judas must hang himself, but either repent or repent, so he repents, and the sincerity of this repentance allows him to come up with a new poem of odyssia, in which he gives his new life. i am far from trying to convince the reader that they just need to rewrite, no, they need to repent, and then as such a gift, maybe , maybe i won’t... stay with the good ones before i die. who recruits mercenaries for ukraine? my name is thomas, i am the chief operating officer of the european security academy. why do they flee from the battlefield and complain about the leadership of the armed forces of ukraine. they always delayed our salaries. frank recognition of those who wanted to make money, but found themselves in a trap. but i’m not

going to participate in assault operations, petro poroshenko made his first order, who does he want to eliminate first, exclusive from prankster and lexus, anti-fake, premiere, tomorrow on the first, all the troubles in russia are from the guard, don’t let power slip out of your hands , military, you didn’t pass, dozens of officers read these papers before me, and you read them too, or why shouldn’t i trust you? "if in our regiment, the soldiers would kill the commander , look, the sovereign would think about how tall you are, i will never get used to it, but now is the time, mikhail mikhailovich, to play pranks, you will wait until the second coming, let turbetsky dream, and we will make petersburg , swarm with conspirators, we must speak out openly.

against the sovereign, then it will become obvious to everyone what has become obvious to me, he is weak and insignificant, which means he is not needed, what will happen now, katya, a big premiere, a union of salvation, so we begin, prince, tomorrow, after program time, today we gathered our thoughts about memory, its secrets and mysteries. and so, actually, in a broad sense, i have this question, in a narrow sense, a little narrower, then the question about the value of memoirs. as

historical documents, because in general, what are memoirs, this is the memory of an individual person, and the memoirs of another contemporary about the same events will be different, how to perceive this? well, if you allow me, i would still start with forgetting, so that this topic does not disappear, because we are always in front of this earthly vale. face awareness that we will have to forget, yes , that something completely different awaits, and i always repeat the quatrain of my beloved georgy ivanov, if a new life, oh soul, opens in a black grave, how good it must be so that we forget about earthly, yes, that is , this moment of possible forgetting of what seems valuable is always present in the face of some other memory, this is not a memoir, of course, it is a memoir.

acceptance, here the three of us are sitting and we see completely different things, it’s not even the point that we are directed there, everything is completely different, because there is a wonderful neurophysiologist alexander yakovich kaplan, when i consulted with him about roman chagin, he said that even at the stage of vision, vision is not optics, it is the brain.

a completely special picture, and how it is all later remembered in memory, what changes it undergoes, one can only be surprised in general, that is, memory stores completely different things, it’s not like there are five cameras, five identical pictures taken, it’s completely different history, and - memoirists are needed, well, at least to check where, if we want historical ones, i just know, i thought of something else, here the bridge is thrown directly to the topic of imaginary memories, not just interpretations, again in chaigin there is this nikolai ivanovich, yes, this story about chagin’s business trip to britain

, i’ll be honest, i still want to think that it’s invisible, when in the end i think that it was he who came up with it all, i don’t like it, i’ll assume that it was , but in fact, here is another of our kaplans - the author of a wonderful fama, in his article on chagin, yes, he wrote that he, as a mathematician , immediately remembered complex numbers , parts of which are imaginary quantities, but the meaning is that this creates a kind of volumetric vision, and then you know, i immediately begin to think further , i remember lotman, who says that art - this is the experience of the unlived, the most important human experience, it turns out that the imaginary memories of any person, they allow him to be... a creator in a sense, more than he is, more than he actually is, it’s almost art, yes, that is without art without art there is no, well it's in in general, anna karenina realizes herself in different ways, for example, anna karenina, i am convinced that everything that happened to her stems from the desire that she experiences when opening a book in the carriage, even at

the very beginning, when she is traveling reconciling stiva with his wife, and meeting there, she travels with vronsky’s mother, meets vronsky himself, she so wanted to live the lives of all the heroes. yes, that's the whole point. i think the reader feels the same way. as a child, i so wanted anegin not to kill lensky when i re-read it, but suddenly he won’t kill him. that is, this in general, fiction is, in principle, a law of art. when you perceive art, you think it is authentic. in general, memoirs are reliable not in the sense that they correspond to some kind of case itself, as zhenya put it, but do not correspond to your conviction, your right.

yes, here in kotaev’s grass of oblivion, he described it there, how he considers his friendship with bunin, so that bunin asked him something all the time and was interested in him, well, mayakovsky asked him, but bunin in the damned days , and his only phrase absolutely devastating, i don’t want to repeat it, that he would sell everyone. includes there, if they paid, here are the memoirs of two people, and about specific ones, they do not contradict each other, these are two truths, they are both true, but solomon’s court, it

’s as if it’s impossible to say what he sold or didn’t sell , that’s not the question, well, yes, but it’s just surprising, so to speak, the range of opinions, well, yes, although here, you know, i can’t help but remember this famous buddhist one. a parable about five or four blind men who approached an elephant, but from different sides, one means who is interested, he is absolutely right, he says that it is a snake or a wall, a rope, yes, yes, the membrane player is always like this, he cannot grasp everything at once, he cannot give this volumetric vision, vision in general, this is our apparatus, we are not we see infrared, ultraviolet, yes, the bat sees, so what, about the experience itself. i have always been fascinated by the fate of an actor, a great actor who really, if he takes his work deeply and seriously, then he can actually live several lives, and can

to live with full dedication, this is a colossal experience, if you approach it correctly, but the actor is not required to read, after all, but completely, but mikhalkov said when he had something to live in, you can’t live there according to the system, maybe we’ll let’s stop for a second, because it’s not according to the system, again here’s nikita sergeevich relatives...

to argue with you, today we gathered our thoughts about memory dmitry petrovich bag, evgeniy germanovich vadolaskin, we continue, i’m always trying to explain to students why memory , they say, well as it is, well, now we can say that they will turn off the internet, they won’t turn it off before, now we understand that the electricity may disappear for some time, yes, but i really liked it - vladimina chernigovskaya and i spoke once on this topic , i say, well, why memory for knowledge, for education, she... says, but memory is not about memorizing information that is not knowledge, but it is about contexts,

associations, yes, that’s it, if you don’t have this on your shelves, yes, then it’s very difficult to put together this mosaic of knowledge, how does this thesis resonate with you, of course, this is a complex existence or existence in context. in general, there is a huge problem, how many works

of art are based on the fact that something is hidden from someone, so that he does not know, does not remember, most often these are all unsuccessful attempts, here is memory, it is certainly contextual, for example, i when something i remember, i often don’t even remember exactly what was said, but i remember where. i hear this smell, it immediately makes me feel high mood, memory - this is not information

that can be presented like this in three pages, memory is the whole totality, this is the world of god, as it appears every moment, but in all its completeness, so, in fact, this has always excited me, so i tried to describe... the way it comes, not as information, a report about something, in all of these, for example, if a child is lying in bed, then he sees drawings on the wallpaper, he runs his finger over these drawings until his grandmother reads robinson cruz to him, everything in the world is connected, that’s what kharms talks about, remember, in the trams are all moving and don’t know how... everyone is connected to each other, but we need to remember this, well, we heard a wonderful essay from the lips of

evgeniy vodolaskin, this is just a fragment from a novel, but i don’t want an essay, but this one gelertor's thesis. vladimirovich, you asked a little about something else, that’s how it is , yes, this is not knowledge, because my two favorite examples, evgeniy borisovich posternak, he told me twice that his father said that... if the gospel had the power of mathematics, there would be no evil in the world, well because no person, believer , non-believer, atheist, buddhist, whatever, can say that he does not distinguish between good and evil in the gospel, well, of course, yes. this is understandable, like two times, like a theorem, but nevertheless, the world is nearby, so some more effort is needed, identification with you. i have remembered for the rest of my life a phrase from the memoirs of alexei felovich losyev, it’s like this, i know it by heart: when i first learned that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles, i realized that from now on this truth is mine, mine, and no one will take it away from me again, you see, this moment is missing, yes,

newton’s law, it came to newton as an insight that he understood this at that moment, and things fell with acceleration. here's a fall and before he formulated it, this device that we all have in our pockets, it accustoms us to something else, yes, that there is just naked truth, memory, spied on it, and it’s as if you appropriated it, nothing something like this, you need to make it your own, assign it with a hyphen, well , after all, in your example from the gospel, i it seems that another difference is that scientific knowledge, well, if you like, is violent, yes, i found out that two is two, four, and if i argue with this, then maybe they will take me away, but only hard labor . but this thing sets us up that this effort requires almost nothing, yes, well, since i spied it, i tell the students, what

should you do 40 years ago if you don’t remember where the line of the poem comes from, he tells me to go to the library, and what will you approach the girls at the checkout? memory stealers wanted to talk too, because look, we we started with the fact that culture is a collective memory, yes, and a person is an individual memory, but what happens is that this may be too bold a generalization, although in essence it seems to me to be true, any information revolution gives a serious increase in collective memory. ..

the story of the gospel, this is a meeting place, but there is an individual and a collective in this in any case, but this is something that ultimately becomes one’s own, it is so... absorbed by a person that it passes, this is also about this say, a special phenomenon when something moves from the sphere of abstract knowledge into your personal history, i just remember myself, some things, they became facts of my life, for example, ups and downs with the characters of dickens, it was me, and

this is inseparable from me, this is what a person appropriates... masters himself, makes it his own, this moves from the category of general historical memory to the category of personal, this is really, you know, but now a thought just occurred to me, maybe it’s quite immature, but it seems to me that in some in a sense, collective memory is there, something that relates to part of the background knowledge, in a sense, can change faster than individual memory, maybe i’m wrong, but now i thought, they left our background context, for example, there ilf and petrov. here i am with the students, when i try to say that i once said that your answers remind me of how shura balaganov boykono monotonously recounted the contents of the brochure to ochakov, i thought that the answer would be a friendly laugh, but the answer was: after all, in a day

the same number of seconds as 2.0 years ago , yes, there are a lot of carriers fighting for us, not only elf petrov, but trifonov has disappeared, for example, i don’t make any comparison between trifonov and elf petrov, galich has disappeared, galich has disappeared, but, but there is no person who doesn’t have trifonov in his head, or makanin, well, here’s another one. in a sense, this is still an example of the greatness, or something, of the work, yes, because sometimes it would not have been better, my famous question, i ask a student,

pushkin is a genius, yes, why, i can’t say, yes, and how ulato, you love pushkin, yes, so hate him, yes, and i immediately begin to tell why zhenya could have confidence as well, why i can’t live without him, yes, but something that is absolutized on the tablets are written down forcibly, it disappears. yes , an absolutely amazing story, i sometimes read fragments of chagin in public, and there i have a story about lenin’s stove, texts by tvordovsky, zoshchenko and nikolai ivanovich, so i see, no one laughs, no reaction, i say, the audience is quite young and i say raise your hand who i read lenin's stove maker, not a single one. i’m not saying that everyone should read it, but in our country everyone knew it, yes, yes, but it was part of the language, and here is an independently living phrase,

here there is absolutely a generation gap, maybe it’s not the worst thing, it’s not something that needs to be repeated day and night lenin is a stove maker, but it shows how differently the generation is structured, what different experiences they have, well, this is the other side, accessibility. the audience stood up as if i was hosting a parade and said: we’ll put the papers in the table, when it wasn’t, well, these were people my age, our age and beyond, but it was impossible to buy the model, get it, or read it.

according to benjamin, yes, so if you want to hear a symphony, you must understand where it is performed, once a year, yes, get there to the philharmonic in another city, then listen, now, what we are doing, click, click, beethoven's ninth , yes, the first skryabina, but this is not completeness, this is lightness, which is false, and lightness, even something more, as i remember, zanusi said, who had not used a mobile phone for a long, long time... and he talked about some priest he knew, who had a dog barking on his bell, he said, why? he says , well, this is a notification, here i am a man from the village, when someone came, a dog barked, when

, excuse me, you are in the restroom and vivalda, yes, yes, and this is something like that, well this is some kind of cultural breakdown, the combination of one process and another is incompatible, i think it’s such a risky joke, dear friends, well, we didn’t have time... in general, i’m not the one who could advise regarding memory, but it seems to me , something yes, i heard and i think that this is so,

we need to calm down. i mean exactly what they say, that in a foreign language it’s better, well, you can do less in your own, less effect, but i’m against the word to teach, you need to learn, recognize good poems, they’re just memorable, survive, lie on your heart, a national goal, well, russian literature - these are poems, yes, this is like the quintessence of language, any speech dies at the moment of utterance , including you and me, these are poems that are immediately forever.

you pour in, they say, if, if you practice, yes, that’s really memory is training, thank you very much, dear friends, i really don’t want to part with you, but time is inexorable, but we still have memory, evgeniy germanovich vadolaskin, dmitry petrovich bak, today we were gathering thoughts about memory. hello, this is the podcast schrödinger's cat, and i am its host, grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the popular science magazine schrödinger's cat. today we will talk about a very, very important topic, about russian swearing, but i want to warn you right away that we will not swear, so if anyone listens to us or watches

children, anxious women, or conservative people, you don’t have to leave , listen to us calmly, just in case, the editors of the podcast have prepared many options for bleeping words, although we won’t say them, we wo n’t talk about them, but about them, and for this we invited a wonderful guest, maria ravinskaya, linguist, member of the spelling commission of the russian academy of sciences, associate professor of the russian language department of the marchiya, if i’m not mistaken, teacher at the higher school of economics. in myth, in general, there are a lot of different regalia and titles, and after these titles i want to ask directly: maria, you are you swearing, mother? as they say at our scientific conferences, thank you very much for a very interesting question, i will answer with a quote: obsessive vocabulary exists in the russian language to express very strong emotions, i experience strong emotions, let's start with...

with the basics: where did russian swearing come from? there is a traditional version: the tatar-mongols, how did everything else bring us their evil curse? well, yes, this version is so gatspirological that some people who believe that swearing is an absolute evil would like this absolute evil not to have a slavic origin, in this version does not stand up to any criticism; among the rooted roots there is not a single turkic one. they are all slavic, pan-slavic and have a long history. it happened historically, we probably won’t go into it too deeply, that in the russian language the sexual sphere was taboo, it was taboo very strongly, for a very long time, these were such sacred words, sacred motives that were not discussed, it was not customary to talk about it, this was back in the pre-christian era, then with... with

the christianization of russia this taboo intensified, we we have received a very strong ban in our culture on the use of certain words, this is a taboo. vocabulary, profanity, as it is also called , is gradually changing, and this taboo is becoming structured differently, but we must understand that it has always been very strong, this is the area that we are not talking about, it was

especially forbidden, much more taboo than in many european languages, are there any analogues of mat, are there any taboo areas of the language in other languages? there are many different language taboos, not only the sexual sphere, in different cultures different spheres can be taboo, well , often sexual, but what else? well, the anal sphere , for example, in the german language, these are much stronger curses associated with the other side, so to speak, of the bodily lower words in the german language, for example, yes, this is a much harsher curse than those associated with the sexual sphere, there are taboos . associated with various kinds of fears, signs, superstitions, even in modern language there are such substitutions when we do not pronounce words associated with alarming or circumstances that are terrible for us, we do not

directly use, for example, words associated with death or fatal diseases, especially if this concerns close people, say the word he has cancer, this phrase, uncomfortable, scary, a person experiences stress physiologically, this you can check, quality tumor, onology, yes, this is a very good euphemism, that is , replacing the terrible with less terrible, less traumatic, and such gemization occurs when used, well, that is, when hinting at taboo vocabulary, when a person violates a taboo, he experiences stress in order to minimize this stress, but... there is a way to hint that we mean some forbidden words, we use euphemisms, there are also a lot of such euphemisms in the russian language related to optional vocabulary, well, they there are a million, well, damn, classic, well, damn , classic. it’s interesting, by the way, that

modern youth do not see the connection between the established word phonetically close and the interjection damn, which they use widely. maxim krongaus in his book, the famous book, the russian language is on the brink nervous in the first edition he wrote that he really didn’t like the use of euphemisms , especially this one, and he made it a fate that he would not communicate with girls who use the interjection damn in their speech, but by some later edition, he realized that, as he said, you can be left without girls, because this is, of course, all very common, and i understand correctly that the word bear, in a sense , is similar to the word damn. in its origin, this is also an euphemism for something forbidden, absolutely true, yes, it’s interesting with a bear, this is a bitter story for linguists, because the original name of this animal is lost in the slavic languages, we don’t know what our ancestors called it, and we won’t know, and we won’t

know anymore, yes, there are different hypotheses, one of the hypotheses, for example, that the bear it was called buka, hence the horror stories about beech and the beautiful word bug, like a little bear, but if someone is a bug. saw it up close, knows that it is quite scary, but they replaced it with euphemism, of course, the name of the most dangerous animal on the one hand is dangerous, on the other hand a revered animal in slavic cultures , so as not to name it or call upon it again, the fear was so strong, the taboo on pronouncing this word was so strong that the word disappeared completely, that is, bear is not a native word , bear is a replacement, yes, that's how...

the word damn replaces an obscene word that is not commonly used directly in society. well, you said that swearing is needed to express strong emotions, i read research somewhere. just about the word damn, where st. petersburg philologists analyzed the corpus oral russian language, where the word damn was used many times, there was a wonderful text by cadets who discuss the stage directions, actively inserting the word damn, and their assessment that damn, this is not even an emotion, it’s such an acoustic plug to make the speech sound harmonious, you need something - to insert some word, well, there is an illusion that you need to insert some word so that... it sounds harmonious, as linguists call it,

this is a filled pause of hisitation, when a person cannot construct a phrase harmoniously, without these plugs , fillings, he gets used to inserting something there, and accordingly, words lose almost all their functions, except for this phonetic one, and some sounds, and it turns out that phrases with these plugs become habitual... they may be different, they may be damn, we could have, like, any parasites, they perform such a function, this speaks of a low, let’s say, speech culture, well, wait, well, here are people with a high speech culture, all sorts of professors , philologists or something else, too use some kind of gags, just more euphonious, for example, due to a number of factors, then the person thinks about what to say to him, he already pronounces some kind of thesis, well, you just used it. at the beginning of the sentence it turns out

that, after all, he is also a parasite, by and large? well, if we take a very strict approach, also a very strict approach, no, still we try to construct a phrase in spontaneous oral speech somehow in such a way as to give ourselves the opportunity to think, to construct it more or less appropriately, yes, that is we do not have the opportunity to self-edit during spontaneous oral speech. no, of course not, but what’s beautiful here? have you

ever heard? i have never heard of someone beautifully constructing some phrases to fill pauses; on the contrary, sometimes unplanned comic effects are obtained. there was an incident in my life, i met a young man, roman , he worked as a driver, in the office where i also worked, he suddenly came to... my birthday, my mother took him into the room, poured him tea, sat, we talked, he ate a piece of cake, left, and my mother was amazed asks, says, mash, why is he saying , he seemed to be talking to me, but he kept addressing me all the time, mah, mah, my mother didn’t understand that he didn’t say mah, but another word, this is filling in the pauses of hisitation, but that’s it these are the constructions. lies with plugs , as you say, are habitual, well, my mother

didn’t understand this word, and he can’t speak any other way, we had such a wonderful case that very well illustrates how this happens, and there is no need for these plugs there is none, that is, there was no that emotional charge that required this rudeness, it was simply mechanical, it was inserted into some, well, pauses, rhythmic intervals that are in the sentence. i like to illustrate the difference between the use of euphemisms and non-euphemisms with a story that happened back in my student days, when i didn’t even think that i would become a linguist, my friends and i went to the pushkin mountains, we had the idea that we would have a trip named after pushkin , we only read pushkin, naturally went to museums, looked at everything, excursions, and in the evenings we solved a crossword based on the works of pushkin, and so...

stratively get upset and lament, here he sits, says: damn, damn, how can you be so stupid, damn, this is such a simple question, damn, like me i will look into the eyes of my friends there and so on and so forth, so he repents, blinks, swings on this net, does not

lose his balance, falls back and hits his head against the iron headboard of the bed, at this moment he utters another word, naturally. and this one smoldered for a few seconds the scene very well shows the difference between the use and hypocrisy of femisms , sincere strong emotions, when you do not control yourself and for the expression of which obscene words exist in the russian language, this is a hint, so to speak, that you mean a strong emotion, but don’t say a word, he’s also specifically unpleasant to me, precisely because of his... insincerity, if you control yourself so much that you replace the offensive word with ephimism, well, for me some kind of kick-ass seems especially disgusting, especially pronounced like this, if you understand that you are breaking a taboo, if you control yourself, that you are replacing it with another

word, take another step, find another word to express this emotion of yours that you have realized. you want to express , if you can’t control yourself, if you feel so bad or so good that speech happens , by the way, whatever you want, that you can’t express it any other way, tell me, they won’t judge you, i i am sure that there will rarely be a russian person who will judge in such a situation another, who uttered a strong word , as they call him, yes, we know that our great... writers and scientists, brilliant cultural people, no one escaped such words, their use in some situations, and some kind of language game, associated with these words, but it’s always such a peppercorn, or like raisins in a bun, there shouldn’t be

too much of it, otherwise the bun will fall apart, everything should be appropriate, everything should be in moderation, the message of the president of the russian federation... is certainly correct, i understand that the story with the use of obscenities is somewhat reminiscent of a fairy tale about a boy and wolves, you can’t cry wolf-wolf all the time, otherwise people won’t understand that a really strong emotion, of course, of course, is absolutely true, if you use a word to express

expression, but use it constantly, it loses its expression, here in the russian language we have, as in many... languages , there are complete synonyms in exactly one area, some linguists say that there are no complete synonyms, they exist, but in one area we are violating one of the main laws language is the law of economy of linguistic means, usually we don’t keep even two identical words, because man is a lazy creature, as you know, this is the main property that determines his life, and we don’t do what we don’t have to do, we don’t keep two words if they are the same, but... in the area of ​​expressive vocabulary, please , we have whole series, for example, for the meaning of steal there is, steal, whistle, slam, there is no situation where you can say slam, but you cannot say steal, i already i won't continue this series, it's quite long, why so?