[000:00:00;00] very funny stories, vanya, please tell me, what do you think is the difference between the worlds of nosovo and dragunsky, one worked in the forties, nikolai nosov, yes, viktor dragunsky, this is already the sixties, a little later, there are some features of each world here in the children's world, of course, they are fundamentally different, yes, nosov is very cool, and druzhnsky is very cheerful, the nose seems very sad to you, yes, well, i can explain, when i was preparing, i re-read it, i thought that i had not read it, i need to read this again, i i was surprised to discover, well, i actually have this peculiarity that i constantly have some phrases from literature spinning in my head , read once there at the age of 5, so i remembered three words, they’ve been spinning around in my head all my life, i don’t remember where, what does this mean, it just grabbed me, one of these phrases was in my mind, the porridge is bitter, not salty, you know, i didn’t know where it came from, and then i started

getting ready to re-read it, so that’s all. it turned out that way it turned out that it turns out, naturally, i read all this many times, i just carefully forgot it, like i forgot, well, basically , i tried to forget my childhood, like i forgot children’s books, it was for this reason that i came to this, that nasally i tried to forget, because it is very similar to my childhood and this makes me sad , but i tried to forget dragunsky, because he is very different from my childhood, this is also sad, enviable, this is the fundamental difference. listen, tell me about this story by mishkina kasha, this is absolutely my childhood, it’s just straight, that’s why i like it well, tell me, my mother left the children for 2 days at the dacha and left and said how you want to prepare it, but i was the only one we had here, too . sonya kept telling me that this is similar to this, this is my story, but i didn’t know what it was about , because i forgot, i have it turned off, only there they catch minnows, we had brushes

, well, little brushes sting, they are running out of water, they are trying to get this water from the well at night, they drowned the kettle, but they drowned themselves, not by a miracle, it’s a miracle they didn’t drown themselves, then they burn these minnows, they don’t have water to extinguish fire, they wait until you say oil, that is, the situation is really terrible, but it’s terrible not even in this, not in these details, what’s there, well, the neighbors, if there was some kind of fire here, probably , if only she were the children alone, well, the children were alone. when you are left alone, well, alone at home, yes, a classic situation, this is a very cool situation for any child, for a child who is constantly surrounded by adults, loving, conscious, responsible, adults, he gets a kick out of staying once a year to burn some kind of oil there alone, this, but when this is, in principle, the norm for you, that is , when it is not the norm, it becomes the norm, it ’s burdensome, we end up with a world of children who are cut off from adults, but this is the world

of a lonely child , why gloomy, it seems to me that they are having fun, but dragunsky has this, it shouldn’t be like that, just like the nose shouldn’t be, that’s the point, that’s why it’s sad. sonya, do you also think that this shouldn’t be the case? i’m probably also closer to drakunsky, because for me it’s still a connection, little a person, the age of a small adult, a large one, this is also an important part of my life, i just grew up like... a child from rasskovsky in a loving family, unfortunately, i was left without a father early on, but even now i remember this relationship between parents, dragonsky has a lot about this, in fact, we can say that drunsky’s stories are a kind of declaration of love to his wife, and to the hero’s mother, yes, deniska’s mother, because there is always this story about how beautiful she is that my mom

the most beautiful in the class, like her. and there, of course, the family is much more prosperous, not even in the sense of some financial circumstances, but simply due to the fact that there is this love of mom and dad, such care for their son, care, even, let’s say, more care about each other, which simply automatically turns on from being transferred to the child, because there are parents who. with the birth of the child, their, let’s say, personal relationship did not end, as sometimes happens, but, on the contrary, they gained some kind of new breath, that is, there dad is in love with mom, mom is in love with dad, and the child feels it very well, because when some ladies come to the house in some stories , who, one might say, are inciting a wedge towards dad, so they try to give him something, there is a drop of nicotine that kills him in the story.

horse, and the child feels this very well and tries to resist it in every possible way, he understands, he feels this relationship between the parents, and he is such a sensitive child, maybe precisely because he has a fairly prosperous emotional state. yes, sonya, famous books, zametkin, please tell me, can viktor dragunsky be called your teacher in a literary sense, you were guided by deniska’s stories, it seems to me that there is something similar in structure in the approach, a lot of similarities, indeed, but this is an amazing story , i myself noticed this only when they started telling me about it, when the book had already been published, apparently this is the case when a work goes so deeply into you. some in childhood that you don’t even realize that they already live in you, that is, of course i didn’t write specifically according to drakunsky, well, probably a lot of things turned out that way, but in my opinion, what you have in common with dragunsky is that we see the life of adults through the life of a child, that is

, we read situations in the family, some kind of relationships, we are all of this we read some problems of adults, that is, they are shown through a child’s trick, through the optics of a child, but at the same time we recognize them, we read them , it turns out that the child is united in a single system with his parents, they have some kind of common game reality , so curious, sometimes touching, sometimes funny life, it seems to me that this technique, i probably generally like books that adult children can read, this is a separate type of book, and marshak spoke about children's poetry, but it seems to me that this can be attributed to prose, that children's poems about twice, by a child to an adult with good taste, with a subtle taste , if these poems are liked only by an adult, these are not children 's poems, if only a child likes them, this is not the element of hackwork, and these are not entirely accurate quotes, but it seems to me that this is the request this also

applies, this world with some easter eggs for adults, subtle, smart, interesting, this is what, of course, i really, really, really appreciate in dragoon, it’s very cool, vanya, here you are an adult writer, but at the same time... i know that you and sophia are together just wrote a book for children, about teenagers, a city thing, tell me, can an adult writer switch to the format of a children’s writer, how difficult is it, what is special, what is the difference between an adult writer and a children’s writer, have you gone through both experiences, a writer can be childish , including if he had a happy childhood, and if he had such a not very sad childhood, then... let him write better for adults only, so i would have separated sofia and me, well, in a sense, we are like children’s adults, but it was difficult for you to work on this children's book, it was the most difficult work in my life, yes, i was afraid just

every word, every word i was afraid, why were you afraid, because i will convey my childhood there and it’s impossible, but it’s sad, a sad look, well i also probably have some kind of closed-mindedness, so let me explain to sonya, that you probably don’t always have to be afraid of sadness. yes, in the children's, well, drakonsky has a lot of sad ones, nosov has them, they are so sad there, you also enjoy this sadness, i mean like nosov, here are two children, they dropped everything into the well, and then burned the last food left at night, the cucumber stories are sadder, but there are k1 stories, and what happens in the cucumber story , the cucumber story, the boy stole cucumbers for his mother, brings cucumbers to his mother, it’s as if deniska would rather, yes dragunsky brought cucumbers to his mother, his mother would... burst into tears from from happiness, yes, and the mother from nosov’s story says: where did you get the cucumbers? he says, well, in someone else’s garden

, she says, go, return the cucumbers, he says, well, there’s an uncle there, a watchman with a gun, so he was already driven away, yes, and what does mom answer to this, here’s mom from nosov’s story, yes , it’s better for me not to have a son at all than to have a son, that is, she... sends the child back to this guard who runs around with a gun, well, this is balaban for children, it’s just, well, i don’t know what’s worse, well nosov really has something in common with balaban, he he loves policemen very much, he introduces this image of a policeman all the time, but the truth is that nosov still has this policeman, such a kind uncle styopa, who maintains order, but nevertheless, nosov has certain coordinates of good and evil, which are very clear to a child. adults and this gives a feeling of security of order, it seems to me, but at the same time a little, it gives off some kind of edification, well, of course , security, of course, not security in the sense that the watchman will not shoot at this

boy, naturally, there that's not scary the very beginning itself is scary, that is, in principle, just one thing is enough for me , i thought that if i hadn’t read it, i would have thought that this was the story, the boy stole cucumbers and brought them to his mother, that’s it, that’s it, that’s possible ... go away and read nothing more, well, it’s good that there was someone else to steal for, that’s even better, there’s a mother, at least, yes, and dragoon, well, these are two absolute ones, poles, poles, a child’s, it would be nice of course , somewhere in the middle . veda vodka, a product of stellar group. this podcast is a must read, i aglaya anbatnikov, director, writer. my guests are sofia remes, the author of notes by gosh kunitsin, a very popular book, and ivan shepnegov, author of the novel stream. today we are discussing nosovo and dragunsky classics

of children's literature, what makes them unique? in nosov's dunno, in his stories, a lot is devoted to a certain system of society in which a child grows up, this system is explained to him, what is good, what is bad, it is bad to cheat, it is bad to steal, punishment for bad deeds will always inevitably come, a certain one is read, well, socialist ideology, and there is a lot of this in dunno, it seems to me, yes , dunno on the moon, dunno in a sunny city , a certain model of society is drawn, and this is important, but in dragunsky, it seems to me, rather an emotional world, a world of relationships, we can so to speak, dragonsky’s heroes, they live outside of time, of course, that is, of course , there are signs of the times, there is even a wonderful book of comments on deniskin’s stories, i don’t remember the author now, a very good book, where all these...methods of time

the fact that deniska lives there was also analyzed in a communal apartment, there are five people in a room, and many, many things like that, but emotionally, yes, you can easily imagine these characters now, just remove some of them, yes, communal apartments exist now too, nothing, well, there are some signs of the times from the series mom began to wash the dishes, but engineers have not yet come up with a machine that washes dishes, so the boy is trying. spinning this machine with an electric floor polisher, but probably the most important thing in this story is that dad decides to help mom know how to cook dishes, he is left with no options, all the options are already tried, there deniska offers a whole scheme, how to eat with the whole family from one plate, and then from one part, what kind of scheme , in fact, deniska is invited to invent her mother with a hint to dad and deniska, she says that she will no longer wash the dishes if they don’t they’ll invent some cunning way to make her wash herself somehow, it’s clear what mom is hinting at from the very beginning. to dad that it would be nice to wash the dishes, but this is

again a relationship, dad understands this hint very well, this is precisely this relationship between parents, this whole thing, and deniska doesn’t understand, he really thinks that some kind of method needs to be invented, he invents all this, he came up with such a conveyor belt, when mom prepares a bowl of soup, the first member of the family eats it, which means then bye , the second goes to wash his hands, from the same plate there, well, that is, one plate is used there for the whole lunch or dinner, or three plates, but dad understands everything perfectly from the very beginning, as a result, of course, he says, ok, i know the way, not so tricky, yes, well, in general, it’s a great plan that dad sometimes washed the dishes, it seems to me that it’s very important, i think, that dad, deniske, is the author of the text itself, yes, as we understand, he treats himself quite ironically, and we see this... dad, the character, also from some kind of funny

, amusing side, there is some kind of self-irony in this, it’s just that dragunsky himself, as i understand it, is like a children’s writer, yes, these are not stories about his son , yes, these are stories about him, it turns out to be such a slightly collective character, he doesn’t from the whole world is collective, and he is collective from him and from his son , that is, he takes situations from deniska’s real life, most likely, adds his... an adult , this experience, his childhood experience, it turns out to be such a synthesis of all these emotions , children's adults, this very irony in relation to dad, it just applies here , because he is trying to immediately understand how he sees it, how he sees dad, while deniska, yes, well, that is, this is such a split, upset, split personalities, it’s very cool when we see in one story several points of view at once, this is very cool.

it turns out, excuse me, i can’t help but intervene, the topic will just go away now, well, cool details, well, compare, you just said them, yes unosova, the boy stole cucumbers and brought them home, at dragunsky the boy threw cutlets, threw them away, but this is this is the pole, this is fundamentally the tragedy, he throws out the porridge, again at dragunsky’s, the boy, throws the porridge out the window, at that time, at home, at home there is a lot of food and... he is not afraid that there will be no food, but at nosov he stole food and brought it home, well, that’s the difference, we still have a prosperous world, nevertheless, because he, as a playwright , wrote it as correctly as in the textbook, but as it doesn’t happen in life, it never ends well , that is you don’t believe him, no, absolutely, not a single word, that is, no , i believe, i believe in this melancholy, in how everything ends well, but it must be added at the end, no, in the end i never believe , i say, to me, why am i enough, it

seems to me that the story of the noses ends here place, the boy stole cucumbers and brought them home, tell me, don’t you think? that children's writers, they look at the world more honestly, is there such a moment? children's, writers remain children in the sense in which they retain the ability, here i am forced to use the formulation of not a children's writer, but mine is still my favorite, the formulation of tolstoy, leo tolstoy to look at things simply directly, like a child, we are all adults, we live in a world: the falsehood of lies, the hypocrisy of everything else, and what we love so much, everyone understands everything, but all the games that people play, look into each other’s eyes, smile and say that’s how good it is, now we’ll fix it for you, that’s even better, everyone still understands that everything is bad, well, that’s the way society works, yes,

any , any, naturally, and civilization , and the children’s race retain this ability to look at things as they are, this is the main difference, i have already retained this ability, but i look at the world rather gloomily, just to cheer myself up , yes, i admit, well , as an adult i try some funny things to write, to amuse yourself, here in the nursery, so you asked how it would be, that’s why, that’s why it was scary, that how not to convey to modern, prosperous children, yes, who are not afraid, to throw away cutlets and do not steal cucumbers, yes, for my mother, how can i not convey my melancholy to them. oragonsky also has very sad stories, and these are precisely those stories where children encounter the world of strange adults, because dragonsky’s children live among, these are good children with good adults, they have all these relationships, where they go out here to the big garden movement, where they go out to the big

one, it is equally educational, in dragunsky, in principle, these questions are not raised, they are not relevant, it is necessary, is it possible to steal, steal, deceive, well, there is no such question. simply no, because you can’t and shouldn’t do this, it’s not a mustache, it’s proven that you can’t do it, look, you can’t, but this may be the nature of the times, after all, nosov worked a little earlier, earlier, but at some point they crossed paths , because we have already lived longer, they have a very, by the way, even their lives were similar in many ways, one was related to the theater, the other to cinema, both had two wives there, well, that is... there were a lot of all sorts of intersections, another question is that their noses and character were gloomy, this is really so, and dragunsky was a very party person, very cheerful, he, yes, he was always talked about as a person who had a lot of guests, yes, holiday people, it seems to me that this should also be felt somehow, of course, you

say that as if you just now noticed that his nose was a little gloomy, it’s just in everyone, i don’t see gloom in the nose, honestly, i hear you ... i’m very surprised that i remembered this now, i remembered one piece of evidence, well, so shaky, of course, but it’s possible, i’ll say it anyway, but one of my favorite writers, dmitry gorchev, unfortunately, died early, in april of the tenth year, i directly remember this day when i read that he died, well , he died very early, very great, there could have been even more writers, but he worked in short form, he had little ones, he was very melancholic and branded on his, again one of phrases that spin. i am constantly, and such a distilled melancholy that you can’t think of anything better, so he loved this melancholy, so he loved this melancholy, so in everyone for me nosov has no melancholy, but gorchev loved nosov very much, and he described, he constantly traveled on trains, between , he lived in a village, poskov region, went to st. petersburg, well, on business, at work, there

to straighten documents back and forth , this train, well, on the train with a book, he constantly describes, he sat down in the compartment, put out a can of beer, posted i don't know on the moon. everyone is watching how is it children's literature interesting for adults put beer posted i don't know how it's such an adult gloomy guy bearded so unshaven scary how does he read it well i'll translate this bullshit a little now he reads they laugh but i just need people to smile more writes dmitry gorchev. it is very typical that the gloomy gorchev loved this gloomy nosov. here. sonya, please tell us in more detail about the world of these strangers. adults, we somehow encounter this alien world in these stories, in what way it manifests itself, it is basically, conditionally, one can divide dragunsky’s stories there into three parts, there were a lot of them. i’ve been writing them for 10 years, even more, probably, this access to other people’s adults is rather the last

part, where in fact these wonderful children from the world of good children meet with conventional adults, there are not necessarily adults, there is a garden in the story a big movement, and they meet with, in my opinion , a guy, a teenager, but from another world, where he was clearly sitting with tattoos, he begins my grandmother tells. and there it began with the fact that the children received the long-awaited bicycle and they are enjoying it and yes, yes , and that is, it was just happiness, and well, in short, this is a teenager, he lures this bicycle from them, rides off on it and they discuss, that’s what could have happened to him, maybe he was hit by a car there, something else, that is, for these children, yes, they are waiting for him to return, they are waiting, and they will stand there until someone will not say that there is nothing more to wait for, and these

are tragonsky’s sad stories, they there are those too, there are just lyrical stories, well, for example, there is this story, 20 years under the bed, where a boy, uh, plays hide and seek, and he is accidentally locked in a room with adult women, he sits under the bed and is afraid to get out, imagines that it will happen if he stays there forever, if she, and he is embarrassed to get out, because she has already taken off some part of her clothes there, that is, he understands that the further, the worse, now she, she has already gone to bed, some... then the experience of voyeurism, this is an adult story that has already gone into it, that’s the thing, all of dragunsky’s stories are adult, they are simply shown through a child’s lens, but they can actually be quite meaningful for adults, and it ’s not from an event that unfolds, but from some kind of feeling, he unfolds a whole story, but this fear that he will remain sitting there like that, then of course. by the way, we talked about policemen, and

about the police in nosov’s stories, there is also a story where a boy, on the contrary, is terribly afraid of a policeman, but is so good that he even here he is, he negotiates through someone else to tell this child a lot about this super-thin guy. who understands that the child is afraid of him, but makes sure that he helps him, and the child is still not afraid, that is , some are also adults, well, but who is the policeman, a representative of the authorities, that is, accordingly , the child gets the feeling that he is protected, that the authorities are taking care of him, by the way, i don’t even remember bad adults with nosov, but dragonsky has bad adults and them, strangers, yes, not from the family, absolutely, and a good adult from school. a wonderful music teacher who listens to all of this, what i like, what i don’t like, it turns out that deniska loves

horses with kind faces, yes, something cute, something magical, which means he has a friend bear who loves, what do you love, dumplings, yes, he lists all the food he loves, at the end, when he maybe something else you love, besides food, well, kittens, he says, well, that is, here grandmother, yes, immediately a character, yes, here are two stories, two characters. here's mishka - that's how i am i know, this is deniska’s real friend, yes, a real boy, it is clear that viktor dragunsky was watching them, but it is clear that these are still made-up guys, yes, denis dragunsky often complains that people ask him all the time, he has grown up and become a writer, yes, and he and his sister, ksenia dragunskaya, both became writers, about whom you remembered, he apparently had him in mind, he wrote several comments, yes. like the stories denis viktorich drugunsky here are several books, well , one for sure, it seems more than one book

a commentary story, yes, where he explained how it really happened, well, relatively speaking, as he remembers, this podcast is a must-read, i’m oglaya anbatnikov, director, writer, my guests are children’s writer sofya remis, and writer ivan shepnegov, we are talking about children's literature, which is interesting to adults, and to them about nikolai nosov and viktor dragunsky. vanya, please tell me, being a children's writer in soviet times meant making very good money. and noasov and dragunsky, they, in general, became popular precisely thanks to literature, although they were engaged in cinema and theater, and some other activities. but you can say that this stimulated their creativity, the profitability of this children’s literature, the breadth of this activity, or it doesn’t matter at all. in the case of a children's writer, there is simply a certain creative method of perceiving the world , everything was completely different there: profitability, this is not in the meaning in

which we are talking now, in the meaning, no, well, it was essentially a kind of state grant. very big, that doesn't mean that they sold a lot of copies, but they were paid at the market price, no, they were sponsored by the state, i don’t think that this inspired them in any way, i think they would have written without it, they simply wouldn’t have been published, and we if they were opened there through, well, the state gave dachas to writers, they could afford a certain standard of living , they took from nikolai, these were taken from the soviet state, but we don’t take from anyone, thank god, this is freedom, yes this is... freedom, poverty, yes, and the unknown, that’s good, well, with the unknown, i would argue if specific question, i don’t think it inspired them, but no, no, but we can say that they are relevant today, today we can read them both nosov and druzhny, we can read both, moreover, it seems to me, not so a lot has appeared - realistic stories,

funny, and inventive ones about children. nowadays there is a lot of cool modern literature for children and teenagers, but humorous, there is still not much of it, it exists, but something as funny as dragunsky’s has not yet been written and it’s a shame, but so you you write, sonya, you, for me, it seems to me that it’s not so funny, i have this simple human writer’s envy when i read, say, a story, if i were an adult. here i am driving in the car with a child, we turn on this story, he laughs and i laugh, the audio version, yes, well, this is a moryshak test, however, this is also interesting for a child to an adult with good taste, yes, it is very funny and really cool , or the story of nosov fedina task, where a boy tries to eat a funny nasal radio, he listens to the radio, tries to do his homework, but he can’t do

one or the other because he can’t? concentrate, this is really funny, this is the bell ringing, and there are so many bags here, this is funny dramatically, that is, it is structured, this is invented, they said that this is funny, we were joking, laugh, well, this is not charming, this is not cute in itself, as you don’t consider the nose to be too mechanical, too much, i don’t like playwrights, filmmakers, so yes, of course, noses are from there, well, it’s obvious, not well, they’re just different things, the nose really has... very stories that are similar to what could be a script, say, a living hat is actually a ready -made cartoon script, so it’s not interesting, it ’s not interesting to you, he has a lot of film adaptations at his nose, both have a lot of film adaptations , and from my point of view i don’t want to offend anyone, but dragunsky has, well, less successful film adaptations, just maybe

the fact is that they are more difficult to film , they are more difficult, there is a lot to do with language, there are a lot of linguistic constructions that are funny as long as they are written in paper, when you see this, well, like when these lines are transferred to dramaturgy and done, as in, some events happen, it ceases to be funny, there are stories in which there are absolute dramaturgical, they are very funny, but still more in language, yes, if good literature is literally translated onto the screen, it doesn’t work. it doesn’t work, this is actually a film adaptation - it’s a very complex story, i still don’t understand how to do it, i never learned how to write a script for my own stories, yes, it’s very difficult. vanya, cool that both nosov and dragonsky work very simply, they have very simple dialogues , it’s possible, it’s impossible, where, where, exactly, this is exactly the most difficult thing, in general, in life, it’s difficult

to write, it’s easy to do difficult things, yes, it’s simple to do. complex, the simpler, the more complex, they are incredibly cool with this, of course, that’s why they sound relevant, it’s unique, well, that is , these are dialogues of a level, i don’t know, but again we remember movies all the time, i don’t know the level, well, so strange , well, no, i won’t say, well, no, well, tarantino, well, tarantino, well, that is, that is, you compare nosov with tarantino, i don’t compare nosov with tarantino , but this is the level when it seems to you that it ’s very simple, and you try, and it seems very simple, but that’s why it’s impossible to repeat, that’s why answering the question, yes, noragunsky in its simplicity, they knew how to do it, there is no feeling, yes, there is no feeling that the literary editor was specially tinkering with this text, yes, there are dialogues in drakonsky, where mishka said, alyonka said,

10 each repeated again, said, and it’s not it seems to work, it works, it’s great, this sense of language is simply natural, for some reason it is believed that we speak one language, but writing long stories in a completely different language, they don’t intersect in any way, in fact, maybe. nosov and dragunsky broke this fourth wall, as they say in the theater, this is another of their coolness, because the only language that exists in physical reality is oral, which is produced by our speech apparatus, these mass of these icons on the media that we call in written language, it has little use attitude, this is a very, very large agreement, in which there is inevitably a huge number of errors of all kinds, this is a big convention , so it’s a strange situation when, well , it always seemed to me: strange, it has always been there, that we speak so badly, we’ll write here so good, well, that is, we throw away the basis and take a convention and make it, again to the question of falsehood and hypocrisy, you know what

i mean, yes, that an artificial agreement is recognized as more real than a real one, well, the crux of the matter, and also nasofinersky cool because they realized that you don’t have to be a literary editor, that is, you don’t have to invent things to remove, you just have to take them from life. here is the next difficulty, you can’t literally transfer the spoken message in the form of signs, well, in letters, convey sounds, you need to be able to do it, you just need to create an imitation of the fact that it’s as if it’s spoken, and this is simply the most difficult level, and aerobatics, guys, thank you very much for the interesting conversation, this was a must-read podcast, i am gla ibatnikova, director, writer, my guest... were writer sofya remis and writer ivan shipnyagov, we discussed nosovo and dragunsky,

classics of children's literature. why do we have serfdom today? well, at first glance, these are purely internal matters, but... recalling klyuchevsky, who said that russia lagged behind the west precisely due to serfdom, that is, as klyuchevsky calculated, i don’t know how, for the 2nd century, a topic, of course, directly related to the west, because from this everything depended on the lag, in general in our relations with the west, so of course we need to talk about this, and when russia. the basis of law got rid of, it actually began to move closer to the west, switching to capitalist rails, they actually wrote about this then, that russia finally got rid of slavery, slavery was called serfdom, even in official documents, of course, hello, this is

a historical podcast, russia and the west on the swing of history, with you pyotr romanov and sergei solov, today we will deal with serfdom and its abolition, the impetus for which was also given from the west as a result of the crimean war. what exactly is it all about does serfdom begin in russia? the most interesting thing here is precisely that when serfdom begins to develop in russia, in the west it begins to gradually disappear. we have the first mention of restrictions on the exit of the cross on st. george’s day, this is the week before, the week after november 26 according to the old style, this is the code of law of 1497, that is, ivan ii. in fact, the first mention in other documents is also from the reign of ivan ii to an earlier period. this was also confirmed by the legal code of 1550 under ivan the terrible. we know that in in 1581, as a result of the unsuccessful levon war of exhaustion of the country

, a temporary ban on going out to yuri was introduced during the summer. but there is nothing more permanent than temporary. and this ban turned into a permanent one. we record this in 1597, when there was a five-year period for searching for fugitives. it’s interesting that in soviet times this was somehow not accepted. talk about this in detail, which is why it seemed that somehow russia, without a special decree, came to terms with serfdom, so a number of historians believed that there was a special decree, for 5 years before the introduction of a five-year restriction for fugitives in 1592, there was a special decree, but no traces of this decree have yet been found, a search for fugitives was introduced, then boris godunov temporarily loosens the noose and allows exit to yuri on the day of the holocaust of 1601, a monster. hunger, it allows a way out. in 1607, vasiliyshuisky again raised the period of search for fugitives to 15 years, yes, then after the troubles, mikhail fedorovich again

repeated the five-year search, in 1637 they introduced a nine-year search, in forty-one ten years or even fifteen years, if one landowner took the peasants away from another landowner, finally an indefinite search for serfs was introduced into the cathedral code, why in russia is this... at this time it happens when they talk about the second edition of serfdom, this is a historical term, it occurs where the first edition in fact there wasn’t, there is such a uh, there was, unfortunately, his... no longer alive, sociologist, historian emmanuel wallerstein, who said that on the periphery of western europe, in eastern europe, east of the elbe, it was there first of all it was formulated as follows the reason for the emergence of serfdom, forced labor on the market, because the division with the economic occurred, eastern europe supplies western europe with bread, where

industry is developing. it’s interesting that in general they thought about the ineffectiveness of serfdom, even under anna ioanovna, taking into account the fantastic inactivity of that era, they gave her some notes on the abolition of serfdom, i think that this is a purely economic problem, we need to deal with it somehow manage that a free... peasant will work more efficiently, well, naturally, anna ianovna, she did not answer the smaller questions, so to speak, the requirements of the time, later they joined , well, let’s say, reasoning about the immorality of serfdom, the influence, in many ways, of french philosophy, well, jean-jacques

rouszo and so on further, in general, a small but layer of freethinkers appeared who began to say that, in general, this was not only ineffective, but also, so to speak, against conscience, so many people thought, well, the masons, for example, also thought about this, by the way, was thought about that in general it would be very good, and some even set their peasants free altogether, but at the same time they say: neither society itself is ready for this, as far as i remember they gave such a parallel, here is a bird that was raised in a cage , and which is accustomed to receiving food regularly, but if this bird is suddenly released into the wild, and there is frost and hunger, then it will die, therefore, and society should be cleaner, because otherwise it is... a private peasant who

will be released into the wild , here in this dirty society, it will simply corrupt him or ruin him, so to speak, so we have to wait, we have to do it, but we have to wait, this discussion about whether serfdom should be abolished or not yet, it lasted for a very very long time in russia, catherine’s order to the legislative commission, yes, we have the year 67, 1760. the seventh year, catherine ii uses it in a mandate in relation to serfdom, the phrase serfdom itself only appeared for the first time, but it also mentions slavery, calls serfdom itself slavery, proposes to abolish how it reacts to this nobility, not my god, in no case, when catherine saw a similar reaction , of course, from similar ideas, educational ideas, she was brought up on the ideals of enlightenment, corresponded, met with dedro, corresponded with walter, bought

walter’s library. and so on, nevertheless, catherine immediately refuses these plans, well, when they discussed the famous order, yes, when a question suddenly arose, they discussed it very freely, i must say that catherine gave the opportunity to discuss any issues, and even asked to bring all sorts of orders from the provinces and so on, that is, it was such, well... probably the first truly meticulous analysis, so to speak, of the situation in our history, during the discussion of this order, when the topic of emancipation of the peasants arose, the conversation immediately went astray to the completely opposite side, they asked, so to speak, to allow them to have serfs , merchants, cossacks, there, the church additionally wanted and so on, that is, uh, catherine understood perfectly well that well... she

still felt not quite a russian empress, and that’s also of course affected she behaved very carefully, and in general she believed that her phrase, no matter what we do, everything that i will not do is a drop in the ocean in russia, so to speak, therefore it is very difficult to change something, russia is not ready, he acted, so to speak, for a very long time, and under catherine herself, serfdom was only becoming stricter, it was forbidden for serfs to complain about the landowners, it was under catherine, yes, serfs can be given up as soldiers at the request of the landowner, this is a punitive measure, you can exile to syria most some violent ones, at the request of the landowner. that there is no corresponding court decision, in fact, this is also under catherine, that is, truly the golden age of serfdom, under her, moreover, peter ii is often accused of tightening serfdom, serfs without land first began to be sold under fyodor alekseevich, again under his

predecessor, not immediately after the cathedral code, a little later, a generation later, just in the seventies, early eighties of the 14th century, and this continues, announcements for the sale of serfs without land, and this is true such semi-slavery, in fact, the first one who tries to touch this, yes, symbolically, pavel, of course, yes, pavel, well, that is, he was the first to invade such a forbidden zone, yes, although, well, pavel had a lot of things , he tried to fight inflation and so on, a very mythologized figure, by the way, it was also very interesting. let's talk about personality, there was such a don quixod , this is what would happen in spain if don quixod came to power, how many mills he would destroy, so to speak, and so on, here is pavel, about our

don quixote, although he was caricatured precisely, including, among other things, for trying to touch on the christian question, paul tried, well , firstly, he really didn’t have time, and indeed the measures that he... they were, so to speak, largely utopian for that time, then alexander ii, you already mentioned this, finally, nicholas ii, who also believed that serfdom, he said that i don’t understand at all how it happened that so to speak , they became slaves, but at the same time he also perfectly understood that touching on this topic, the matter dangerous, steps were taken, paul i, first, forced the peasants to take the oath. that is, for the first time, peasants are some kind of slaves who can be exiled , about whom it is forbidden to complain, uh, after all, history, remember, the famous saltychikha who mocked the christians, she was eventually exiled and deprived of her rights for what? because other landowners reported on her, fearing that when the peasants came to cut her up, driven

to complete despair by the perverted tortures that she inflicted, they would also be cut, yes, but not because christie they said something, paul i gives them the opportunity to take the oath and he tries to reduce the corvee, he issues a decree on a three-day corvee, which of course, as we understand, remained on paper, alexander i decree on free farmers, yes, when it is possible to release serfs, an interesting story, in my opinion, about sheremetyev, one of the richest people in russia, according to the decree on free farmers, it means that a peasant comes to him, a capitalist peasant, who himself is already a business, as we would now say, who is wealthy, drinks at him i don’t remember my legs there how much is 10,000 rubles? a gigantic sum at that time, let the priest go free, then he says, i don’t need your money , i have a reception, you’re an oyster for me, in winter, deliver it, if you’re so cunning, you want freedom, on carts, where they were transported in heated barrels

oysters, almost from italy, these oysters were brought and shremetyev received his freedom , in general this is a wonderful exchange, barter, freedom on oyster, brilliant, in russia there are only two classes, and the slaves of the sovereign autocrat and the slaves of farmers, so there can be free in russia there are only beggars and philosophers, spiransky said this, i want to insert one more detail here, and serf russia is primarily central russia, because speaking of alexander ii, we were already poland, there was finland, then we were, that is, the core... this is central russia, in the west and in the asian, so to speak, additions to russia and even some national, so to speak, siberian places there, so when we just need this note, when we say serf russia, you