in the snow, love will save the world. earth, hey, earth,

earth, save me, snow, there. coat of arms, anthem, flag, symbols of the state, akin to air, we breathe, you practically

don’t notice it while it is there, but as soon as someone tries to take away the flag or ban the anthem, such fierce resistance arises in your soul, as if you are being deprived of the last smooth air. the russian flag is more than 300 years old; it was established by peter ii on january 20, 1705. the arrangement of the stripes on the flag then explained the structure of the world, the red world of the body, physical. the

heavenly world, and above the white, the divine world, you do you think we have changed a lot over these 300 years, no, now the most popular answers are red blood, blue sky, white purity and spirituality, the choice of the colors of the national flag by peter ii was a purely political step, in fact, the choice of allies in europe. peter draws the flags with his own hand, he designates the white blue-red tricolor as the flag of the merchant fleet, the personal standard of the emperor, black-yellow-white. this flag was used by ground forces; it is no coincidence that the black and yellow combination later became known to everyone st. george's ribbon. these colors had nothing to do with the ancient history of russia or the traditions of the slavs. peter wanted russia to join the ranks of european superpowers. blue, white and red colors dominated the sea at that time.

the flags of england, france and especially the king's favorite of holland, on land were dominated by austria and prussia, with their black and yellow color scheme. after the october revolution , the tricolor was replaced by a red flag. the soviet flag does not immediately acquire its usual simple and laconic appearance. the first year after the revolution there were even such options in use: a double-headed eagle on a red background. first officer... dated april 13, 1918. it was created by ilya repin’s student, artist sergei chikhonin. the abbreviation rsfsr was written in gold old church slavonic letters in the upper left corner. this is really old church slavonic script, quite well stylized from the old handwritten letters, that is, this.

before the era of first printed books, but this did not take root, only in 1924 the red banner familiar to many from childhood became the flag of the ussr: a sickle, a hammer, a star, this version remained unchanged until the collapse of the soviet union. the red flag today is perceived not only and not so much as a symbol of the ussr, but as a symbol of a great victory. on the victory flag, in addition to the hammer and sickle, there is the inscription 150 order of kutuzov. second class idrid rifle division. idritsa, a small and quiet village in the southeast of the pskov region, almost on the border with belarus. fierce fighting raged here for almost 8 months. the 150th infantry division

received the name idritskaya for the liberation of the village from fascist occupation in july 1944 of the year. eight military units and formations received the honorary name idristskoe, among them was the 150th infantry division , which received its first award in the form of this honorary name, then the 150th division’s combat path passed through latvia, poland, and germany. it was the fighters of the idred division , mikhail egorov and meliton kantaria, who hoisted this banner over the reichstag, in defeated berlin. this flag is the flag of victory.

a symbol that unites us all, a symbol of victory over fascism. the main thing is that it does not cancel and does not replaces our russian state flag. on december 25, 1991, at 19:00, mikhail gorbachev announced his resignation live, but this did not mean the end of the soviet union. the end of the era came 35 minutes later, when the red flag was removed in the kremlin, here it is, this flag, it was preserved, we even know the exact time when it was removed, 19:35, 11 minutes, then for the first time there was a pause, when there was no flag, this is

emptiness, in all global historical events, as always it is better to look for the simplest, almost everyday explanation, these for 11 minutes, the commandant's office employees figured out how to properly attach... the banner to the flagpole. the historical flag of new russia has also been preserved. an act was drawn up regarding this event for the replacement of flags. look what he is like, it feels like they were doing it in the popes, then they really did everything in the popes, the fact is that the working day in the kremlin ended at 6:00 pm, the office was not working. i had to look for paper and write on it like this by hand, no one could have thought that in those 11 minutes, while the soviet flag was being changed to the russian one, the biggest disaster had happened geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, the area of ​​the country was reduced by a quarter, but at the same time the most densely populated regions disappeared,

there were 290 million people in the ussr, 148 million remained in russia, almost two times less. crimea, minsk, kiev, tashkent, almaata, suddenly became abroad, ahead was the collapse of industry, anti-terrorism, russophobia, no one could even think of this, one month is the average shelf life of the flag. if it hangs outside, in winter, when there are sudden temperature changes, it is smaller, in summer it is larger, approximately once every six months they order us from the kremlin palace, well, the customer is the fso , the federal security service, it is they

who order these flags measuring 4 m by 6 m for the kremlin creator, and at the rate of one replacement flag once a month. the main flag of the country is made here, in this production. previously, flags were woven, not sewn, so they played, real in the wind, the panel was made of silk and it seemed to flow from the wind, production secrets were passed down from generation to generation, making such a flag was extremely difficult and very expensive, today came up with a more economical technology: thermal printing. we use heavy-duty fabrics with a heavy-duty weave, but the dyeing takes place on this heat press. first we dye blue, then red, white is not dyed, white is the base color

of the fabric, after this the flag is sewn together, under the influence of heat, the paint penetrates into the fabric, penetrates through it, such a flag no longer fades from the sun and is not subject to changes temperature. meets under the russian flag, we will say that the flag needs to be changed periodically, but it is from time may become disheveled and torn. the farmer started this tradition more than 20 years ago. in 2000, davydov just started his business and

then began to raise a flag over his yard. actually, i thought about this when i visited canada in 1995. there were flags on almost every farm. but we thought about where to hang the russian flag and wanted to choose the highest place in baranovka, first we hung it on the pressure tower, because the flag is visible from everywhere. but unfortunately, storks and storks fly to us the flag was in the way, the second place we chose is our park, the canopy is the highest place in the park, we erected this fact, andrey is a farmer, he breeds pedigree bulls, the same ones from the meat that steaks are made from, in the late nineties for russia , it was a completely new technology, everything had to start from scratch. andrei davidov's farm, where they started the tradition of raising the russian flag,

is located under a koluga, on abandoned lands that used to belong to the village of baranovka, a former village, it became extinct, it was erased from maps of russia back in 1968, and 30 years later, thanks to the efforts of andrei davidov, it reappeared on the map of russia. apart from the flag, we have order in our household, we have no dirt, we have no weeds, we have no paperwork , russia is a huge territory, the largest in the world, and if in every household in russia, like mine, there will be order and there will be a flag , it means that in general russia will live well, i would like that, i would at least like for my children to live better than me, and for my children to live in a normal country and be proud of it.

the state kerp of russia is a double-headed eagle and every detail has a heraldic meaning, there are no trifles here. speaking of little things, heads tails.

it came up tails, we need an eagle, look carefully, on this coin is our coat of arms, then the head is an eagle with a crown and a hero and a power, on this one there is a completely different eagle, without crowns, two coins from one pocket, this is not a fake, not a mistake, both coins absolutely genuine. the first coin with an eagle and without a regalia crown began to be minted almost immediately after the collapse of the soviet union. in troubled times of confusion with government symbols is inevitable. in the early nineties , the old soviet symbols began to be abolished, but new russian ones had not yet appeared, at least in the form of a law. in 2012, a member of the russian heraldic council, vladimir lavrinov, went on a tour of the pskov pechersky monastery. and i see a rather

elderly man walking, a monk with a gray beard. and he told a funny and, it seems to me, surprising story. a ruble fell into his hands, a new russian ruble, on which he saw a double-headed eagle without crowns and without crosses, but he is still a man, as i understand it, well-read, he knew that the double -headed eagle should have crowns and crosses, there should also be some kind of horseman, st. george the victorious, well, that is, these elements should be there, and he was generally upset and began to pray for that the crown and crosses return to the ruble, and, accordingly, the state. the prayer was heard not only in heaven, but in the heraldic council, the body that develops and approves state symbols. the council meetings coincided with preparations for the olympics in sochi. usually, olympic coins, so to speak, must have state symbols of those countries where the olympics are taking place, and therefore, so

to speak, it is considered that it is, as it were, fulfilling the requirements of the international olympic committee there. other structures and similar ones, it was decided that sotlensky coins would depict the eagle that was approved on november 30 , 1993, that is, our state emblem. in 2016 , a modest message finally appeared on the website of the bank of russia: the coat of arms of russia, a double-headed eagle with regalia, crowns with a cypetre and an orb, would be minted on the coins. the double-headed eagle appears in russia under ivan ii in 1497. it was a calculated political move. ivan ii, after the fall of constantinople, declares russia the heir to the byzantine empire, the third rome, the new center of orthodoxy. he marries sophia palaeologus, the legal successor of imperial

power, and takes the byzantine double-headed eagle as his coat of arms. two heads connected by one body mean. at the unity of the east, west, europe and asia, in the west, the eagle is single-headed, in the east - double-headed, because it expresses a symphony, or symphony, in greek, it is better to make such an emphasis, between the power of the temporal power and the spiritual, over both eagles of the crown and equality. both harmony and balance, this means that the construction of the byzantine empire included the authority of the emperor, the authority of the patriarch, the authority of the state and the authority of the church, and both sides sought to establish harmonious relations, in heraldry everything

matters, not only size, but also color and shapes and any other seemingly small details. the coat of arms of russia has an arrangement of heads, crowns, shields with coats of arms, and quite a few lands changed greatly over the centuries, every russian tsar wanted the era of his reign to be associated with the coat of arms, but most often changes to the coat of arms were associated with turning points, key events in the history of russia. under ivan the terrible, the eagle wears crowns on its heads. a red shield on the chest and an image of a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear. this is a sign of the moscow kingdom, the strengthening and centralization of power. the seal of ivan the terrible, 1577, it is interesting because it is also double-sided, yes, on one side

there is a two-headed eagle, on its chest there is a rider on on horseback killing a snake with a spear. on the other side he has a unicorn on his chest, but he is considered a unicorn as the personal emblem of ivan the terrible and his personification on the state emblem through a unicorn . 1613, the eagle on the coat of arms spreads its wings . the romanov dynasty comes to power in russia, at the same time a third crown appears above the eagle. , as a symbol of unity: great russians, little russians and belarusians, the two-headed eagle is often called the coat of arms of the dynasty. in fact, this is not so, the romanov family had its own noble family coat of arms, it depicts a griffin, a mythological creature, a winged lion with an eagle head. the royal family inherited it from theirs. nikita romanov, a participant in many victorious campaigns of ivan the terrible. 1667,

the scepter and the orb appear in the eagle’s paws. tsar alexei romanov ends the russian-polish conflict with complete victory. russia becomes equal among other european countries. 1721 the crowns on the coat of arms change the shape of the golden samorela. turns into black. there is a reason why black is used in heraldry. this is the sign of empire. peter ii. takes the title of emperor. on seal and other images of the state emblem, imperial crowns appear above the spiritual arn. well, it is known from memories that at this time there was very active work with foreign ambassadors, who, when they come here to st. petersburg, are also explained to them how and what is in the title. peter, it’s better to say, call him emperor, and not tsar , in any other way, 1799,

the maltese cross and crown suddenly appears on the russian coat of arms, emperor paul i becomes grand master of the order of malta, so malta could well have become part of russia if the british had not intervened, as always. 1857, alexander ii, liberator. carries out reforms of russian heraldry. st. george, in accordance with european rules, began to look to the left. on the wings appeared an abacus with the coats of arms of kazan, poland , savuric kherson, with the united coat of arms of the grand duchies, kiev, vladimir, novgorod, as well as with the coats of arms of astrakhan, siberia, georgia and finland. the state emblem of russia did not change again until the february revolution of 1917. after the overthrow of nicholas ii, the eagle lost its crown and other attributes, but this eagle did not last even a year. already in november of the seventeenth

, the bolsheviks adopted a decree on the destruction of estates and civil ranks, along with them all the old insignia of the order, the flag, and the coat of arms were abolished. a decree is a decree, but symbols do not immediately disappear from life. before the official approval of the coat of arms of the rsfsr , the image of a two-headed eagle was used on seals. there are documents signed by lenin with a marg seal. after coming to power, the bolsheviks wanted to destroy the old world to the ground. remove everything that could remind you of the damned tsarism. but soon came the realization of the importance of state symbols. the country is in troubled times, civil war. here is one of the designs for the coat of arms of that turbulent time. there is one here. everything, an eagle, a military man, a peasant with sheaves, and a red flag with st. george the victorious. only in january 1923 was

a commission created to develop the state emblem of the soviet union. it included artists from the world of art association. they proposed to make the symbols of the new country the crossed sickles of youth, sheaves wheat and globe. the first soviet coat of arms was not without an annoying blunder: the handle turned out to be attached to the blade with a thick end, not a thin one, but they could depict it in any way they wanted, but the artist, the world of art, whatever they have to say, they are not all part of the socialist movement , so to speak. belonged, you know, one of the nobles there was lukonsky, for example, they, of course, it’s not so important to them, it’s not so important. country, such inaccuracy could not help but cause a smile. the error was corrected only in 1937; since then the coat of arms has remained virtually unchanged, only time

from time to time, ribbons with the names of the new union republics were added. initially there were four films: the russian federation, ukraine, belarus and the transcaucasian federation. here are four ribbons - this is what it started with, and then the coat of arms was modified in different forms depending on the number of republics, well, at the peak of its development, let's say, the coat of arms had 16 ribbons, they think we are afraid, but we will sweep them away, we will reverse their own weapon, against themselves, if we do what no one expects from us, we will attack ourselves, i am also afraid of death, but i will go

there, to... stand, where, forward, let's go, attack, and if i am destined to die, i will die in battle, for what i believe in, trotsky, look, after the program there is no time for where you are going talk to me like that, comrade truts. i’m removing you and voroshilov from the front, and don’t get in the way, i’ll crush you. veda vodka, a product of stetellar group. season premiere, what kind of katran did you do there? fet gribavic, where are mine?

we went to the corpse, but there it would be. kovalev, viktor sergeevich, mayor, i hope to be useful to you, there were definitely two of them, yes, two glasses, two device, what is this, we’ve seen something like this before, it means that before retirement i decided to take up amateur activities, robert, i repeat to you again, hands behind your back, on the floor, i was not aware that the house was under surveillance, auntie van, and here it’s like one murder, ionova, opera. and a singer, and in her apartment she has the same sign as our alcoholic. maniac, you think , i’m forbidden to use this word, you won’t be saved, great, comrade, there was a maniac, and now a whole sect of maniacs, brains, cherkassov’s latest case. well, boss, it started, from november 13, after the program, time was on the first.

we are so accustomed to the red stars on the kremlin tower that we can hardly imagine that in their place there once were two-headed royal eagles, and yet the eagles were above red square almost until the mid -thirties. they began to irritate stalin only when aviation became fashionable and he began watching air parades. and in order to turn a fairy tale into dust, to overcome space and space, the mind gave us wings in steel hands, instead of a heart a fiery engine, eagles they returned to the kremlin, or rather, not even to the kremlin, to red square, only in 1997, there they are above the iversky gate, getting along well with the stars. this is what

the correct russian coat of arms looks like, a golden eagle with three crowns with a scepter, an orb and a red shield on the chest, on the brush a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear. the modern russian coat of arms is quite different from that imperial coat of arms before revolutionary russia. it is believed that by changing his heraldic color from black to gold, he lost all connection with the imperial uniform board. three crowns over the heads of eagles, scepter. and the power is in its clutches, rather bright monarchical symbols remained only as a tribute to tradition and they immediately found their own interpretation. three crowns today mean three branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial, the scepter and the orb are the sovereignty and independence of russia.

currents beijing, olympics. without the flag and anthem of russia, our athletes came out with such a flag and when they stood on the pedestal, the first concert of pyotr ilyevich tchaikovsky sounded, tchaikovsky, of course, is also ours that's it, he is the most performed composer in the world, but this is not the national anthem with which you want to celebrate a well-deserved victory. playing chikovsky’s first concert, i couldn’t stop the tears at all, they just flowed like a stream.

and i even had to take sedatives after the award ceremony, because i was in such a state, and from this, from this understanding that... this is how it all ends, that my sports career, despite the fact that it is simply wonderful that i won all the titles that can be won, and the last olympic games, they without the symbols of our country, for the first time the russian anthem was heard on the radio on the night of january 1 , 1944, however, it was called differently, the anthem of the soviet union, and some words differed from the current ones, for example, the great stalin was mentioned. almost 80 years have passed, the country has changed many times, sometimes beyond recognition,

but the authors of the russian anthem today are the same, music by alexander alexandrov, words by sergei mikhalkov. the performance of the anthem was associated with victories, with victories on the fronts of the great patriotic war, and when it was played on the day of the parade victory on red square. then people had tears in their eyes, because the anthem was perceived as a victory anthem. with the beginning

of the turning point in the war, after the battle of stalingrad, an all-union competition was announced in the country to create a new anthem. in the spring of 1943 , this book lands on joseph stalin’s desk. there are 96 hymn options here. here is the text of arkhansky, muradelli, in general, did not offer one option, that is , specifically, for example, elergestan and mikhalkov proposed three slightly different options, that is, here 96 texts, but there are fewer authors, stalin looked through everything and made a bookmark on page 83, here it is: the first version of the anthem of the soviet union. work on the text continued at the highest level. stalin called sergei mikhalkov and asked him to add another verse to reflect the power of the country and faith in victory.

on october 28, 1943, the poets were invited to a personal meeting in the kremlin. when this meeting took place, varashilov told us: “you, don’t be too arrogant, but, says stalin , he stopped at your text, which was lying on the table collection, they opened to us a page on which there was a bookmark, and in stalin’s hand, some comments were made, we had an option: the noble union of free peoples, there was a question: your honor, a question mark, where we spoke in the second verse about lenin,

it was written on the side, great lenin , we were asked to correct all this, the next time the anthem was corrected in 1956, or rather, as corrected, all the words about the party congress and khrushchev’s debunking of stalin’s personality cult were removed , it was decided to get rid of any references leader of the peoples just in case from all other words. the anthem of the soviet union was performed without text for more than 20 years, only in the late seventies under brezhnev it was decided to return the words, but without any mention of stalin. work on the text was entrusted to the poet sergei mikhalkov. those who are now over forty remember these words very well. the anthem was printed on the back of school notebooks; it was learned by heart before admission to the pioneers. be ready, always ready. the first

official anthem in russian history was the english song: god save the king. the text for this song was not even composed, but simply translated by the court poet vasily zhukovsky. our everything, you won’t believe it, but here too the brilliant poet had a hand; one line from alexander pushkin was added to the text by vasily zhukovsky. the gymt appeared in 1816 and was called the prayer of the russians. the borrowed british anthem did not last long, it is always like this, they had just defeated napoleon together, seemingly friends for

a century, but after a few years they were irreconcilable enemies. in august 1833, nicholas ii returned from a trip to prussia. he's angry he was greeted there with the sounds of an english march. a competition is immediately announced to create your own, unique russian anthem. a new anthem appears at christmas. his music is words. even today , many people know: god save the tsar. god, the author of the music was the composer alexey lev, the words were written again by the poet, vasily zhukovsky, this time without pushkin. the new gym was declared state and remained the only official anthem until 1917. after the february revolution, god

king hrani was overthrown along with other attributes of tsarism. the interim government that replaced it approved a new national anthem, the french marsillaise. it lasted less than a year, as soon as the bolsheviks seized power, the international became the new anthem. a song about victory, and again, as in the marseillaise, the national anthem did not contain a word about the country of which it should be a symbol, the human one. a new anthem instead of the international

appeared 25 years later during the great patriotic war. 1943 was an overfishing year not only at the front. stalin begins active ideological reform, many steps. from the point of view of the old bolsheviks, ardent revolutionaries, it looks blasphemous, he seems to want, if not in everything, even in details, to restore the continuity, continuity of the history of russia, to return the greatness of the russian empire, shoulder straps with gold stars were returned to the army in 1943, this there were already shoulder straps of the victorious army, and not diamond cubes on the friday. stalin even returns the general's

ranks and distinctions, the st. george ribbon appears on the order of glory, albeit with a star instead of a cross, but this does not make the black-yellow-white color scheme cease to be a russian symbol. in the same 1943, the atheist joseph stalin restored his rights as his chief ideological figure. the hierarchy of the church was told, comrade stalin , this needs to be assembled, a local council, and this is a long task, to which stalin said, holy fathers , is it possible to give this vashtiia a bolshevik pace: we will allocate you a civilian regiment

aviation and in a very short time they brought all these hierarchs to moscow, where a council was held and they elected a patriarch. immediately after the war, the people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, as under the tsar-father. the red army ceases to be red. becomes the soviet army, the holy of holies bolshevik party of the all-union communist party of the soviet union receives a completely new name, the cpsu communist party of the soviet union. what is the post-war money reform worth, just one on one with pre-revolutionary tsarist banknotes, along with gold shoulder straps, in 1943

year a new anthem appears, also for a reason, at that time the anthem of the soviet union was the international, the same one that called for a world revolution, to destroy everything to the ground, and then, the idea of ​​​​the victory of the proletariat over burzhumi was difficult to explain to our main capitalist allies of britain usa, especially expecting and demanding from them the speedy opening of a second front. in 1990, a government commission was formed in the russian federation to create a national anthem as music. a patriotic song by mikhail glinka was chosen. after after the collapse of the ussr in 1991, glinka's melody remained the anthem of the russian federation. the patriotic song by michael glinka was the official anthem for exactly 10 years, from 1990 to 2000. music without words.

after... the olympics in sydney in october 2000, at a meeting with president putin, our athletes began to speak during interruptions: they had to stand silently during the award ceremony. the anthem has no words, only music. and then putin instructs the state council to finally resolve the issue with all the symbols of russia, not just the anthem. but it was not possible to formalize this in the form federal constitutional law. and only in 2000 such laws were adopted on the state emblem, on the state flag and the state flag. the state council debated about the new anthem for almost six months, the only decision that ultimately satisfied almost everyone was to return the soviet anthem, but with the words about the non-existent soviet union, something had to be done, to change the content of the anthem, they instructed the poet sergei mikhalkov, for the third time once.

today, the performance of the anthem is regulated by a special law, it is clearly stated in the law, the anthem should be played at the opening and closing of a meeting of the federation council, a session of the state duma, military ceremonies, the chimes of the spasskaya tower strike briefly, every 15 minutes, but hear, this is the russian anthem in the bells, the russian anthem on the spasskaya tower is played four times a day, at 6 :00 in the morning, at noon, as now, at 6

pm at 12:00 at night, and of course, on the new year, after the president’s congratulations. and i am 10 years old and i know the anthem of the russian federation. every monday all students of this gymnasium from the first to the eleventh grade before classes they sing the russian anthem from september 2022, this is done by children in all schools in our country during the ceremony of raising the national flag at the beginning of the school week, but in this school such a tradition

has existed for many years. before the bell , everyone usually gets mad, runs around, plays. no, but after the bell, on monday we sing the anthem, and then lessons, we did not place special emphasis on what everyone should and is obliged to do, that is, this is a natural process of education, so the children sing the anthem, they understand that this is the anthem of their country , and thus, unobtrusively, but patriotic education in our school was, is and will be, to extend such a tradition to all russian schools , the ministry of education suggested raising the flag and singing the national anthem at the beginning of each school week, as for the flag anthem, yes, this is very correct and in demand, only it needs to be done with dignity. today, the coat of arms of russia with

the tsarist imperial symbols fits perfectly with the anthem born in the ussr, as well as the two flags - red, the victory flag and the russian tricolor, look very harmonious side by side. we have stopped dividing our people into whites and reds, history. our country has finally restored its continuity and continuity. stalypen's words, spoken on the eve of the revolution and the turmoil of all the geopolitical catastrophes of the 20th century, sound particularly contemporary and timely. they need great upheavals, we need a great russia.

the capital was seething with the joy of yuletide balls. oh, how little princess elizaveta petrovna loved to dance. everyone around admired her grace and beauty. and elizabeth knew this. she dreamed of how one day she would dance in versailles itself. dance better than anyone. and the french king will love her. and the holiday will last forever. the 16th century flared up on earth with a magical glow, an era when the most

incredible dreams would come true and fabulous transformations would take place. the festive reign of the cheerful elizabeth will begin in the russian empire. tsarevna elizabeth appeared on one of the most solemn days in the history of the russian empire. entered moscow for a nationwide celebration of the victory in the poltava battle, but

upon entering the capital he was informed about birth of a daughter: let’s put off the celebration of victory and hasten to congratulate my daughter on her entry into the world,” said peter. that winter, the festivities lasted an unusually long time; this festive element would flow throughout. most of the holidays in the country had a spiritual basis. first of all , easter is the day of the resurrection of jesus christ after death on the cross through the salvation of all mankind. next came 12 main church holidays, the so-called two on tenths and other christian celebrations. each of them was accompanied by divine services, but had its own. special traditions: it is noteworthy that most holidays occurred in the winter, spring and autumn months. it’s

a sin to work on a holiday, and in the summer there was no time to rest during field work. sunday was considered not just a day off, but a holiday, a symbol of easter. the tradition of not doing any work on sunday is still preserved in many families, in russia and around the world. of 306. were considered holidays in the russian empire, that is, weekends. workers of other religious denominations could celebrate holidays according to the law of their faith. on this christmas eve, in a quiet village, the boy alyoshka rozum, who served in the local church, was slowly walking along his usual road, when suddenly, out of nowhere. the music started playing, and it all made the boy whirlwind, taking him somewhere far, far away, but only in his dreams.

lyoshka rozum loved to sing more than anything else in the world, his voice broke early and sounded so loud that people would stop to sing for him in the church choir, but the cossack father grigory... rozum, in the past a dashing warrior, and now a bitter drunkard, did not want his eldest son clergy. and then alexey, without asking his father, simply left his village of limishi for the neighboring chemer, to the deacon of the local church, who had long noticed a capable boy. alexey

grew up in his house. and sang in the church choir. the world celebrated christmas, the villagers celebrated christmastide, have mercy on me. iago will call on you everywhere.

deep roots in pagan times. with the adoption of christianity, these beliefs were gradually supplanted, receiving a new meaning, but the festivities themselves remained for a long time in folk life. so the christian holiday of christmas john the baptist, coincided with the pagan ivan kupala. the cheese week before lent culminated in the celebration of maslenitsa. and christmas was followed by merry christmastide, the winter solstice holiday. at christmas time, it was customary to dress up in the most incredible costumes to scare away evil spirits. the mummers ran in groups through the streets, entered houses, sang, danced, beat basins and tambourines. in the evenings, young men and women performed magic and walked around the courtyards

singing songs in which they praised the owners and wished them a good year. and for this they received different treats and small change. elizaveta petrovna entered the time of blooming youth. the tsarevna was very pretty, and from childhood she was prepared for a brilliant marriage for the benefit of the fatherland. peter ii. he intended to marry his youngest daughter to the french dauphin louis. the future louis and thus conclude a dynastic alliance with france. there were other options for her marriage - in poland or in lubik. however, after the death of peter, all these plans were upset. colonel vishnevsky's obos

slowly walked along the village street. carefully tied up. the boxes with hungarian wine for everyday use of the imperial majesty anna ioannovna. takai wine was considered the best and was served only on special occasions. veno was delivered to the court by a special detachment of cossacks. colonel vishnevsky was dozing when his sleigh reached a small wooden one. the colonel immediately lost sleep, what he heard was more valuable than the most expensive wine, it was a voice of extraordinary beauty and power, it didn’t take long to persuade the guy

, after a few hours, he was driving to distant and terrible for him st. petersburg to become a singer in the court choir. singing was an invariable part of any holiday. we sang at home when visiting, sang on the streets in church. sacred music was especially revered; in addition to canonical liturgical texts, spiritual stichera were sung. the best performers were gathered into choirs by priests, boyars, merchants and kings. since the times of kievan rus , storytellers who performed epics have been popular. to the accompaniment of the gusli. particularly held in esteem were wind instruments, trumpet, surna, flute, strings, domra and gudok, a type of three-string cello, as well as bagpipe timpani. truly

the balalaika, or as it was also called, balabaika, became a folk instrument in russia. the name comes from the words balabolit, joke, which characterizes the instrument as frivolous and foolish. later , only garmon could compare in popularity with balalaika. love in garmon persisted in the country even after the revolution. in the 21st century , the first western european musicians appeared in moscow, as well as organs, harpsichords, violins, clornets and oboes. during the time of the romanovs , small orchestras were already sent from abroad. russian church choirs however, they have not lost their significance over time. for centuries they supplied the best voices to the imperial court. elizabeth still dreamed of love and happiness, but her life was not

serene. her father, peter ii. he died without leaving a will. his niece anna ioanovna was on the throne. not young, ugly, feminine, not a happy empress. dangerous rival. elizabeth was completely in her power. special supervision was established over the tsesarevna. based on materials from the secret chancellery nikiy guard soldier pospelov, standing guard in the palace elizabeth, i once heard her go out onto the porch and start a sad song: oh, my poor life. the guards sympathized with elizabeth. it was in her that they saw the legitimate heir of peter. elizabeth was kind, affectionate towards them, kindly with her eyes, and in all this she won in comparison with empress anna

ioannovna. at the same time, from the other end of the empire , the son of the cossack grigory rozum was traveling to st. petersburg with a wine train. he was 22 years old, and the city of st. petersburg was 28 years old. most of the palace buildings remained wooden, but the simple little steamboat was shocked by the splendor of the young capital. moreover, he came to st. petersburg on the canon of the baptism of the lord, when the whole city was preparing for the holiday. there were a great many celebrations at court. birthdays are those of the empress's official heirs to the throne. regimental holidays of the imperial guard. the main one was the day of the poltava battle. it all

began with a church service, along with the festive chimes, hundreds of cannons rang from the bastions of fortresses and ships. guards and army regiments saluted with rifles. on the square near the winter palace, platforms were set up with bulls roasted on spits ; fried game, grouse, ducks and hazel grouse were stuffed into the bull’s belly; at least fifty were rolled out of the palace cellars. in the creator there was a reception for the nobility and the diplomatic corps, which also ended with a feast. elizabeth's position at

court was very precarious. everyone knew that empress anna ivanovna does not like her. an extra word could cost the beauty her freedom, or even her life. she didn't even think about it today. a wondrous voice was heard under the arches of the court church of the winter palace. elizabeth asked to introduce this singer to her. she was a fan of musical art and even composed songs herself. like her father, tsar peter, elizabeth distinguished people not by nobility, but by dignity. passionately loved simple fun, for example, sliding down icy mountains or playing laugh games, the beauty of lyosha rozuma

elizabeth was struck even more than his voice. she persuaded the steward of the court to give alexei to her; elizabeth, in love , was not at all embarrassed by the huge difference between the daughter of the emperor and the son of a cossack. for drumming, you don’t need to learn from larisa how to manage to press any button, while everyone was happy. star, season premiere, tonight on

the first. old barrel cognac, a product of the stellar group. in the villages, noble children communicated closely with peasant peers, played together, only from the end of the 16th century in the rich families will begin to be restricted. made of wood or bone, they raced on sleds from the mountains, the nobility in the cities slid right from the palace roofs, for which special wooden walls were built , they loved outdoor games, small towns, spade, the game of sprat was widespread, about the image of modern sword hockey.

from ancient times, rus' also loved fist fights. they fought like wall to wall, one on one, or three against three. the best fighters were professionals who were hired by wealthy fans of this sport. the entire male population participated in the wet battles empire, including young nobles. alyosha rozum turned into alexei grigoriev. razumovsky and took the place of chief manager of his mistress's estates. my unhypocritical friend, that’s what she called him now. alexey razumovsky turned out to be not only an intelligent and talented person, but also honest and selflessly devoted. soon their friendship turned into a completely different relationship. which provided

food for abundant gossip at court, but elizabeth did not even try to hide her feelings, she was happy in love, and court gossip did not matter. razunovsky lived as if in a dream; even in his wildest dreams he could not have imagined such a miracle, love, a beautiful princess. they were brought together by a passion for music and a love of theater. princess elizabeth could watch theatrical performances endlessly. the theater of the 16th century remained predominantly musical and was run by foreigners. the actors played completely differently than they do today; their gestures and movements around the stage were strictly regulated and would seem naive and unnatural in our time. on august 30, 1756

, a decree of empress elizabeth will be issued petrovna on the establishment of the russian theater in st. petersburg. an entire structure of imperial theaters will be created in the country. it is at this time that female actresses will appear on the stage. before this, all roles, including women's ones, were performed exclusively by men. only in 1803, during the reign. there will be a final division of the theater into dramatic and musical, which in turn will separate opera and ballet. in st. petersburg , elizabeth reluctantly visited the imperial court. the company of alexei razumovsky was much nicer to her, but to completely avoid she could not perform court duties. anna

ioanovna personally came up with a dark entertainment, a wedding of two jesters in an ice house, which elizabeth was obliged to attend. however, the tsarevna did not lose heart. she believed that the time would come when she herself would organize grandiose holidays, real holidays, and not clownish weddings. the medieval tradition of keeping court jesters has not yet become a thing of the past; under anna ioannovna, it acquired a special scope. the empress had a passion for this cruel thing. by her will, he could become a jester even get into a nobleman as punishment, as happened with mikhail galitsin. prince mikhail alekseevich galitsin was sent abroad by peter ii to study. after his retirement, he lived in europe, where he converted to catholicism and married an italian. in

1732, galitsen and his family returned to russia, hiding his change of religion from everyone, including his foreign wife. secretly settled in moscow, but anna ioanovna, having learned from informers about the prince’s apostasy, called him to the capital. the marriage was declared illegal. his wife was sent into exile, and the prince himself he was ordered to take the place of the court jester. as a mockery of galitsin, the empress ordered to organize a clownish festival, an ice wedding of the prince with the court dwarf kalmychka avdotya buzheninova. it was truly icy, ice cannons fired ice cannonballs, ice firewood was burning with oil poured over it in an ice fireplace, an ice elephant not only spewed streams of burning oil, but also blew a trumpet , a trumpeter sat inside it, perched above the sky and

an extraordinary palace built from ice blocks in the morning frostbitten jokes barely crackers brought to his senses, in 2 years... he will die, and mikhail galitsin will forever leave for a distant estate, where he will live to a ripe old age. anna ioanovna herself lived after the icy wedding for less than a year; according to her will, the throne was inherited by her great- nephew, two-month-old baby ioan antonovich. his mother anna leopoldovna became regent, and with her her husband, prince anton. at the head of the russian empire were unremarkable people from small german principalities, while there was a direct heir to the great peter, his daughter, tsesarevna elizabeth.

discontent was brewing in the capital's society. for elizabeth herself, all this created a very dangerous situation. she became a hostage to her origins. as soon as anna leopoldovna thinks that... elizabeth strives for power; she will immediately be sent to a monastery. and then what awaits the tsesarevna’s favorite, alexei razumovsky, it was scary to think. on the evening of november 24, there was dead silence in elizabeth’s usually cheerful chambers. she gathered her inner circle, the smallest consulate of the gentlemen of her house. razumovsky. brothers shuvalov, vorontsov, never before had they seen their princess so excited. elizabeth found herself at the most dangerous point in her life; she could either take power into her own hands, or wait for execution or exile. the slightest consultation

unanimously spoke in favor of a coup. and even the usually silent razumovsky said: lead us, follow you. left alone, elizabeth prayed for a long time at her ancestral icon. she made a vow, if she came to power, to permanently abolish the death penalty in russia. the revolution happened easily and festively. the guards literally carried elizabeth into the winter the palace on her shoulders, not allowing her to even walk across the snow-covered square.

however, the coup remained a coup, elizabeth needed to justify her right to the throne, so that it would be etched in the people’s memory, and no one would have any doubts about the legitimacy of her power, she ordered preparations... her path from st. petersburg to moscow became the prologue of a grandiose performance that the empire had never seen before. at every station in every village they were waiting for elizabeth. a well-dressed crowd fell at their feet, bonfires and tar barrels burned. moscow welcomed her daughter peter, they rejoiced. coronation of the emperor or empress.

has always remained the most important event in the state, since the time of peter i, all major events were celebrated with theatrical processions, they prepared for these street shows in advance and they were expensive, so in 1723 in st. petersburg, for one of them dozens of special dormouse were made, in the form sea ​​vessels. they were all filled with people in fancy dress. as the festive train moves along the city streets. a whole performance unfolded, for this purpose complex theatrical machines were made to special order, which allowed, for example, an angel who appeared from heaven to also dash back back. triumphal arches were an integral part of such processions. they were made of wood, their decorative decoration necessarily carried symbolic meaning, using a complex language of allegory. entry into moscow was only

the beginning of grandiose celebrations that lasted for several months, but almost no one knew what the mysterious inscription on the triumphal arch that greeted us today meant. the new empress crowns herself. this inscription was invented by elizabeth. the empress placed the mantle of the crown presented to her by archbishop amvriy herself, as belonging to her by right of direct inheritance. thus, elizabeth emphasized her legal right to the throne of the russian empire. and the train - the mantle - was carried behind elizabeth by alexey razumovsky. on the same day he was awarded

the rank of chief jägermeister and the order of st. andrew the first-called. and it was incredible, the former steward of the village herd, alyoshka rozum , became the second man in the empire. courtier the italian theater was preparing to give a grandiose musical performance of the mercy type. this production was full of ideology. a new reign, which declared itself in the very title of the opera. elizabeth promised her people to be merciful. elizabeth fulfilled the vow she made on the night of the coup. during her entire reign, she did not sign a single death warrant. punishments remained, including public ones, but there was no longer a treasury. local riots did not develop into peasant wars, with minor court conspiracies coped quietly without making them public. reign.

2 years after her accession , elizabeth got married. the empress and alexei razumovsky secretly got married in a small church near moscow. shortly before this, the former shepherd alyoshka rozum was provided with a part-time noble family tree and elevated to the dignity of count, but neither the title nor the honors changed the character of alexei grigorievich razumovsky, he was reliable, good-natured , meek and tirelessly fulfilled his main and only mission. accompany the empress anytime and anywhere. elizabeth's reign became

a time of endless noisy celebrations; a new grandiose hall was added to the huge golovin palace on the yauza. kurtags and official receptions for courtiers and the diplomatic corps took place here. but the hallmark of coronation celebrations throughout elizabeth’s reign were masquerades, which ended with balls and costume dinners. the balls served as an official function. but above all, it was time for dancing. when gentlemen invited ladies, they signed up in advance. in elizabeth's time, the ball began a slow minuet, which was later replaced by a solemn thirty-minute polonaise. then a romantic waltz sounded, then

mazurkas, cotillions, govots, quadrilles, and polkas were danced. everything depended on the fashion of tastes, and the russians started dancing until they dropped until the owner stopped the music. at elizabeth's court, dinners lasted at least 5 hours, and lunches even longer. the tables were arranged in winding lines, decorated with small fountains and huge figures of flowers. the treat is whole roasted swans and pheasants in full plumage. piglets. mountains of quails and the pigeons were displayed in advance and by the beginning of lunch they were already cold, like a dish for subsequent changes. the empress herself loved sweets most of all, french sweets, which we now call cakes; sweets and desserts were laid out in huge pyramids or decorated in the form of edible paintings.

empress elizabeth came up with an unprecedented type of holiday, the metamorphosis masquerade. men had to appear in women's dress, and women in men's dress. this did not arouse enthusiasm among the courtiers. men in wide dresses and wigs felt out of place plate. for the ladies of the court, the metamorphosis was no less. is instructive, because not every woman at the age of 20 will dare to show her legs in tight tights, the secret of this invention was very simple, the male outfit on the empress fit very well, which could not be said about

the other participants in the action, foreign ambassadors noted... that neither in what other courtyard have they not danced by as gracefully as in st. petersburg. elizabeth was considered one of the best dancers in europe. if we take it globally, i think that few people still know who slavsky is. bomb, nuclear energy, education, medicine. all the elements that made it possible to say that sredmash is a state within a state, can you imagine leading such an industry, no uranium, no nothing, everything had to be created, what kind of responsibility is that? he was the master, he was the forest everywhere, he had to know everything everywhere. and

most importantly, you need to be able to make decisions. you send, often... people to die , this is radiation, this is radiation sickness, it’s worth kurchatov, where are you going down, the devil knows that he was irradiated very strongly, he believed that the main work of his life, he created a nuclear shield, he completed this task, on the 125th anniversary of the legendary minister, jaszym slavsky, titan, atomic age, premiere, tomorrow on the first. whiskey mancatcher is a product of the stellar group. at court, elizabeth was

a real fashionable tyrant. appearing at the ball, she carefully looked at the ladies and, and if anyone... had the same decoration in their hair as hers, she simply cut it off the maid of honor's head along with a strand of hair, or even a piece of skin. when elizabeth ruined her hair due to a bad dye and was forced to had to shave their heads, all the court ladies were ordered to do the same, in addition to identical black wigs, which they were forced to wear until the empress’s hair grew back. with personalized decrees, elizabeth regulated the shape of the hairstyle, as well as the color, style and finishing of the dresses of the court ladies, down to the smallest detail. it was

forbidden to appear at balls twice in the same outfit, so guards stood at the exit and marked the dress with indelible seals. elizabeth planned every holiday event personally. delving into the smallest details, special attention was paid to fireworks. the empress inherited this passion for fire shows from father peter the great. the design of fireworks required not only artistic taste from its creators, but also the most advanced knowledge in chemistry and engineering. the concept of fireworks and the inscriptions for them were developed at the russian academy of sciences, and approved personally by the empress. one of these authors is mikhail vasilyevich lomonosov. the creation of these colorful shows was carried out by the artillery department. it was staffed by officers who

specialized in creating fireworks. these were real masters of their craft, artists who used pyrotechnic compositions as paints. all entertainment was interrupted during lent. elizaveta petrovna was religious. she revived the ancient custom of russian tsars, walking pilgrimages to the trinity st. sergius lavra. but times have changed. and now this pious path was more like a walk. having left the moscow krestovskaya outpost, elizaveta got out of the carriage and walked further on foot. after walking several kilometers, the pilgrims sat down in their magnificent carriages, and the imperial train drove into

the fields. it happened that after traveling like this for several days, elizabeth went back to moscow, or stopped by to stay at one of her estates. a few weeks later she resumed her journey from the very place where she left off. often the empress's pilgrimage was interrupted by magnificent hunts. since ancient times, hunting has been a favorite pastime of our ancestors. the russian tsars especially emphasized falconry. so moskovsky district sokolniki got its name from the pleasure of tsar alexei mikhailovich, who was a passionate fan of falconry. in the 14th century, horse hunting became popular. this is a dangerous and exciting undertaking. demanded high professionalism and fearlessness from its participants. a pack of dogs chased the game they had raised through the forests and fields, and the hunters

rushed along with them, trying not to miss the moment when the animal was overtaken. elizabeth became the first russian empress who, together with men, took part in horse hunting. in a few decades the presence of females among hunters will cease to be something unusual. the hunt will turn into a real holiday with a picnic in the fresh air. during the hunt , camping tents grew up in the fields, no less comfortable than palaces. guns thundered, music sounded, and perfectly prepared dishes were served to the table. after a particularly successful hunt, the empress, as always, was resting in her tent, a wonderful hunt, but suddenly her attention was attracted by a handsome young man, whom

she had not seen before in her retinue. after that hunt, the state system governance in the empire changed. elizabeth has a new favorite. the second person in the country was the kamer junker, ivan shuvalov.

the empress was 40 years old, shuvalov was 20. ivan shuvalov attracted elizabeth’s attention with his modest disposition, health, tall stature and good looks, but not only that, she was interested in him, the frivolous empress had long since come to become more serious, and shuvalov, a well-read young man with a deep mind , was there just in time.

the empress's husband, count alexei grigorievich , was ill for a long time and stopped visiting the court. it was not easy for him to see someone else next to elizabeth. razumovsky knew very well the nature of his wife’s weakness. he had to come to terms with her new choice. but he always wanted only one thing, for elizabeth to be happy, and only hoped that the young man would be worthy of the empress’s love.

ivan shuvalov appeared in elizabeth’s life not by chance. he was hired into court service by his cousins, alexander and pyotr shuvalov, elizabeth’s old comrades from the coup. they had previously had enormous influence at court, but now it has become undivided. the younger brother pyotr shuvalov headed the government. senior alexander - secret office. it was the shuvalovs who became the organizers of the major reforms of the elizabethan era, including the abolition of internal customs, which slowed down trade. thanks to the reforms, traditional fairs, which were usually held in the fall after the harvest, received a new scope. for ordinary people, fairs were a real holiday. districts, who to buy,

who to sell, who to have fun, here you could find everything, from grain and livestock to clay dishes and trinkets, at fairs they set up their booths, church people put on puppet theaters , card tricksters, adventurers and pickpockets flocked here, here they competed to see what they could do, they wooed, fought and made peace in taverns and taverns. over time, many russian fairs turned into large trading enterprises, similar to modern industrial exhibitions. millions of transactions were concluded there, new breeds of livestock, modern cars and projects for new enterprises were demonstrated. in 1846, at the nizhny novgorod fair alone it was brought goods worth 57,214. 906 rubles, and

the amount sold was up to 49,549.377 rubles, which amounted to approximately a fifth of all state revenues of the russian empire in 1857. up to 200,000 people came here every year, while less than 20,000 lived in lower novgorod itself. under elizaveta petrovna. the country's economy grew at an unprecedented pace. the empire became the largest exporter of not only agricultural products and timber, but also ural metal. in the middle. century, the demand for russian iron reached 100% of its production. this gave rise to the present industrial boom, manufactories and factories quickly developed. elizabeth allowed the transfer of state-owned metallurgical plants into

private hands, although this concerned primarily the nobility. the new owners of large enterprises were the counts shuvalov, chernyshov, and vorontsov. all this was ensured not only by the wealth of the manufacturers. but also a continuous influx of money into the treasury; a population census was carried out; arrears in the collection of the poll tax, accumulated over 17 years, were removed. by 1750 the country's economy had emerged from a protracted crisis, caused by the consequences of peter the great's endless wars. elizabeth's court, one of the most brilliant in europe, became a symbol not only of power, but also of culture. empress elizaveta petrovna was a passionate builder, we owe to her the appearance of such pearls of russian architecture as the winter palace, petergov, the smolny fence, and

many others. during construction , elizabeth, together with the architect bartholomew rastrelli, looked for the best options. the empress spared neither time nor money, including personal funds. one of the most luxurious palaces were shot, anichkov was built for alexei razumovsky, the empress gave such a gift to her alyosha for their secret wedding. this palace will remain a monument to great love and will subsequently become a wedding gift more than once. when the love that had bound razumovsky and elizabeth for so long passed, the secret husband of the empress retired from the court, lived in the anichkov palace or in his hotel estate,

as before, with all his heart he wanted only one thing, that elizabeth was happy. and he, count alexey grigorievich razumovsky, and so already received gifts from fate so generous that the cossack son, alyoshka rozoy, could not even dream of it. the age of magical possibilities and incredible transformations was in full swing. russia was becoming the country in which... right now, visiting theaters, exhibitions, concerts, public holidays and light shows , freely declaring our love to each other, we seem to be in contact with the people of the 16th century, with

the festive era of the cheerful queen elizabeth, but the holiday cannot last forever, it was to prove to the whole world, that she is the daughter of the great peter, not only by birth, but also by deeds. the bright glow of a new era, the era of enlightenment, was rising over the russian empire. after the death of peter the great, the empire he created for several more years, as if by inertia, moved forward, but the energy of transformation weakened. the courtyard gravitated towards the usual life in moscow; there were years when the streets of the new capital of st. petersburg were overgrown with grass due to the sparse population of its inhabitants. tsarina anna ioanovna, the niece of peter i, surrounded

herself with foreigners, and above all germans. they took leading positions in management empire, and did not hesitate to say that the russians were not capable of moving forward on their own. first of all, because they do not know how and do not want to learn, a nation that fails to enter the family of enlightened nations is doomed to lose state independence, but with the coming to power of elizabeth they changed, everything was set in motion. elizabeth continued where her great father left off. just before his death, the academy received new

regulations, its monetary allowance was doubled, and a personal decree on printing was announced books in russian, and a year later the first russian academician, mikhail vasilyevich lomonosov, appeared in russia. from childhood , he was overcome by a single desire: to find out how the world works, to understand the nature of everything that exists, from the northern lights to the structure of the earth. obsessed with a thirst for knowledge, at the age of twenty, he left home with a fish train with one goal: to reach moscow to study. to the navigat or tsefir school, but

quickly realized that he was wasting time; in order to enter the slavic-greek-latin academy, he had to pretend to be the son of a priest. the first step towards the dream has been taken. from there, among the best students, mikhail was called to the st. petersburg academy of sciences to continue his education, but there was no professor for him there, the student lomonosov went to study mining and chemistry in... the cheerful city

of marburg, a university city, free, was carried away by a wave of beer for mikhail . now he drinks famously in taverns and fartins, and fights great. the venerable professor wolf wrote to st. petersburg, a young man with excellent abilities, mikhail lamonosov, diligently attended my lectures as a mathematician and philosophy, and mainly physics, and with special love he tried to acquire thorough knowledge. in response, the academy wrote in germany: do not give money in person, because if this happens, then the academy of sciences will never pay a single penny for such a debt. but that's it.

after returning to his homeland, lomanosov submitted his dissertations to the academicians, but months passed, and there was no response to his work. in order to get rid of yesterday's student, he was assigned the tedious and monotonous task of sorting out a collection of minerals. miss bolomanosov without rank and position, if not for an event that changed both mikhail’s future and the course of russian history. in december 1741, tsesarevna elizabeth, with the support of the officers of the preobrazhensky regiment, carried out a coup d'etat

, the accession of peter's daughter to the throne inspired him, he immediately turned to the empress with oda, and then proposed to open a chemical laboratory at the academy of sciences. and although his calls did not attract any attention, mikhailo was not used to retreating; he was so friendly with academicians of german origin that soon the senate against him a complaint has been received. as a result, in april 1743, lomonosov was taken into custody for 8 months. only in january of the following year, by

decision of the senate, the scientist was released from prison, and a year later he received the title of professor of chemistry and a class rank. giving the right to personal nobility. it seemed that lomanosov had achieved what he dreamed of, but the syngorsk peasant never forgot about the path that he had to overcome. but throughout the empire of ordinary people, obsessed with the thirst for knowledge and having no hope of obtaining education. meanwhile in the capital of the russian empire. the first beauty of europe, empress elizaveta petrovna, and her secret husband, alexey razumovsky, was always next to her. but the years passed, and elizabeth

began to realize with horror that her youth was passing. her for 18 years, the court was confident that this was just a desire to prolong youth, and the young man would not last long at court, but time passed, and the love and mutual affection between elizabeth and ivan only strengthened. ivan shuvalov found himself in court service. thanks to patronage of their high-ranking cousins. his cousin, pyotr ivanovich shuvalov , was a senator and considered one of the empress's closest confidants. the eldest of the brothers , alexander, also a member of the senate, also held the position of head of the office of secret investigative affairs. the shuvalovs hoped that

ivan, a handsome young man, would become their instrument of influence on the empress. however, ivan turned out to be not so simple. elizabeth quickly appreciated many of the wonderful qualities of her lover: modest, ungreedy, well-educated, very smart. ivan shuvalov was born in moscow into a poor family. the father, an officer of the semenovsky regiment, was always on campaigns, raising a boy. mother tatyana radionovna. he found a teacher in the village of pokrovskaya, and he was probably a natural russian, since the family had no money for a foreigner. by the age of 14 , ivan knew italian and french, mathematics, geometry, history and geography.

the future commander alexander vasilyevich svorov studied with him from the same teacher. alexander and ivan will maintain their friendship. for life. month after month passed. ivan shuvalov did not disappear from the empress’s chambers, and his influence at court quickly grew. ivan gave elizabeth a second youth, awakened in her a desire to act, made her remember that she was the daughter of peter the great, and her duty was to continue what her father did not have time to complete. peter ii sought to give russia the most advanced education system. he introduced the so-called training duty for nobles. all children of the upper classes of the empire were required to learn literacy, arithmetic and geometry.

there was a tsefir school in moscow, also known as a navigation school. the first russian educational institution for training naval officers. with the teaching of exact sciences, as well as a hospital school, where they taught surgical anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. diplomats and officials were trained by the slavic-greek-latin academy, where they studied foreign languages, including greek latin, philosophy, theology and rhetoric. before his death, peter i established the russian academy of sciences, which... was obliged to have two students from russian students for training, but only nobles were accepted into educational institutions, for peasant merchant children, education remained inaccessible; by awarding

lomonosov the title of academician, his enemies hoped that he would calm down. but that was not the case. at the very first meeting, he spoke about the need to recruit new students from schools at monasteries, and suggested writing to the senate about translations of the textbook into russian. all this with one goal: to create a full-fledged russian university. who knows, bylosov managed to realize his dream of creating a university, if not for the meeting that took place in the bookstore of the academy of sciences. page empress ivan shuvalov came here often. the age difference between the nimos was 16 years, one came from the peasants, the other from the peasants, but they became friends immediately, because they thought the same about many things. there is

amazing news, you know this person. shuvalov told elizaveta about his acquaintance with lomonosov, i hope to interest her in the university project, but the moment was chosen at the wrong time. the empress is distracted. i thought differently. her father, having devoted his life to reforms and transformation in russia, never decided who he would pass the throne to, country the fruits of his labors. as a result, after his death, a succession crisis arose, which almost deprived her of the throne . elizabeth understood that it was her duty not to repeat the mistakes of her parent and, first of all, to take care of the successors on the throne.

mixed in with these sovereign concerns was a simple women's stove. elizabeth did not have her own children, at least legitimate ones, who could inherit the throne. there were rumors in st. petersburg society that... elizaveta had a son from alexei razumovsky and a daughter from ivan shuvalov. due to this, after the death of elizaveta petrovna , many impostors appeared, calling themselves her children. the most famous among them is princess tarakanova, who especially pretended to be the daughter of empress elizaveta petrovna and razumovsky. during the reign of catherine i, tarakanova was arrested, taken to st. petersburg and died in captivity in the peter and paul fortress. elizabeth petrovna

summoned her only nephew, the son of anna's late sister, prince karl peter uwerrich, from german galstein. a fourteen-year-old boy was brought to petersburg, named peter fedorovich in orthodoxy. and on november 7, 1742, the young prince. declared heir to the russian throne. from now on, peter was commemorated in churches immediately after the empress. when they met , he was not the only one who touched elizabeth’s hand. the formal honor given to pyotr fedorovich meant little in real political life. the boy lost his parents early and was lonely

and closed in character. in germany, he was mostly surrounded by court officers, who, with cane discipline , instilled in him only a love for the military. drills and parades. no one was involved in the prince’s education. the nephew’s unhealthy appearance and extreme ignorance ordered her to take special care of his health and development and the choice itself. the upbringing and education of the heirs to the throne has always remained an important concern for the reigning house of romanov. emperors paul and nicholas ii will become excellent engineers. alexander i was an outstanding diplomat. alexander ii. and his son emperor alexander. third: they will study legislation, statistics, finance, history, physical and mathematical sciences, technical

a course in the state and economic departments of the university, and a course at the academy of the general staff. elizabeth herself had no particular interest in science, but she understood the importance of education for the future of the country. ivan shuvalov tirelessly convinced her of the need to develop the education system. for which he would later be called the minister of the newborn russian education. the empress listened to his advice because she knew. eve is giving birth. about his own benefit, but the good of the state. in 1744 , elizabeth issued a decree on expanding the network of primary schools, the first gymnasiums were opened in moscow and kazan, but noble children still received their primary education at home. professional foreign teachers were expensive and taught

only in large cities or the rich. therefore, usually one teacher, in addition to the owner’s children , taught the children of his relatives and friends, sometimes for free, the demand for home teachers far exceeded the supply, the french and frenchwomen went to snap up, taking everyone indiscriminately . since the time of elizaveta petrovna, the main language of communication in russian higher education the world became french. more than 2,000 french words have entered the russian language. many of them are firmly entrenched in our speech: crew, dozen, driver, hat, duel, cutlet, menu, even jacket, everyday everyday clothes of disagreement in the capital of the russian empire there was no french embassy. when diplomatic relations were restored, the new ambassador arrived in st. petersburg, and an amazing

picture was revealed to his eyes; it turned out that many... were hiding from the french police. debtors and bankrupts, polygamists lived here adventurers, including women. when the government decided to expel all these educators to their homeland, many of them fled from st. petersburg to the russian provinces. the empress laughed a lot at those who fell for this bait. it’s also the new order: all teachers had to pass a mandatory exam; employers, under threat of a fine , were prohibited from using the services of teachers who did not have state certification. by the 19th century, primary education in russia had undergone a number of reforms. the gymnasium accepted mainly those who planned to further obtain a university

education. particular attention was paid here to the study of languages ​​and humanities. for those who aspired to technical and trade higher education institutions, the so-called real schools were opened. there the main emphasis was on studying mathematics, physics, chemistry and other exact and applied sciences. you are looking, matador, carnival. abolishes all social rules, he knows no prejudices, wearing a carnival costume, everyone can feel themselves in a role that is impossible for them in everyday life life, this is the time for the fulfillment of secret desires, carnival for me is therapy, my psychoanalyst’s name is carnival , in carnival there are no social differences, life is so complicated, we have no reason to celebrate at all, but suddenly

the carnival comes, people start. on friday at the first, when you leave the sambodrome, it’s crazy, it seems like the blood is boiling in your veins, everything is turning over. bourbon birsman, having appointed teachers for the heir, elizabeth demanded that she constantly report on the successes of pyotr fedorovich. teachers complained about the grand duke's lack of diligence, and sometimes bad behavior, which greatly worried the empress. one day she appeared without warning in the tsarevich’s chambers during a lesson.

peter carried out tasks with great enthusiasm, transferring the plan of the fortress from paper to the floor of his room. delighted, elizabeth rushed to kiss her nephew. she was not embarrassed that the interest in the successes of the heir relates only to fortification and military affairs, and the grand duke does not want to study anything else. peter was not at all mediocre or weak-minded. all in including his future wife catherine ii. they admitted that he had. he had a rare memory, he was passionate about the exact sciences, he learned russian history well and could count all the sovereigns, from rurik to peter i, without hesitation. in some lessons he was attentive, in others he ignored the material , was naughty, yawned. most of all, he loved military affairs; watching a military parade gave him much more pleasure

than studying, musical evenings or ballets. elizabeth tried to put all that maternal love into raising her nephew. which she was not destined to share with her own children; one day during a trip, peter fell ill with smallpox and fell ill at an inn between moscow and st. petersburg. elizabeth, who was terrified of any infection and any threat. ordered her own health to immediately take her to the sick peter. for 2 weeks she was inseparably at

tsaravich’s bedside until the illness subsided. only after this did she return to the capital for state affairs. remembering how much attention her father paid to the education of officers, of all the educational institutions, elizaveta petrovna especially singled out the land gentry cadet corps, opened under anna ianovna. the building was located in one of the most beautiful buildings in st. petersburg, the former palace of alexander menshikov. the establishment has become popular. if 56 cadets arrived on the opening day of the cover, then after a few months their number increased to 352. the students arrived from their villages with servants

and hunting dogs, and soon the residents of the capital felt their young energy. boys they shot birds in the neighbors' gardens, they rushed around the palace so that when it rained the roof was visible. from scratch, the floors needed repairs, the stoves smoked, there weren’t even enough benches in the classrooms, and the first cadets studied standing, but they created their own workshops within the corps, which carried out repairs, made furniture, and then teaching aids. the school had its own estate with land, from there both food and additional income. on the cadet's table there was always ham, fried beef, lamb, scones , pancakes, pies, light beer, kvass, and on lenten

days - asitrina ear. studying was more difficult; almost none of the students knew foreign languages, and textbooks in russian for most subjects did not yet exist... there was no one-size-fits-all training program. in addition to the compulsory subjects, the cadets themselves chose what they would like to study. in 1810, emperor alexander ii. he will open an educational institution in tsarskoe selo, designed to train future high-ranking officials of the highest rank. initially, it was assumed that together with the children of the nobility they would study here younger brothers of the emperor. nicholas - the future emperor nicholas ii and michaelstra, public figures and writers. and among the first graduates was alexander sergeevich pushkin. elizabeth completely completed everything

that peter had planned in the field of education. and above all, the creation of a system of military educational institutions. new buildings and staffs,