completely removes some kind of free will, but, that is, you can simply hear something outside and then become that way, because you simply have already created a rigid structure in your head that does not allow you to become different, that is, if yours, remember this very thing, it’s because it’s not me, it’s school, family, upbringing, that’s why, and i have absolutely nothing to do with it, by the way, this is a very serious legal problem, because who’s to blame, we’re mine.

a well-known story about elephants, that is, for a long time it was believed that they do not recognize themselves in mirror, and then, when they finally took a large mirror, it turned out that they even recognized it very well, but with great apes it ’s just as simple as what animal psychologists do, the chimpanzee is sleeping, they quietly stick a piece of paper on his forehead, and then the chimpanzee stood up, stretched, looked yourself in the mirror , oh my god, what is this on me, it’s straight away, female chimpanzees take lipstick and paint their lips, by the way, in... experiments, when they sort of raised talking monkeys, this started in the fifties, you take a baby monkey you raise him just like a human, but they were either small chimpanzees or gorillas, you call everything... you also show

sign language so that the monkey learns this language, because vocalization, it cannot say a word, the vocal cords do not work, but if to conjugate stimuli like sign language, then it turns out that monkeys learn 100 words a year, in my opinion the key word is conjugation, you can also give electric shocks like pavlov or something like that, but you can probably force it, well, okay, and he had all the dogs, well yes, they erected a monument to the dog. yes, well, this is kind of a separate story, but with the monkeys, look, if you then give such a chimpanzee, for example, cards with photographs of people, her own and other chimpanzees, she puts it in two piles, she puts herself with the people, then living in human society, she also considers herself a human, and therefore these same ones, and this is all true, this is so wonderful, but i once read that many of these studies...

they are not entirely correct, because human who lives with a young animal, he is in it falls in love, well, as it should, as we love our pets, yes, and we endow them with properties that are not really there, and there were these with gudols and with many others, then there was some kind of criticism that said , that in fact everything is not so, anthropomorphism is a terrible sin, but, well, from a scientific point of view, these are the experiments that i talked about, they... really met similar criticism and came up with another method when the monkey almost does not interact with a person, but interacts with the keyboard, instead of sign language on such a large keyboard, well, like chinese characters, but you just need to press the right button and there, like in a hotel, call room service, so that you bring it to mind, yes, but there are hundreds of these buttons and i don’t know there is a red circle - this banana, and i don’t know, there’s a blue diamond there - is it the word laugh or something else, it turned out that

the speed is about the same, even this language yokisch was named after the eerks center in the united states, where these experiments are carried out, that is, there job goes through the keyboard.

jumped from 400 g, first to 800, and then to 300 kilos, you won’t get it, but this is an abrupt increase in the volume of the human brain, it, apparently, also has naturally negative sides, it is believed that the frequency, high frequency of schizophrenia, every hundredth a person is schizophrenic, this is in a sense the payment for such a spasmodic evolution. the badden baden podcast is live, the most truthful podcast. medicine and i am its presenter, konstantin severinov. today we are talking with moscow state university professor, neurophysiologist vyacheslav dubynin about brain. why do we sleep, it’s the brain, the brain obviously works differently, but on the other hand it certainly works, just like you see some nightmare. you think at least it wouldn’t

work. with sleep, in fact, the story turned out to be very complicated, again, as always , not fully known, but there are two states: the so-called sleep-rest, slow waves appear on the electroencephalogram. a paradoxical dream, when there are waves on the electroencephalogram, as if a person is actively doing something, we see images, we all see dreams that we can then tell me, we actually lived there , but, although these are unreal events, at the moment when a paradoxical dream occurs, the likelihood of dreams is much higher, it turns out that at this moment the brain, separated from sensory signals, firstly, sifts through the information from point of view.

in fact, in the end, if you ask a person what was there on vacation 10 years ago, you will hardly remember where it was, and like, well , it seems it was good, but what if, and this is because there is limited storage, here you can probably work and try to remember, well, i don’t know, some authors,

tolstoy, anyone, they obviously have a huge, absolutely - stock of images, paintings, which are probably connected with their personal life, which take them out of somewhere, to have a good memory, you just need to try to remember as much as possible all the time and reproduce without reproducing, that is, you need to remember, yes, but without a new injection of activation into this grid, it will gradually seem to dissolve, that is, the level of excitation is lower and lower in this network, it’s easy for you to remember what an orange is, to remember something that you studied as a student and it seems to be in your record book: an a is already more difficult, but something is not remembered at all, and it’s like, well, there’s evgenia onegin, for example , you can probably read it, you can enjoy it, you can learn it, then you can reproduce it, well , if there is someone who wants to listen, but at the same time i will only learn to read eugene onegin

or my memory will generally become better, i i’m just stimulating this grid, or is it in principle it’s good, but at school they force you to teach in a strict way, you know, because we’re in favor of it. memory responds first with a short-term block , then a long-term one, short-term - this is the hippocampus, it turned out that the hippocampus trains quite well, and grows... we beat it and the ability grows physically in the head, in the head this kind of thing grows, that is, it is possible in the hippocampus this very neurogenesis, that is, one of the zones where neurons continue to divide, complicate the network, this very hippocampus increases in volume, and if you went down the path of learning foreign languages ​​or complex poems , only complex complex ones, yes, i understand that i... evgeniy anegin didn’t take me, this is the same thing, the divine comedy,

i took it in italian, no, i took it in russian taught , in italian, it would probably be even cooler, but unlike evgeny anegin, there is a heavier text, even in lazinsky’s translation, and there, as dante begins to list his enemies, or these very ancient gods, and there it’s just loaded, is loaded, and really at some point this the hippocampus becomes more efficient. but in fact - well, for me, if we talk like these are life hacks, of course, the most important thing is to reproduce what you know, then the actors, then the actors should be the smartest, i recently read torkovsky’s memoirs, he says so many nasty things about them wrote, but in principle , an actor as a profession is memorizing a huge amount of information and reproducing it, but it’s very very specific, it seems to me that associate professors and university professors are even more oblivious you think i'm talking on the plate.

this wonderful system , it would seem, it would seem that everything should only get better with age, we have more experience, more opportunities to share it and reproduce it, we are not designed for immortality, yes, each specific individual, it should be, even arms, legs they don’t work , that’s how clever he’s become, that’s clever, yes, but unfortunately , firstly, they still say that old people are wise, no one...

the first to play in the box, who will have alzheimer’s, yes, who, that’s if the first one gets sick, the twins always know which one is first

was born, yes, so, will the second have it, and the control for them is the so-called dezygotic, that is, half-uterine twins, well, in fact, it would seem that this is a rare event, but on a planetary scale this is already all and you see that in monozygotic they are more likely to have identical twins, if one gets alzheimer’s, then the other will too, this 60% arises from a comparison of these... dezygotic ones, there is a wonderful holzinger equation that allows you to calculate this, and it was invented more than 100 years ago , but now they don’t work like that, now they are taking and doing a full genome analysis , but if there is no twin, what are they doing? now they are taking and doing a full genome analysis of people who have alzheimer's, and there are 5,000 people, and then, oops, it turns out that these 400 genes are yes are responsible for or correlate their alleles.

in dementia it’s not at all something like alzheimer’s, but worse, the blood goes to the colum, yes, yes, with the appearance of these same cholesterol plaques, everything else, and this is also dementia, but here there are completely different approaches, with dementia of the brain, affected cells, they they probably differ in some way from healthy ones, in general, immunotherapy is a brain disease, and you will kill neurons, but you want to kill only those that are already somehow not the same, it’s still very bad. option, the problem is that you can’t kill anything in the brain, because, i don’t know , conditionally, something like alzheimer’s happens to the liver, tendons, and other tissues, it’s called old age, but there, if defective proteins have accumulated inside , you just kill this cell, the neighboring cell divides replaces, this does not work for the brain,

because each neuron is placed in its own network, it is connected by information, there is no duplication, maybe you can try in childhood. how to create two systems, you say that we have a lot of everything that is not needed, two motor systems, so , apparently, there is duplication, of course, but it can only withstand a certain level of defects, and the same alzheimer's disease itself, it does not suddenly appear, yes, but gradually, gradually these very changes increase, and then the two halves work exactly how, there is this classic case that half of kant’s brain did not work, and he was clearly very smart, but that’s what they say, at least, that is, he just...

in this case, when a very narrow manifestation pathologies, a certain type of neurons is affected, then it works , it’s great, because this is it, this is it, finally, finally, finally, there is something optimists, great, because our dopamine does not stop degeneration, but a person has 10 more -15, or even 20 years to live more or less normally, and then at least there’s grass not to grow, it seems to me that this is still very optimistic.

uses dopamine agonists, substances similar to dopamine, but they already begin to have side effects, because they increase aggression, intensify cliptomania, well , that’s a different story, cliptomania seems to me to be one of our main programs, in principle, we all have programs property, this is mine, this is what it is, yes, so it’s like they’re sitting with us.

we spoke with msu professor, doctor of biological sciences vyacheslav dubynin about brain. about the most important thing.

an old joke says that science is a way to satisfy one's curiosity at the expense of the state. hello, today we have gathered our thoughts about science and how to get young people involved in science. nikita yurievich anisimov, rector of the higher school of economics.

science is also a slightly different thing, one thing is you open the veil of the unknown, yes, over such a black abyss, you highlight with a projector beam what is in this abyss, and another thing, you combine what is known, well, create some technologies , also two different approaches to this, but of course curiosity and interest in the world is the first driving force of a scientist at the expense of the state. well, you know, firstly, one cannot but agree that the joke is probably old, it appeared around the same time when states began to appear, yeah,

because well, it seems to me that one of the missions of the state is to generally satisfy their citizens, therefore, on the one hand, these are jokes, on the other hand, this is reality, because the state, in relations with citizens, uses them both efficiency and fundamental science, because industry... no one has canceled its effectiveness of investments in fundamental science, but in the applied part of the state, ordering an applied result, of course receives a very specific result from this curiosity and interests of citizens, capitalizing them significantly capitalizing, i really wanted to talk about how to attract, but again it is well known that in order to answer the question how, you need to answer the question why, yes, but how for a young man who is thinking about what to do in life, here to him. and then it’s interesting, and then it’s curious, and then, here’s what to tell him about the world of science, why, what this world is like, why a person should engage in science, so that he gets carried away and at

the same time understands whether it’s his or not. what could be the approach here? error-free approach what is the standard approach when you try to do this, this, fifth, tenth, in childhood, in youth, maybe yes, the sooner you understand who you want to become, and what you can do, what the main thing brings you pleasure in life, the better, but i know there is such a singer of our state, in general, a statesman, aleksandrevich prokhanov, he finished mine, in my opinion, yes, he went to work in the box, it would seem that he was a statesman. he feels the state, he works things out, and he left there, as i remember, because it just turned out not to be his, he couldn’t be in this routine, coming at 8 to sign, leaving at 6 to sign, it’s quite complicated, well, different structure, that’s not what science is about, so that it comes, no, no, i’m talking about the fact that well, this is his search, he needed freedom, of course in science for people you need freedom, this is number one, of course, you don’t need a lot of money, and you need

to understand that people in... in retaliation for this, you are doing something that all 7 billion inhabitants of the earth have, that is, some result... then, you study something that all 7 billion have, you find something that all 7 billion didn’t know yet, now you

’ve known for 15 minutes, and they...

additional funds, he received some invitations to business, your humble servant also received an invitation to business, starting work in the modest management system of one of i chose the best universities in the nineties, so business and mathematics, between business and modest management in the administration of this university, well, the choice was made, and today we are meeting, please tell me, here’s how to weigh it, you both said about the fact that of course , let’s say, if a person decides to do science, then it’s not about making money, but at the same time, well, naturally, he lives, he needs something to eat, there’s a family and so on, it seems to me that the cultural environment as a whole, it is today, well, very little stimulates this interest, because she says, well, you must be successful, you must succeed, and this is largely this fashionable kpi, it is actually financial, yes, but the scientist really, his point of attraction, it

is in a different area. but in the culture of support for this position, well, i don’t even want to idealize soviet times, but in soviet times it was much more powerful, it was easier for a person to choose this pursuit than now, because now it’s really not just an offer from business, but consciousness, you see, the offer can be rejected, if so to speak, according to the gospel principle, where your treasure is, there is your heart , since childhood everyone at school tells you that well, and you must, so to speak, earn good money, then make this choice very hard. it seems to me that now we have returned to that value paradigm, when scientists are a worthy, prestigious, paid profession, where you don’t just satisfy your curiosity at the expense of the state, but satisfy your curiosity with very good instruments, with good reagents, in communication with leading world teams, and the amount of incentives is much greater even than in soviet

times, so it seems to me that after all we... have overcome this period when the profession of a scientist and the profession of a teacher, i am like a grandson i say school teachers were half forgotten, i remember how my grandfather, a school teacher... was bowed to in the village when we walked out of the village, having picked mushrooms, this was not determined by how much he was, it was a cultural code and his relationship with people, now we see the attitude of our students at the university, our scientists at the university, and how the guys in international-class laboratories communicate, they are interested, how they get involved, no, it seems to me that we are in this period of forming values ​​and significance. the professions of researcher and scientist are gone. i saw a time when there were no reagents, when there was no equipment, yes, but what motivates a person in such a situation. what can i say,

it’s a shame. i, there are practically none. that is, unfortunately, our country does not produce reagents here for the science it occupies. changed, well, i wouldn’t quite agree, of course he changed, in general, from creation to consumption, a scientist, he is of course such a creator, he is such an ascetic in the world, a monk in the world, by and large and...

here is one of his relatives should have been admitted costs 80,000 a year, yes, plus insurance, plus housing, that is, come on , tugriks, they need to be counted relatively, so 200,000 a year is not, if you are some aspiring lawyer, you will million, therefore, and this is a full one, so that you, you understand, still need to become a full professor wow, what a long time to live, yes there were times when there were no reagents at all, i remember that when i was a graduate student, it was 1992 there. 1993, well, my dad had a car, i drove around, drove a taxi, then with this money i bought some enzymes, yes, my parents gave me some money, it was such a very difficult time, but since there was no one there, everyone left , then he says to me, well

, do you want to be the head of the laboratory, i’m a graduate student, well, as if everything is there, there’s nothing there, please, the head of the laboratory is no problem for an empty, half-empty institute, this means that this is certainly not the same story now, progress, that is. publish or die, there are a lot of issues here that definitely need to be regulated, but i agree with my dear colleague that there is certainly progress, i don’t think it can be said that everything is good,

but there is certainly progress if you like meeting with us thoughts, all episodes of our podcast can be found on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru, be sure to watch. and there is contact. results of the year with vladimir putin. december 14 at 12:00 moscow time time. today we gathered our thoughts on the topic of science and education, egor prokharchuk, nikita anisimov, i am vladimir ligoido, we continue, several times nikita emphasized that there is a profession of a scientist, but just so that i understand, yes, after all, the profession of a scientist, here i am as a teacher

of cultural studies, i don’t want to call myself a culturologist there, but i don’t actually do science as such, but i’ve been teaching for quite a long time, i understand that it appears late, yes, the profession of scientists, say, newton, he was not a scientist by profession, yes he was a government official, he was involved in some kind of finance, something else, yes, but the profession of a scientist appears a few centuries later, you know, like with philosophers, we say, there is a professional philosopher, yes, but what is his difference? - it’s already socrates there or there i don’t know plato, that for these people life is an occupation, yes, they were one thing, here this, so to speak, academic philosopher came, said something, said something, and then went on there, i don’t know, mind my own business, there’s this gap, i lost it science with the emergence of the profession of a scientist, i’ll ask you out of the blue, because you talked about this as an unconditionally positive thing, i understand why, but there are some disadvantages in the emergence of this profession of a scientist, you know, it seems to me that any ordering - it narrows the scope , in this regard, in this regard, of course

, before the advent of rome, the absence of roman law probably gave people more opportunities when we regulate this or that profession in a certain way, today we are discussing the profession of a scientist, of course, this narrows opportunity, and to be honest, very often the manager is the first to start telling the scientist that... it’s not very correct, he begins to dictate to the scientist extra rules for the very purchase of reagents, instruments, to complicate procedures that, it would seem, in other places more attractive and can reorient the very youth we are talking about today, because well, now there is a race for talent, and not only salaries, but also conditions, such implicit ones, the presence of certain limitations on opportunities . and the scientist needs freedom, we can attract or repel

, therefore, of course, in addition to institutional solutions, which i spoke very carefully about, investing in creating projects, yeah, it’s very important to pay attention to each person and his needs, by the way, to the needs of his family, yeah, because that a scientist does not always make certain decisions about his future, only relying on his everyday experience, but on the everyday experience of his family, especially a young scientist, so... a lot of such interesting turns immediately open up, yes, but since i have already stated that we will talk about how to attract young people , look, let’s say, there are areas, well, sports, for example, where it’s clear, yes, you want to do figure skating, well, how old are you? 12, goodbye, there’s ballet, yes, why don’t you came 5 years ago, for science there is something similar, or here is a fundamentally different story, and you can become successful as a scientist quite late, it was already partly said that you need to try the trial-error method in school, but these kind of patterns, well... it might be quite late to start doing science, well

firstly, about the profession of a scientist, a priest is a profession, if we are talking about christianity, then inside christianity is a calling, yes, if this is a famous profession or calling, so to speak, the priest must hear this call, as they say, well, a scientist should also hear the call, but he can, that is, relatively speaking, well , he still has to prepare, but it’s not for nothing that i gave this example, well, that is, do you understand? internal, internal motor like this, less money, by and large it’s just the one that sits inside you, it’s the voice, i don’t know, calling, whatever you call it, he will move you, so you won’t steal money from your gran.

this also happens very often, this happens,

so this is not an easy story, this.