[000:00:00;00] that is, his psychophysiological state will be such that he, which means then he turns on the automatic machine in automatic mode , sits on the deck, but in real life they never use it, that is, this is a backup option, well, in principle, this should be the case here, and we know from the spece shuttle program all the main landings were all done manually, they didn’t have them from the first flight, what was the triumph, it was that it was without a crew that he landed himself, then we would have done this we wouldn’t brag now, at that time i think it was a big breakthrough. at that time, yes, when in the soviet union we had one large electronic computer there, there was a sixth or something, and with titanic efforts they fit it into this one , several tons, instead of the payload of this huge device with the

capabilities that included this large electronic computer, but domestically produced, it solved this problem, yes, but why invent a wheel, one asks, and even risk it when a person solves this problem much easier, to help a person, to help an operator , yes, that’s right, well, we’re having a discussion now, well, yes, the unions are now connected in the machine, you and i just got involved when the machine failed, yes. but it happens, right, well, i also agree that it should be, well, it’s better to let it be done by an automatic machine, robots, it’s easier, but now look, in 2013, the aviation association in the united states of america, which we have looked up to for a long time, even in 1913, they issued a federal

law obliging airlines to test crews of commercial ships that... can land automatically, land reliably, fly in manual mode, because when they unlearn, when they get used to the fact that the mentality changes, this is one, the responsibility goes away, this is two, and third, well a person relaxes, well, the machine works and works for itself, and then a stressful situation comes, a failure of this automatic system, usually at the wrong moment, then it ended, by the way, very badly for us. what was the difference anyway? between buran and the shuttle, and of course, what buran was better at, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, just like we say that this is the kind of spacesuit there, well , for example, we have, i’m sorry, we have a diagram yes, namely the two ships shuttle and buran, these are the sizes, like twin brothers, yes, that is,

anyone can do these twins. look, in terms of weight and linear dimensions they are almost identical: press 105, american 100, output system, again, the main engines the main engines on the shuttle are located carrier, on the one hand, this makes the structure heavier, complicates the design, but on the other hand, it is not lost, the americans have two solid-fuel boosters, so... well, naturally, because they are not lost, because they return back on the shuttle , that is, they are reusable, that is, the shuttle was intended, each copy for 100 flights, and we know that there were five of them in operation, in total they planned a resource for 100 flights, each shuttle, which means this is a plus, because

the engines are like complex systems remain. on ship, the sides are returned, these solid fuel ones are not so expensive and are returned, the outboard tank is completely lost, with its heat-protective coating , which played a cruel joke, in fact, during the columbia disaster, and thus the tasks that are performed by both ships are identical, only , the cargo compartment can output a 30 tone system, a 30 tone buran system. but to return uh from orbit due to the fact that our ship burana, uh, has no main engines and, well, more volume and less weight can accommodate 20 tons. american ship return - this is the official data 15 tons. that is, here we win, what else do we have? what are the advantages? what other advantages?

this system is designed only for launching this... and no other, other payload, you can launch , it cannot launch, this is the system, the system along with the external tank, with the sides, it is specifically only for launching this shuttle into orbit, this hundred-ton payload, well, that is, the entire launch system, yes, this system together is 2,000, here together it is 2,000, which called, but another payload, say, another ship or satellite is huge , we could only launch it in the cargo compartment, it is certainly not small, there are 18 m and 6 m in diameter. the cargo compartment is quite large, but nothing else that in soviet system, it is more massive, it was approximately 2,800 tons or 2,750 or 2,850

, i don’t remember exactly, this bundle, energy, is a separate system, a launch vehicle, a launch vehicle, it could launch the buran ship, but it could launch... another deduced useful information or itself started? no, no, no, it itself launched in 1987 on may 15, in my opinion, if my memory serves me correctly, that is, it was a test flight of energy, the second energy flight in history took place with buran, both flights were successful and i must say that such a huge system, of course, consider 2800 tons, the total mass , well, successfully from the first launch... and fulfills its task, which, in fact, is a great technological success, for the entire soviet industry, in fact, with

on the one hand, these advantages are the same, on the other are lost, automatic landing, automatic landing, automatic landing is also implemented, i’m not talking about any losses, because part of the cargo compartment of the payload would be given to this... automatic landing , whether you want it or not, this is not a modern gadget that it weighs to hold it in your hand, after all, the difference was big, and we remember what blocks stood there in electronic computers, they occupied entire floors there, in buildings, this was the payment, let’s say for, well, for that technological solution or for engineering decision, but i think safety, only i, my colleagues, test pilots, everyone thinks that it would be much safer if the crew were included, on the first flight, even on the first flight, because, say, here is the loop that

buran performed before the landing, yes, it, of course, i think, surprised many , the developers there, the main one, even wanted to blow up buran, at some point, then even in the management group, but on... they were already inclined to that it will be necessary to carry out a detonation, because where will he go next, in fact he will at least engineless landing, but one way or another, he could go to some populated area there if his brains went crazy, but one way or another it turned out quite successfully, he just had an excess of energy, so he performed a maneuver, extinguished the course correction cylinder there this energy, entered and quite accurately, sat down on the runway, stopped, in general , the deviation is minimal, there is literally 9 m from the axis there, well, it was quite, like 5 m when it stopped, that is, this is very

good accuracy , but on the other hand, we we understand that all is well that ends well, but what guarantee was there, that this flight, this was a risk, like any flight, i think, the first media killer of ukraine , the instigator of the maidan, mustafa nayem, resurfaced in the political arena. to become a free country, you will need to bring the same. his yesterday's comrades, whom he abandoned, called mustafa a monkey with a microphone. whom did he betray? and poroshenko and zelsky, he always remained loyal only to soros. he also stretches out the trails of death. now he heads the agency for modernization and restoration of ukraine. he receives instructions on what. needs to be bankrupt, the entire infrastructure with deep ports will belong to the united ones, in fact it has no relation to ukraine by birth , such a refined scumbag with his cynicism and vile attitude towards any life

of a ukrainian, systematic work is underway and for an agent with the accompaniment of special services, there is is there any incriminating evidence that can be used to fart on you, i have operational materials, he was monitored, mustafa naem and other american... mercenaries, dolls of the heir tutti, tomorrow on the first, dark notes, the legendary singer belaus. died 26 years ago, very young, his illegitimate son roman was only 4 years old at the time, having become an adult, now he wants to defend his right to his father’s inheritance. here it is, that same jacket, i keep it like denitsoka, this is actually all that remains from dad, yes, our exclusive revelation of roman belousov, who decided to go against his older sister and her mother, did they deceive me, and if they suddenly deceived me, i want to know where, when, how much. what is the true purpose of the novel, to engage in creativity?

or inherit his father's glory? he doesn’t destroy the nest, he takes over the rights to continue doing things, he just wants some kind of little justice , what exactly does he want, besides the rights to his father’s songs, who inspired him that there is a chance to win, even after so many years, exclusive with dmitry borisov, premiere, on saturday on the first. we continue our conversation about the first flight of the spacecraft. my guest is pilot cosmonaut hero of russia valery ivanovichokev. valery ivanovich let's talk about buran. how is he was built from the inside? we know the union, but i know how the union was structured. well, maybe the audience doesn’t know that the union is actually a small boat consisting of three parts, yes, yes, but buranto is a different generation. naturally, it is technologically more advanced, and for the crew, it is much more

comfortable. in terms of volume in terms of loads that affect the crew at launch and during descent from orbit, one and a half units is just an overload, that’s nothing at all, that is, it ’s comfortable, well, the innovation is exactly the same as with the soyuz system there is 3.3, there actually overload time is the same, 3.3 units overload, yes, yes, this is overload 3.3, well, overload time is the same time as... we are talking about about 9 units there, what was inside there? but inside, uh, just like on the american one, so on ours, the cabin is divided into two parts, that is, uh, the upper cabin is given over, the upper deck, the upper deck and the lower deck, and there’s a cargo compartment, of course, but the upper one is sealed , but its volume is not the same as the union there, in the region of 3 microns, but three, but as many as 70-odd, and this is

quite a crew of how many could there be? well the crew it was planned to have seven work places, but there could have been 10, even 10, yes, of course, this is not for six months there, of course, but it was not planned to fly for six months, there, it was planned for up to a month, say, that is, the tasks that were planned for him , both civilian and military, there are different scientific ones, there couldn’t decide which? specific tasks, well, if we are talking about science, then this is the same thing that is happening now, we could, but firstly, it could deploy and carry up to 30 tons of payload into orbit, in its compartments, that is, these are launches satellites, there, well, assembling various modules there and so on, that is, he could perform tasks , the same tasks that he performed in assembling the international space station, the union would fit, and the union would fit completely there,

and not even one, from this point of view, as a rescuer, as well as for putting objects into orbit, then this project was so secret that, of course, we had no right to talk about what we were doing there, saying, even the name was different, the name was different, everything was there products, no, there was even a name, not buran, but baikal. but baikal is a different unit in fact, but strictly speaking, these were all products, there was a lot of counteraction to foreign technical intelligence there and other options, including, and were kept, in short, everything in a fighting secret, but there were test flights, so you took part , well, your team of future

cosmonauts, space explorers on... look, from my predecessors, here - i just want to name now, because there is a blessed memory there, let's say, ivan ivanovich bachurin, this is an air force colonel, test pilot who was the commander of this group, the older generation, in general there were five people, there is a regular group within our institute, although it all started even earlier, it all started with labtya, not with buran, it all started, it all started with labtya . but in fact, this is a modern program for eating nevada, which is being prepared for flight by the americans, in fact, but what is groping? and paw - this is what we have in... now it’s a prototype, if it’s in a museum in a museum, yes, but this is its prototype, an analogue, which was launched, that is, such a small shuttle, yes, yes, but this is a dynamic model , there, but in reality it was larger, but it was also air launched, and it was air launched, and it flew, it underwent testing in the atmosphere, and he flew into space,

his models flew into space more than once, and he returned successfully, that is, he confirmed his aerodynamic qualities and capabilities there. return landing, this was all confirmed, in fact, but so, to buran, because why were they selected from among the test pilots, yes, there, well, because firstly it was necessary to plan anyway, it was understood that one way or another people should be prepared from a flight point of view for engineless landings, they still kept in mind that automatic automatic landing, but one way or another the pilot had the opportunity to switch to manual control and land at the airfield in manual mode, one way or another, that’s why they were selected from among the test pilots, well, since in flight test practice we usually practice these engineless landings there starting from mid-twenty there, at least the level of training

allows it, they even made an anniversary airfield especially for this program, by the way, you were there on a baikon, right? but now few people probably know that the airfield where we land, well, you already know for sure, in simferopol, is a runway on which they land, then they taxi for a long time, this is exactly the runway intended for landing a snowstorm, there was one in simferopol in crimea, the second main one is in baikanur and the third one, somewhere in the far east there is also a third one in primorye, yes, and these the runways were made of such quality, the quality was simple - a higher level there in order for there to be millimeters there, well, probably, equipment, and landing somehow specially, yes, absolutely right, and the radio engineering complex that provided there, uh , this radio engineering complex was located here and there and there , in principle, this infrastructure was ready, it

also required flights there, and there, well, work on them, this is one of the options that the test pilots did. was planned in particular for this group, then an analogue of the bts was created, there was an analogue of the buran , only with aircraft engines, and it was also all for testing, yes for testing or for testing and preparation, but plus, tu-154 laboratories, let's stop, buran , they installed aircraft engines on it, three or two, aircraft engines. there were two or three aviation engines , yes, three or four, three or four are good, and it was just like a plane taking off and landing , and it was you test pilots who were doing this, practicing the landing angle, landing, and so on

further, the correct landing angle and landing trajectory could be developed in airplane laboratories and this was done exactly the same as with the americans, so training is carried out... in the laboratories the tu-154 was for this, for this the mig-25 was intended there, well, as a laboratory , in order for, well, you’re used to it, to shoot with a trajectory inclination angle from 17 to 23°, in fact, it’s not difficult, in fact, to shoot when, but one way or another you have to go, here in the states, there in naso, they make about a thousand successful runs before qualify as a pilot or crew chief. well, we actually had something similar, that’s why we created just airplanes, laboratories, and this specimen, it was simply to confirm its flight characteristics, takeoff and landing characteristics, to take off, in any case, it took off vertically, with with the help of an energy rocket, a carrier, but one way or another, here

it was necessary to - drain the landing approach and land, but in fact the landing speed, that is, the engines on the ryokan were turned off. didn't turn it off, on this example, nothing was turned off, and it came in with engines, just on it, the landing was actually practiced, well, in addition to the airfield, radio equipment , the plane was also specially created, the largest in history, the mriya was not created for the buranovskaya program, the mriya - this was the next stage, this was the stage of an air launch, if buran was a ground launch, that is, a vertical launch, this is from a desktop - on - energy launch vehicle, then mriya was intended to launch nine, that is, a space shuttle, only the size much smaller than the shuttle, it was different, well, this is a further air launch, yes, an air launch, yes, it took off with an external tank from an altitude

of about 10-12,000 m. the release took place and he turned on the engine and went into space, there were six work places, also for six people. calculated. this is a different program, but i think it’s much more effective and advanced, in fact, and this was also all developed... by our people, by engineers, then by that galaxy of brilliant designers who could do this, well, this flight was unmanned , the next one was planned to be a pilot, well, why, that’s why we were recruiting, from the institute we had a selection of test pilots there, that is, we were planned for testing and for operation, namely flights on these blizzards. already in normal operation, that is, in normal operation it was planned to continue,

of course, there would be manned launches and flights. we continue to talk about the buran spacecraft, my guest is the cosmonaut pilot, hero of russia, valery ivanovichokev. valery ivanovich, we have already said several times that this was the only flight, why do you think the program did not continue? of course, there were prospects, this is the collapse of the soviet union, well, they simply stopped funding it, no one canceled the program , gorbachev did not dare, that there were still no documents, no, and gorbachev did not dare to sign there then, and neither yeltsin signed anything , here i am, well, the extreme commander of this group in the ministry of defense, there in the nineties we were reduced, that is , under the directive, 8 years after this flight, we were completely curtailed... completely everything, they also closed this program, although it actually just stopped funding it there

, valer ivanovich, ironically, you spent so many years preparing for the flight to buran, in the end, you made your first flight on the american space shuttle, tell me , as it was almost like for you as a buran pilot, come and sit on the second deck, like marim on the lower one, as a specialist. to fly on already completed flights, yes, but i think that i was still wildly lucky, in fact, and somehow the stars aligned so that it turned out, uh, that i was in 1990, well, i sat down at my desk, naturally, i started studying at the union there, passing everything there, so it turned out that somewhere around the new year of 1999, there, well, the end of 1998 , there is a peephole, remember, yes, this is our deputy flight director, our cosmonaut, yes, an astronaut and a general, so he calls me and says,

well, valer, you have six months, you have english, i say, no, i only have german, he says, well, you have 2 days until the new year, so you’ll celebrate the new year, and fly out on the first, that’s where to houston, there to naso, there was a question, so about the english language, yes, because ... what are you going to take the tests there, the start was on may 27, so i arrived in january and flew on may 27, well, in general it’s like that, but this is true, i think i was lucky, many then, well, like many, i was the only one from our group who went, so everyone went to their desks again, well, because you yourself understand, the medical commission, you need to start from scratch again, again, no one cares about your merits there or.. ... something there, that is, you have already joined the detachment of the training center, the training center, so i just

transferred, it wasn’t my dream to fly of course on the shuttle, but i joined the detachment, it was still flying, but unfortunately, when i flew , it literally made its last flight in six months, i didn’t even see it in space, it didn’t even dock when i was on the iss, not , in fact, so you are really lucky, the stars have aligned, you can now tell us how you flew on the shuttle, and, of course, it’s comfortable. much more, but the statistics show that, out of five, two of them died, unsafe, yes, but the union still has much more favorable statistics, do you think? valery ivanovich, there are prospects for reusable spacecraft in the form of airplanes, and in further development , well, in fact, the idea of ​​​​the shuttle was born... uh, not abroad, because in fact, both

tsealkovsky wrote about these shuttles, and korolev, in fact, he immediately, it is possible to find confirmation of it, he said that... this is only the first step, this is the first union - this is only the first step, and then there will be winged spaceships, in fact, if you managed to see the photograph , yuri alekseyevich gagarin, thesis, at the academy when the thesis is done, it’s her, but it’s clear from the presentation that the queen, the thesis, is in her hands, well, the prototype of buran, yes, yes, yes, there is such a photograph when he passes there a test or an exam, yes, but a diploma, yes. so, if it weren’t for the death of korolev, i think we would have moved much more energetically towards these coralates, but this is actually the future, because well, at a new technical level or technological level, in fact, reusability will be commensurate cost and efficiency, now in russia,

well, there is a noticeable interest in space and piloting... astronautics, uh, a lot of programs, a lot of meetings, you probably participate in these projects, in these meetings, what do you think is the reason for this? here is a splash, as you yourself probably felt, this is still a flight, so you flew to shoot a film, and the film, it, it shook up, i just want to say, the benefit is that, uh, that is, you watched the film, yes , i watched the film, but i want to say, you asked why the question is about something else, because. the networks were just boiling with interest if before it was exactly there, well, in astronautics it’s somehow even, someone is interested, someone is not interested, but labor, there was a surge, there are different ones, there are negative or positive, it doesn’t matter there anymore, but the fact is that there is interest seemed to stir, on november 2, a russian feature film about space,

a man from nowhere, directed by renata davletya, was released. we just have a trailer , we can watch it, but this flight, it’s not very dangerous, the key is to start, ready to take off, one person once said, whoever does not risk his life, he won’t find it, 30 seconds, the flight is normal, how beautiful is it? something is wrong, kim alekseevich, where am i, this is a special hospital, its territory is closed to other patients and any visits, i made it clear, that’s right, remember, kim alekseevich, any detail can trigger the restoration

of your memory. heaven, we are in moscow , 2023, you are 89 years old, i don’t remember, he came up with a character in which he lives, i remembered something, why didn’t you say from the very beginning that it would be like this, right? excuse me, who? are you sure this is a hospital? they all guess who they are? whoever does not risk his life will not gain it, my only opportunity to get at least some answers

is a tip to us. what were these people? what you want from me? yes, interesting, i ’ll definitely go see this film. what is your attitude towards films about space, how do you watch them with irony, with a smile, with negativity, you see when these space blunders are called that way. i personally watch with pleasure, well, it’s clear that in the process you, probably our colleagues, who know this life from the inside, well, some kind of artistic the techniques there seem ridiculous, there, but this is a feature film , we must understand there that it’s still stupid to demand from all people who have different professions

an understanding of your level of knowledge, let’s say, that’s true, so well, somewhere it’s too much it happens, somewhere you can forgive, but in fact we are engaged in the popularization of space, well, in particular, at the cosmonaut training center, and we are all cosmonauts there, veterans there and active ones all go somewhere on various requests, interested in space, in fact there are a lot of people because we are probably all inhabitants of the universe, after all, we are also earthlings, we are just a very small part, it is so insignificant, but if you think about it, then, in principle, even primitive man thousands of years ago raised his head to the sky, saw the stars, probably also thought about the fact that, well, one of his... universe, exactly the same now, so i think that it is interesting and useful, no matter what the film is, but it is useful for those around him, for all people there, because maybe this will become

a profession for someone , valerich, let them dream that what a person will do in 50 years in space, that’s what i have no doubt about, that a person will remain the same, that is, mentally he will remain a person with his emotions, there, uh, maybe he will grow up during this time only a little there, well, like all of humanity, but in essence, in the capabilities of our brain, as we know, they are used there at best by 3%, yes, but technically, i think that the ships will fly on completely fundamentally different engines, plasma there, photon there or others, to other planets, and let's say the moon will already be - not so, as we are now preparing for the thirtieth year to fly there with the crew of a manned spacecraft, but probably this will be an opportunity to fly there on watch with people, work, return,

the moon will be a source of minerals, we will create some kind of settlements there, it will be a stepping stone to other planets, well, i think for 50 years it’s somehow like that, let the russian cosmonaut. no less large-scale triumphs await me, today my guest was the cosmonaut pilot, test pilot, hero of russia, valery ivanovich tokarev, i’m anton shkaplerov, this was a space history podcast, the topic we have today is strong. right, well, at first glance, purely internal affairs, but remembering klyuchevsky, who said that russia lagged behind the west precisely due to

serfdom, that is, like klyuchevsky, i don’t know how, he calculated by 2 from 2 centuries, the topic is of course, directly related to the west, because everything in general in our relations with the west depended on this lag, so of course we need to talk about this too. and when russia got rid of serfdom, she actually began to move closer to the west, switching to capitalist rails, and they actually wrote about this then, that russia had finally gotten rid of slavery, while serfdom was called slavery, even in official documents. certainly. hello, this is a historical podcast: russia and the west on the swing of history. pyotr romanov is with you. and sergei solovyov, today we will deal with serfdom and its abolition. the impetus for which was also given from the west as a result of the crimean war. where does serfdom actually begin in russia? here the most interesting thing is that when serfdom begins to develop in russia,

in the west it begins to gradually fade away. our first mention of limiting the exit of christ in yuri per day is the week before the week after november 26, old style. this is a code of law from 1497, that is. in fact , the first mention in other documents, also from the reign of ivan ii, dates back to an earlier period. this was also confirmed by the legal code of 1550 under ivan the terrible. we know that in 1581, as a result the unsuccessful livonian war depleted the country and introduced reserved summers. temporary ban on going out in yuri per day. but there is nothing more permanent than temporary, and this ban has become permanent. we record this in 1597, when a five-year period was introduced. siska fugitives, it’s interesting that in soviet times it was somehow not customary to talk about this in detail, which is why it seemed that somehow russia, without a special decree , came to terms with serfdom, so a number of

historians believed that there was a special decree 5 years before the introduction of the five-year noose for fugitives in 1592, there was a special decree, but traces of this decree have not yet been found, a search for fugitives was introduced, then boris godunov temporarily loosened the noose. and allows exit on yuri’s day, why the famine of 1601, a monstrous famine, he allows exit. vasily shuisky, in 1607 again raised the term for searching fugitives to 15 years. yes, then, after the troubles, mikhail fedorovich again repeated the five-year investigation, in 1600-37 they introduced a nine-year investigation, in the forty-first ten-year or even fifteen-year if one landowner took away peasants from another landowner, finally the cathedral code introduced an indefinite investigation - serfs, why is this happening in russia at this time, and when they talk about the second edition of serfdom, this is a historical term, it happens where the first

edition actually did not exist, there is there was, unfortunately, he is no longer alive, a sociologist, historian emman wallerstein, who said that on the periphery of western europe, in eastern europe, east of the elbe, it was there, first of all , that such a reason was formulated in the emergence of serfdom, forced labor on the market, because the economic division took place, eastern europe supplies the west with bread. europe, where industry is developing. it’s interesting that, in general, they thought about the ineffectiveness of serfdom, even under anna ioanovna, given the fantastic lack of money of that era, they gave her some notes on the abolition of serfdom, believing that this was a purely economic... trouble , we need to

deal with this somehow, so that a free peasant will work more efficiently, well, naturally, anna ianovna, she did not answer smaller questions, so to speak, with the demands of the time, later they added , well, let’s say, reasoning about the immorality of serfdom, the influence in many ways, of french philosophy, well, cruszo, and so on, in general a small but layer of freethinkers appeared who began to say that in general this was not only ineffective, but also, so to speak, against conscience, so many people thought about it, well , the masons, for example, also thought about it, by the way, they thought about what actually

that would be very good, and some, yes... they would release their peasants altogether , but at the same time they said that , strictly speaking, they are not christians, nor society itself is ready for this, as far as i remember, they cited the following parallel, here is a bird that was raised in a cage, and which is accustomed to receiving food regularly, but if this bird is suddenly released into the wild, and there is frost and hunger, then it will die, therefore, and society should be cleaner, because otherwise, it is this unfortunate godfather , which will be released on free will into this dirty society, it will simply corrupt it or ruin it, so to speak, so we have to wait, we have to do it, but we have to wait, this discussion about whether serfdom should be abolished, or whether it’s not time yet, it went on for a very, very long time

russia, the order of catherine, the blessed commission, yes, we have the year 67, 1767, catherine ii uses the order in relation to serfdom, the phrase serfdom itself only appeared for the first time, but it also mentions slavery, and calls serfdom itself the right to slavery, proposes to abolish how the nobility reacts to this, my god, in no case, when catherine saw a similar reaction, of course, from such ideas, educational ideas, she was brought up on the ideals of enlightenment, nevertheless catherine from these plans are immediately abandoned, well, when they discussed the famous order, yes, when a question suddenly arose , they discussed it very freely, i must say that catherine gave the opportunity to discuss any issues, and even asked to bring all sorts of...

orders from the provinces and so on, that is, this there was, well, probably the first truly meticulous analysis in our history, so to speak, of the situation, during the discussion of this order, when the topic of emancipation of the peasants arose, the conversation instantly went astray - the completely opposite side asked, so to speak, to allow them to have serfs, merchants, cossacks , there the church additionally wanted and so on, that is. uh, catherine understood perfectly well that, well, she still didn’t feel like quite a russian empress. and this is also, of course, very much her phrase, no matter what we do, everything i don’t behaved cautiously and in general believed that i would do it, this is a drop in the ocean in russia , so to speak, therefore it is very difficult to change something, russia is not ready, he acted, so to speak, for a very long time, and under catherine herself,

serfdom only became stricter , it is forbidden for serfs to complain about landowners, under catherine, and serfs can be given up as soldiers at the request of the landowner, this is punitive. you can exile the most violent people to siberia at the request of the landowner, that is, without a corresponding court decision, in fact, this was also under catherine, that is, truly the golden age of serfdom, under her, moreover , peter i is often accused of tightening serfdom; serfs without land first began to be sold under fyodor alekseevich, again under his predecessor, not immediately after the cathedral code, a little later, a generation later, just in the seventies and early eighties. centuries, and this continues, russian newspapers, priecatine advertisements for the sale of serfs without land, and this is really such semi-slavery, in fact, the first one who tries to touch this, yes, symbolically, pavel

, of course, yes, pavel, well, that is, he was the first to invade such a forbidden zone, yes, although, well, pavel had a lot of things, he tried to fight inflation and so on. a very mythologized figure, by the way, it would also be very interesting to talk about personality , he was such a quixote, this is what would happen in spain if donquixote came to power, how many mills he would destroy, so to speak, and so on , here is pavel, approximately our don quixote, although he was caricatured just among, among among other things, for trying to touch the christian question, paul tried. well, firstly, he really didn’t have time, and the actual measures that he proposed were, so to speak, largely utopian for that time, then alexander ii, you already mentioned this, finally nicholas ii,

who also believed that serfdom, he said that i don’t understand at all how it happened that they became slaves, so to speak, but at the same time he also understood perfectly well that it was dangerous to touch on this topic. paul was the first to force christians take the oath, that is, for the first time peasants, some kind of slaves who can be exiled, about whom it is forbidden to complain , because the story, remember, of the famous saltychikha who mocked the christians, she was eventually exiled and deprived of her rights, for which ? because other landowners reported on her, fearing that when the peasants came to cut her up, already driven to complete despair by the perverted tortures that she inflicted, they would also be cut. yes. yes, but not because the godmothers said anything, paul tells them the opportunity to take the oath, and he tries to reduce the corvee, he issues a decree on a three -day corvee, which, of course, as we understand, remained on paper, alexander i decree on free lovers, yes, when it is possible to release serfs, an interesting story,

in my opinion about sheremetyev , one of the richest people in russia, by decree of the liberated bakers, it means that a peasant comes to him, a capitalist peasant, who himself already has a business, as we would say now, who is wealthy, plumps at his feet there, i don’t remember how many there are 10,000 rub, a gigantic sum at that time, let the priest go free, then he says, i don’t need your money, i have a reception, you give me an oyster in the winter, deliver it, if you’re so cunning, you want freedom, on carts, where oysters were transported in heated barrels , almost from italy, these oysters were brought and shrememetev received freedom, in general this is a wonderful exchange, barter, freedom for... brilliantly, in russia there are only two classes, slaves, the sovereign, the autocrat and the slaves of the farmers, so the free can to be in russia only poor beggars and philosophers, this is talking, i