he was accused of high treason, sentenced to death, and died 2 days later in the peter and paul fortress under unknown circumstances. the following year , four-year-old pyotr petrovich, the emperor’s son from his second wife catherine, died of illness. k 172. elizabeth, since anna signed the abdication of the throne for herself by peter i, evdokia lopukhina and catherine, as well as the daughters of his brother and co-ruler, tsar ivan v. catherine, anna.

in the male line and stood for nine-year-old peter ii. peter clearly expressed his will to nokaterina. she should be the empress. the majority leaned toward the side of the prince's opponents. but menshikov knew that the guards loyal to him had already cordoned off the palace, without waiting for ekaterina alekseevna to finish. this is how the first palace coup in the history of the empire took place.

the russian throne was occupied by a woman for the first time. having married a swedish dragoon, she ended up in russian captivity and became a housekeeper prince menshikov, and then the beloved peter ii, converted to orthodoxy with the name ekaterina alekseevna. in 1712 she became the legal wife of peter and was crowned her husband. meanwhile, the duchess of courland and simigalia anna ioanovna did not even think about the imperial crown. where there, the ruined estates did not bring any income, sometimes there was not enough money even for life, the russian ambassador to courland, pyotr mikhailovich ryumin, helped her make ends meet. velmo ensured the collection from the local nobility, but succeeded in

friend, despite the fact that he was almost 30 years older than the duchess. soon in st. petersburg they started talking about an inappropriate relationship between bestuzhev and the royal niece. the scandal was extinguished only thanks to the intervention of empress catherine. she loved anna very much and allowed bestuzhev to stay with her, but now their relationship became exclusively business. zhianna herself continued to dream of marriage. agent de. maeur gru, on the instructions of beria, obtained the secrets of the atomic bomb, was betrayed, miraculously escaped, escaping with his family to the soviet union. his son became famous writer, but disappeared from the field of view of journalists. international man of mystery. on the occasion of sasha sokolov's eightieth birthday, today on

the first. veda vodka, a product of stelar group. the europeans started saying a few months ago that it is super important that africa is on our side. the maximum that ukraine can do in africa is give, give, ask for money. denmark is not the largest country in the world, we cannot make important decisions. we want to provide maximum support to ukraine. we can't make important decisions, so we support ukraine. i’ll be honest with you, we’re talking about tunisia, for example, it didn’t even receive one euro. they squeezed, yeah, everything went to ukraine. she doesn’t understand at all who is talking to her, she thought banderas, he’s such an actor. they say we will take what is ours, this is programmed chaos on the streets of europe. how to make hundreds of millions of people commit suicide. the americans

did it. show vavan and lexus. tomorrow on the first. catherine the first had neither inclinations nor talents for state affairs. having elevated her to the throne, menshikov established the supreme privy council, which he himself