deceived all my life, and accordingly, to be convinced that he is so bad, and therefore to reject him as a class, is immediately a difficult path, because if he deceived me, then i am gullible, and it is not very good to be gullible, not very well, accordingly, you can disavow , that is, challenge his judgment, which seems controversial, dubious or simply unacceptable to you, yes, well, it was taken out of context, in this case the journalist who conducted the interview or someone else will be the brute, well... the second option, yes, the third option, you can try to reconcile various seemingly contradictory judgments in order to sit on two chairs, well, i think that all sorts of other options are possible, well, shift your moral judgments, so i came across yesterday, a very respected specialist in social sciences, what - wild statements about, we won’t name which one, but absolutely false scientific medical technology, i had cognitive disadvantage, i respect this scientist,

for a long, long time i was good, smart, advanced, and so on, but age took its toll and the head is no longer the same, well, this is also relatively rational, yes it is certainly rational, well, now we are talking more about the irrational, think about it, well, what if all my life i loved this actor, singer or so on and he says that i don’t know, the earth is flat , yes, he seems to me incompetent in this area, but maybe it would be easier for me to move this installation, but from flat earth it’s not very easy.

move, with such moral assessments you are certainly right, in general it’s easy, especially against the backdrop of such geopolitical events, everything it happens easily and cheerfully, well, considering that moral assessments lie in such a fuzzy area, where probably cognitive distortions work stronger, yes, that’s right, another example, also on the verge of cognitive distortions of some other things, is an experiment with helping a person , who was either unwell or not at all, what were the conditions, if i’m not mistaken? correct me, a seminarian at some religious american college or something like that, they had to give a teaching sermon, and they were told first group, go to the church, where there are pastors or someone there to listen to you, hurry up, because you are already late, and he really doesn’t like it when he is late, the second group was told, go to the same church, well, the pastor will come later, you will be a little bit of him

wait, and on the way he was sitting in an incomprehensible position, like this, like this, like this, like this, a person specially hired by psychologists, for whom it was not clear whether he felt bad or was just resting, and as i remember the results of the experiment, the number of these seminarians who came up and offered their help in a situation where they were in a hurry, in a situation where they had a reserve of time, the difference was five times, well...

this is what it is, you are walking down the street, everything was done almost without a setup, yes, and accordingly, a person falls on the street, this is the situation in which you whether you go to help him or not, it turns out that it is critically important how many people around you see the same situation; if you are alone, then the likelihood that you will rush to help is many times higher than if there are several of you, moreover, there they further influence a little what kind of people are around. you have, well, here in in general, there is just such a strict dependence , yes, in fact, well, the question is about who you attribute responsibility for helping, well , the diffusion of responsibility, i observed from my non-experimental experience when i was young and hitchhiked, it was very clearly noticeable than the fewer cars on the road, the higher the likelihood that they will stop and give you a ride, yeah, but tell me, what about the perception of a painting or some other work of art?

the number of people around is important, here is a person looking at the picture alone, or is he standing tall a crowd, an excursion, yes, i think it’s important, in general there is a technique that... tour guides and some specialists offer, where you can force yourself to linger at the painting for at least 10 minutes, in a state of excursion or some kind of movement of a group of people, yes, all the time the attention of one is drawn to one thing, the other to another part, even if they are talking about work, half of them are looking around, someone is looking at the phone, and accordingly the person also reacts to all these movements around him when he is left alone alone, still here something happens...

that is, as if when we look at someone who is looking, he can concentrate us and give us attention to the work, that is, since a person studies something so carefully and looks at it, let me look too , maybe there is really something important there, the number of cognitive errors, many even have beautiful names, the list can be almost endless, i don’t know, in some reference book i saw 250, i think it’s possible 500, or a thousand, but how is knowledge? that we make mistakes and often make irrational decisions, helps not to make irrational bad decisions, well, for general reasons , forewarned is forearmed, yes, in this regard, if you suspect that you are not without sin, your thinking, yes, as we

agreed, today, well, everyone is not without sin, not everyone, that’s for sure, but not everyone suspects it, rather the opposite, so remember that the quick decisions you make are often flawed, and, accordingly, pay attention to the fact that you are easily fooled bright wrapper in a variety of options that you easily underestimate some hidden or half-hidden aspects of the situation, that you make mistakes for the sake of your self-esteem and so on, so on, so on , that you have stereotypes, that you have some established frames for perceiving the situation, yes, that is, perhaps, you need to do it more often start the system.

but he allows himself this kind of stupid delusion, this is precisely the payment for adaptability, for the ability to cope with information, with complex communication situations, and so on, so on, so on. many years ago, let me give you an example, psychologists asked ordinary people to keep diaries very specific properties: how many times during the day do you make mistakes, well, here are the simplest ones, well, you took a tube for shaving instead of toothpaste, tried, accordingly, to add salt to something, grabbed sugar, and so on, and so on, and so on , when these same respondents were sure that everything would be anonymized, we were talking about dozens of such small errors a day, yes,

in fact, this was before all the talk about cognitive errors, then people just happily classified what happened, it’s impeccable in different ways we we make mistakes in the most... trivial situations, yes, i repeat that we are talking about dozens of mistakes a day, as you understand, well, a lot, why are these adults, reasonable, adapted people, not a kindergarten, as we sometimes say, what is creative process, the creative process is a path of mistakes and failures, that is , this is the basic part of the process, well, besides what to know about cognitive errors, is there some kind of method, training, course? people argue that it is possible to increase the degree of rationality of decision-making, that is, the number of situations in which you launch system 2, if you are seriously engaged in solving some problems, yes, accordingly

, very different ones, it is not very clear how much the skill that you acquire when solving problems that require system 2 can be transferred to a variety of other situations, such a sporting thing, but also... often a painting or some other work is a completely different view of the phenomena that surround a person, so an impressionist artist came out and saw a sunset in red, although he had seen it all his life saw gray, and it forced the viewer to look at an ordinary thing differently, from a different point of view, this helps to avoid cognitive errors if you start trying to understand how a work of art works, any, picturesque, with

a little freedom they saw the same object from another point of view, one can only applaud, and that it is useful to look at

the same thing from different points of view, this is actually the recipe, well, as soon as you start trying to understand it, it turns out to be complex, multifaceted, multifaceted, contradictory, and the more points of view you find, the more you discover, in fact, and this really is such a boundless immersion. schrödinger's cat podcast is with you and today we are talking about cognitive distortions. you can watch all episodes of our podcast on the website 1tv.ru. tell me, do you yourself have cognitive errors? and for example, well , accordingly, with the number of everyday mistakes, everything is endless, as in the studies of chryson , which i quoted, and an even more amusing mistake, i also really like it, there is such. the impostor effect , yes, accordingly, regardless of your professional level , you are constantly realizing how much you

don’t know, you are waiting for someone to chat with you , yes, what is it, how can you not see that i don’t know this, i don’t know this, i i know a lot of things, but at the same time, yes, as socrates said , yes, i know that i know nothing, let ’s still give at the end of our conversation a clear definition of what a cognitive error is, when we talk about errors, in the cognitive sense or in non-cognitive, then of course, we are talking about the fact that the process of processing information leads to some deviations from what is, well, in some sense, in fact, yes, accordingly, to some illusions of perception, when we see the wrong thing what really is, or to illusions of thinking, when, accordingly, we miss some fundamental factors and make decisions based on, say, superficial information, yes, that is, in this regard, when it comes to cognitive distortions, then this is a deviation from some not just

acceptable, but some more rational, decision-making, option , idea, yes, something like this, from probably the basic laws of logic and statistics, which yes, but this is not about thinking, no, you just said from how in fact, in fact, this concept is completely extensible, yes, once again, i’m trying to continue to narrow this matter, but i repeat that we are talking about deviations from rationality, yes, from that completely constructable, reasoned version of the same the decisions itself, which we did not make because we got carried away by some other beautiful, attractive , striking, yes, elements of the situation, but which are not its essence, when we have deviated from some essential aspects, situation, subject, process, our goal and other things. well, let’s take a more precise example of this, as in fact one of

the well-known cognitive distortions, imagine a maternity hospital in which the first option is born: boy, girl, girl, boy, girl, boy , second situation: boy, boy, boy, boy, which one which situation is more likely? well , accordingly, this is a well-known experiment by canovansky, 1974, if you know the statistics, remember that the probability of having a boy is born. and girls are approximately the same, but the main thing is that the gender of the next child does not depend on the gender of the previous child, then both sequences are approximately equally likely, people, even those who know statistics, alas, overestimate the similarity of this sequence with the general population, if we have approximately equal numbers of boys and girls seems to be more

a probable situation is called the error of the representativeness heuristic or simply the representativeness heuristic, i specifically gave an example. because here it is very clearly visible how our cognitive schemes contradict, well, more or less objective laws of statistics, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and it strongly contradicts, so i talked about this a week ago at a lecture and people who have decent technical education, they simply argued with me foaming at the mouth, proving that no, that statistics say something different, it was a lot of fun, well since we already need to finish, let ’s finally make some wish: to our viewers and listeners, naturally on the topic of cognitive distortions, cognitive errors, how to live, what do you advise, come on egor, first you, i would advise you to avoid such hasty judgments, try to look at familiar, seemingly obvious things from new points of view. thank you, vladimir, i would

have put the same thing into just different words. professor, head of the ranhix cognitive research laboratory, vladimir spiredonov. this is the easy money podcast, i am its host , mikhail khanov, and today we are studying how much

money it takes to give birth, raise, raise a child, and give him. education, well, the main thing is probably to educate, how much does it cost, to raise two children, three, uh, how will benefits from the state help with this, in fact, the topic is very complex, and sofia lyalikova will help us understand it, hello, sofia, sociologist of the russian academy sciences, employee of the institute of socio-economic problems of the population, hello, sophia, how can i approach this topic without breaking my head, i apologize for such simple language, nevertheless. in fact, when i heard the key question of our program today, it also puzzled me, because really, how can one evaluate parental love, and what equivalent can it be translated into, and so on. in fact, when we talk about money in the context of a family, we must understand that we are not talking about multi-million dollar investments in our child or in our children, but we are talking about

creating the most favorable conditions for meeting the needs of children. each one. of us have a certain level of values, including we roughly imagine how many children we would like to have in the future, we meet a partner, and when we communicate with him we understand whether our attitudes coincide or not, then we can fulfill the needs for children that we have already developed under the influence of our life experience, family values , and so on, material conditions are already influencing. if we are talking about barriers that prevent the birth of children, then just a huge number of research agencies, they study these reasons that allow us to refuse the birth of a child or postpone it for a certain, and sometimes even indefinite period, and in all these ratings it is precisely material difficulties that win , then with less popularity come housing conditions, but this is a tandem of two key barriers to which family and demographic

policy measures need to be directed in order to support children families with different numbers of children, well, let's... gradually figure it out, because in principle, you have set two main vectors, around which i think our dialogue today will be conducted, how important it is here , even to take my people there, say, grandparents and the post-war period, when there weren’t even men to have children, but because our country suffered huge losses in the great patriotic war, but no one thought about money, no one thought about whether it would be enough whether to educate or not, well, we’ll survive somehow, yes, i myself have four children, and i can’t say that when the first children appeared, i thought there wouldn’t be enough money for me, well, because there’s money in raising them. air , well, it occupies all the space, that is , how much money you have, so much you will spend, because this is an instinctively inherent love for offspring, in fact this is the main essence

of being there for a person, in my opinion on earth, yes this is love, this is life, procreation , why now the emphasis has shifted, so let’s go back to the first reason why now the emphasis has shifted precisely to the material component, will we be able to afford or will we not be able to have a child ... where did this come from? is it evenly distributed all over the world or are there still countries that give birth without regard for money? uh-huh, well, in fact, the answer to this question lies in the level of economic development of the country, the richer and more developed the country, the higher the level of aspirations, accordingly, parents today have a huge responsibility, they want to give their child the whole world, the concept of responsible parenthood is very popular today, where we must... first achieve success in our career, earn a certain capital, provide our family with decent living conditions, and only then we will think about children, 70% of russians spend from 20 to

40% of their income on children , directly , in general, for children, respectively, in each region, for each person , family income is different, and, accordingly, the share of finances that is spent and dedicated to children is also... a difference, but nevertheless, the structure of these expenses is the same, plus or minus, because first of all, these are clothes, the second, large line of expenses is the child’s education, and food, from 30 to 25% is distributed between medicine, toys and high-quality equipment, the child does not need expensive toys, he doesn’t need expensive railways, he doesn’t need any supermodels, you take elementary ones glued together from... from beads, from reels, from some boxes, some kind of, i don’t know, construction elements, playing with it, we show how you can play it, uh,

the child is happy and he gets emotions precisely in movement and activity, and rather than what you give him some expensive electronic machine, but he lost 2 minutes with it, i forgot, now the current passion of young people for gadgets, i think that this is a pure flaw parents’ water, because when we say, well, they’ve buried themselves, they don’t... and so on, nothing like that, if you take the time, that’s it, in my opinion, the most valuable capital that parents can give to a child is their time own, because that if you devote time, then you succeed, you, or rather, you give the child certain patterns of behavior, because he has nowhere else to get them except from his parents, and he is happy to join in his game; it may not be so expensive, here it’s good that you switched to numbers, here i would add that here the state is primarily focused on...

today the concept of such parenting, which is the most popular and the image of the family is a dad who earns money, especially if we are talking about moscow , for example, a mother who is more able to devote her time to children, it is not necessary that she should not work there, on maternity leave and so on, she may have a flexible schedule and be able to spend more time with her children, but nevertheless less burden on a woman today, it is quite large, so there is not always time... in a quality way in the game, in particular, spend time with the children, because you need to think about what he will eat, what he will wear, where necessary cleaning, all this takes time,

of course there are studies of time budgets that show this differentiation between men and women, there are numbers, you can open it on rustat, look, of course there is, but in reality fathers do not spend very much time there per week it turns out to be about several hours, there from 15 to 2.5 hours daily, this is a good arrangement if children and parents, in particular fathers, meet there after work as consultants to the government, as consultants to those who are responsible for some material incentive programs, you give this emphasis, what is worth, perhaps, instead of huge benefits, this is also important, maybe it is worth carrying out some kind of ideological work with parents, with future ones, and educating children already in schools in such a way that the most... what’s important is that these are not material investments in the child, but rather temporary and human ones. there is no such thing, there is no such tendency, let’s put it this way. i understand what you are talking about, in fact, today we cannot talk about mutually exclusive things, either this

or... we are talking about material component, we have it today with the level of benefits that we have, essentially speaking, well, to be honest, this is social policy, because when a child is born, the average per capita income of a family, it somehow decreases, and taking into account the fact that a woman most often spends at least a year and a half on maternity leave, which means a single-income family remains, plus additional expenses for the child, what’s the term single-income, single-income , but it turns out that you have to choose... between work and a child, combining it, well then there is i’m actually getting to the point that, uh, you know, just like friendship, like love, also raising children is a very big job, hard and serious, in fact, if the parents are not ready for this, yes, if children are obtained by chance, and if children are obtained for the sake of benefits, to what extent, by the way, this is also a question, probably an interesting one, to what extent did parents, perhaps,

begin to indicate during research, during surveys? that they had a child for the sake of child support for a second child or have they not stooped to that level yet? listen, well, this is actually really interesting question, no one will answer it directly for you, respondents, yes , i’m talking about them, our level of benefits is so low that no one dares for the sake of such benefits, there is 5000 for the first child, we are talking about maternity capital, it’s ours. ..

maternity capital, family capital, as it should have been called, it should have been about 10,000 dollars, from this figure this is what is left, today we have maternity capital for the first child of 589 thousand rubles, i think, well approximately yes, a little more for the second one if you received for the first, then it is reduced , that is, i do not receive, there is a figure of the order of 780, that is, if i received for the first, then for the second i receive not 780 but a delta, 89, it seems so, well, significantly, significantly less, let’s say, but in general, essentially speaking , stimulating the first child was not very effective, because one way or another , our level of family values ​​in our country is quite high, and the vast majority will give birth to the first child, the question is: at what age they will do this, it remains open, such measures stimulation, they just work not on the desire to give birth to more children, on

the desire to speed up this process, but what is the average now? according to the study , the age when couples in russia have, well, i don’t know, the birth of their first child, is about 29 years old, in moscow it is slightly higher, previously the most active reproductive cohort was 20 to 25, now from 25 to 29, and we we are gradually moving towards an increase, because our lifestyle is changing, additional opportunities are opening up, i’m not saying that this is bad or good, it’s just... the order of implementation of a certain level of values, it changes a little, there are questions to which there is no answer, but there are others to which precise and direct answers will be given. you can ask your question now by calling 8 800 200 4040, via sms to 04040 or through the moscow websites. ru and

moskvadefisputinu.rf. all details are on the websites. results of the year with vladimir putin. december 14, at 12:00 moscow time. you are watching the easy money podcast, i am its host , mikhail khanov. today we are discussing such a complex, diverse, multifaceted topic like birth. raising a child, how much it costs in our country, how much it should cost, how much it will cost, how much it costs to raise one, two or even three children, sociologists are not afraid of this shift in the time of birth of the first child, not to mention the second, that is to what age in general, in principle, now on average, according to statistics, women give birth, even a second child, well, in fact , the reproductive age of a woman is, well, formally from 15 to 49 years, it is clear that in the overwhelming

majority of cases, by the age of 40, this happens the most complete implementation, after 40 the level of pathology is already high, and women, more often than not, ask questions about what is stopping you from having a child after this age, they say that he is no longer the same, because this is fraught with health problems like a child, so for a woman, what happens is this fork, that is, you first delay it because you want to realize yourself, earn capital, and then you get a limit at the top, this is 40 years, that is, it turns out to be a very short period, the most active age for having children, that’s right , that's just it the results overall show that from 18 to 24 years old, 40% of respondents say that it is too early, after 35 to 45, it is too late, unfortunately it is too late, and how to solve this problem, and how to solve this problem, we have the appropriate institutions that should be engaged in the development and, most importantly , the implementation of effective measures of family

and demographic policy, not just which we take out of thin air to ban something, allow something, and so on, these are scientifically based, which are based on experience, on global, all-russian, from experience... regional and federal studies, this is, unfortunately, what we lack in order to make correct, correct decisions, respondents say that we should have more children, please increase our salaries, increase family income, in fact, the numbers well, quite realistic, in general, to have another child, respondents say that they need 58.00 rubles, that is, in fact , plus 58 to what they have. plus 58 per month, yes, then they will definitely give birth to another child, regardless of how many children they have, and every tenth child only needs 15, so if we are talking about the fact that we now have a demographic problem, the total fertility rate is 1.4, that’s just

a guard, give us up to two whole let us explain for our audience the coefficient: the total fertility rate or the so-called fertility rate, this is the coefficient that, well, let a woman have children. during the period of one’s actual age of suitable birth year from 18 to 49 years, if for reproduction nations, now on planet earth, this coefficient is 2.1, that is , relatively speaking, 10 women, if they give birth to a total of 20, 21 children, then we are talking about the fact that the population of a specific country, yes, it reproduces, the population does not decrease . here again, in russia this coefficient is 1.4, here is 1.5, well, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5, in america, in my opinion, these figures of 1.6 are also not far off, these are interesting figures in northern europe, the numbers are 1.1,

that is, all those who are worried about what having eighty-one genders will lead to when filling out a citizenship application great britain, this will lead to the fact that all these 80 are one gender, only two will remain, as has been the case from time immemorial on planet earth, but another figure is typical, that the fertility rate of immigrants, refugees, from the middle east countries, is 6, 2, these are the problems in russia, do they exist or not, or what are the numbers here for our country, and not for well, i understand, well, for western europe, i would mention the experience of france, by the way, they have the most, well more precisely high, one of the highest coefficients in europe fertility, due to... including, but let's talk about our country, you said that we potentially have such a problem, in fact, i recently literally

looked at statistics on nationalities, what contribution each nationality makes to fertility in our country , in essence, data was collected there up to 40 years of age, these are rosstat data, when... well , the reproductive age of such an active age ends and women, well, have realized what they managed to do, russian women give birth to 1.4, yes, then there are one or two children, mostly the remaining representatives of the migrant community, as you said, tajikistan, uzbekistan and kazakhstan make a certain contribution, but as for the relative share of women in our country, they are less than 1%. and the share of children they give birth to is, well, plus or minus one child more, that is, this is not such a pressing problem as in europe, that is, if we are talking about our nationalities, which are widespread among us, not migrants, these are republics northern...