and you don’t want to buy something really cheap so that it doesn’t spoil things, yes, let’s say, a car there can cost 50 thousand rubles, if you have really expensive things, you need it here now without it, yes, because there is such a need , yes, this is an example when you really get exactly the means of production and solving problems, not very long ago, a few years ago, when i urgently needed a laptop, the old one just broke down, and it was very expensive, we won’t name anyone’s brand there advertise on the air, and i have no hesitation, i just bought it with a credit card, realizing that there was still a discount, that is, i really didn’t make money, as you know, as everyone says, you can make money on credit cards, no, you can’t, you can’t help but spend it extra money, because it should have gone up in price, b it would have gone up right now, i started using it in my work, and didn’t wait until i had this money, and... i didn’t

overpay anything, because i was in a grace period , yes, that is, i would like to record once again, this is what you said, that you can’t make money on credit cards, you can only try to get those marketing programs that banks put into promoting these loans, yes, that is, they don’t advertise to everyone, they say, here we pay cashback, there’s something else, something else, by the way, i know very serious financiers, right from the words of very serious ones, who work in western funds, which... rubles a month, there may well be such a method, well, or a life hack or a test, perhaps, can you have a credit card, maybe you credit card and you use all these bonuses, cashbacks, miles, whatever, but at the same time you have free money in the amount of this limit.

and you realize: yes, i have free money , for example, it’s on deposit, they still make great money there now, i get bonuses from a credit card, cashback, there may be some super discounts on goods, well, i get navat interest, calmly i say that , that is, it turns out, well, let’s carefully approach these words now, yes, because the next one suggests itself, you understand what, yes, i’ll take your wages, especially now interest rates.

stories when it is really profitable to use loans, well, you gave an example of a sale, for example, when it is really possible to buy equipment. here’s a card to a fitness club,

something else you see, well, right now , maybe some tickets in advance if you’re going on vacation, it’s true, now you need money, but please, just for everything it was with your eyes open, that’s what i call it, you honestly know what you’re getting into, that this money will have to be returned, that this money is not yours, that there is a certain date after which interest will begin, just be, well, be careful or something, i don’t know how to say here that you are actually playing with fire, with a knife, with open steel, because we had such a period in russia in the 2000s, when around 2004 real estate began to rise in price and grew 10 times in 4 years, i have a lot of friends who were already quite advanced financiers, they took out loans that they could to take one-room apartments in the moscow region and they reached... there was a mortgage on real

estate in the united states, that is, it all ended with a global crisis, there are examples when we try to deceive the financial system, but it doesn’t work for a long time, and most importantly, that this is impossible , impossible, it still helps me, and it seems to me that this idea should work, remember that banks are so happy to give money for 120 days for free, why don’t they put it on deposit at 15%, well because that psychologically they know that a person early or it will break late, they have statistics.

interest for the previous time, if possible, at least trying to find something positive there in loans, and there are loans, maybe with some small rates that can be put in the back drawer, here it is, you know how here’s my good one, he brought me things there, i ’m slowly paying it off, there’s a very low rate there, or, if there is such an opportunity, it’s still worth getting rid of all the loans... at some point please yourself the fact that you are completely without loans, you don’t have any closed cards, well , i don’t mean cards there, after all, there are one-time stories there, namely bank loans, here in this, in this, well, from my experience i see that people behave here you can simply focus on your personal approach,

because if you look from a financial point of view, a small payment that doesn’t pay off for you is depreciated by inflation over time, and you keep the extra money on deposit in the bank at this time, it seems to make no sense. ahead of schedule why? well, there goes these 500 rubles. maybe i have a loan too, maybe soon it will be a cup of coffee, well, in 10 years, someone says directly: well, no, i can’t, i just don’t like that i have this loan, well, this is mine too, including stories, i wouldn’t i wanted to drag it out, i would have tried to close it, but that option is possible, you shouldn’t rush, probably in this case, you should try with all your might, deprive yourself of the joy of life in general, all for the sake of a loan. you’re not in a hole, but if you still weren’t able to build these steps, personal bankruptcy is a way out or not? quite a way out, it seems to me, but not like me i meet this attitude that then i will declare myself bankrupt, what is this all about,

because many, you know, have heard a ringing, but don’t know where it is, that is, i have everything like that - i wanted to say, believe me, there is such a stereotype that and i announced to myself. how does that person, even, say , or the organization to which you owe money, she will check, and what about your salary, how much you earn there, maybe we will take some part of the salary for ourselves, then we will leave you the minimum certain, maybe you have some additional property, maybe you have three cars, maybe

you have money in your accounts somewhere, but you didn’t tell us about it, maybe you have shares, something else, that is, your creditors will check all your assets even more carefully than than to do this. they look at what you have with your property, what you have with your finances, what with your work, let’s say, let’s do this, but i have nothing, i wrote, wrote your signs according to your advice, folded them, even cut them with scissors, tried to glue them , nothing works, i have four credit cards there a bank, two, two microfinance organizations there that are hanging on their ears are already there, threatening me with the apocalypse, all my loved ones and potential employers, who are also not there, yes. there is no incoming flow, i live with my mother, the apartment will not be taken away , i have no car, nothing, there is nothing to sell there except old things, like this, if a person comes to personal bankruptcy, then what happens to him, no nothing, a manager is appointed who will deal with all this, so he will

manage this process, decide what to do with you still, is it possible to take something else from you or not, let’s say you were declared bankrupt, what is happening, that is, i understand correctly that i am paying off all the debts. well, they say goodbye , i guess you can say that, well, that is, not a single bank or microfinance organization can call you anymore, they say, goodbye, yes, i’m personally bankrupt, what does this threaten, is it somehow?

if you owe money before the personal bankruptcy procedure, you probably had, and as i say, a large assortment of credit offers that you have already taken advantage of, a wealth of experience, and if you were not there during this period we were able to take out a mortgage, well, we’ll probably have to say goodbye to this dream, we’ll have to earn money for an apartment either ourselves, or choose a simpler region, but still this is a serious step, and there’s no such thing as personal bankruptcy, the second one is like in the game, you know how to reboot , i went to the start line again, no, that’s not true. the truth is somewhere in the middle,

this is a process that will require effort, time, and nerves, most likely, but it can also be a solution. thank you very much, anastasia, for being so detailed, indeed, and i believe that we talked quite frankly, step by step , about... about difficulties, about what credit dependence is, about how to get rid of it, how to get out of this state and how to properly financially improve your budget, how to actually try to live without loans at all. thank you very much, thank you. hello, this is the schrödinger's cat podcast,

and i am its host, grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the popular science magazine schrödinger's cat. today we will talk about a very, very important topic, about russian swearing, but i want to warn you right away that we do not swear we will, so if children, anxious women or conservative people are listening or watching us, you don’t have to leave.

to express very strong emotions. i feel strong emotions. let's start with the basics: where did russian swearing come from? there is a traditional version: goals, like everything else , brought us their evil curse? well, yes, this version is so gadspirological that some people who believe that swearing is an absolute evil want this absolute evil not to have slavic origin, this version does not stand up to any criticism, among there are not a single turkic root, they are all slavic, common slavic and have a long history. it happened historically, we probably won’t go too deep into this, that in the russian language the sexual

sphere was tabooed, it was tabooed very strongly, for a very long time, these were such sacred words, sacred motives that were not discussed, it was not customary to talk about it, this was back in the pre-christian era, then with the christianization of russia this taboo intensified, if words were used, then only by men only in male society, but we see traces of this in modern times, some well-mannered men, even if they suddenly use some words, well, for example, when quoting in jokes, let’s assume they still apologize to women for allowing themselves to do this say, but gradually

life with the obscene vocabulary, profanity, as it is also called, is gradually changing. and this taboo is becoming structured differently, but we must understand that it has always been very strong, this is the area that we are not talking about, it was especially forbidden, much more forbidden than in many european languages, well, after all, there are analogues of swearing, some taboo zones of language exist in other languages, there are many different linguistic taboos, not only the sexual sphere is tabooed in different...

even in modern language there are such substitutions when we do not pronounce words associated with alarming or scary circumstances for us, we do not directly use, for example, words associated with death or fatal diseases, especially if this concerns loved ones, so pronounce the word he has cancer, this phrase, uncomfortable, scary, a person experiences stress physiologically, this can be checked and... traumatic, and the same euphemization is with scary to less scary, less used, well, that is, with hints of taboo vocabulary: when a person breaks a taboo, he experiences stress in order

to minimize this stress, but at the same time, as if to hint that we mean some forbidden words, we use euphemisms, there are also many such euphemisms in the russian language related to observant vocabulary, well, there are them million, well damn it, classically, well damn it classically, it’s interesting, by the way, that modern youth do not see the connection between an obscene word that is phonetically close and the interjection damn it, which they use widely. maxim krongaus in his book, the famous book, on the verge of a nervous explosion in the first edition, wrote that he really did not like the russian language.

history, because the original name of this animal is lost in the slavic languages, we don’t know what our ancestors called it, and we won’t know, and we won’t know anymore, yes, there are different hypotheses, one of the hypotheses is, for example, that the bear was called beech, hence the horror stories about beech and the wonderful word bug, like a little bear, but if anyone has seen a bug up close, they know that it is quite scary, but they replaced it... feminism, of course, is the name of the most dangerous animal on the one hand dangerous, with on the other side of the revered animal in slavic cultures , so as not to name it or call upon it again, the fear was so strong, the taboo on pronouncing this word was so strong that the word disappeared completely, that is , bear is not a native word, it is bear replacement, yes

here is some original word that denoted this animal in slavic languages. for various reasons, if the bear was replaced because they replace another word, but because they were afraid of it, then the word damn replaces the pissed off word, which is not accepted. directly used in society, well, you said that swearing is needed to express strong emotions, i read somewhere a study just about the word damn, where st. petersburg philologists analyzed the corpus. from the spoken russian language, where the word damn was used many times, there was wonderful text by the cadets who discuss the stage directions, actively inserting the word damn, and their assessment that damn is not even

an emotion, it’s an acoustic plug to make the speech sound more harmonious, you need to insert something, some word, well, there’s an illusion, that you need to insert some word to make the speech sound harmonious, as linguists call it, this is a filled pause of hisitation.

well, if we take a very strict approach like that, also if we take a very strict approach like that, there’s no way, well , after all , we try to construct a phrase in spontaneous oral speech somehow so that give yourself the opportunity to think, construct it more or less appropriately, yes, that is, we do not have the opportunity to self-edit or self-edit during spontaneous oral speech, but when we...

i have not heard that, as a way of filling pauses, someone beautifully constructed what - phrases, on the contrary, sometimes produce unplanned comic effects, there was an incident in my life, i met a young man, roman, he worked as a driver in the office where i also worked, he came to my birthday, suddenly, my mother took him to...

but my mother did not understand this word, and he cannot speak differently, we had such a wonderful case that very well illustrates how this happens, and there is no need for these plugs , that is, there was not that emotional charge that demanded this completely rudely, it was just mechanical, it was inserted into some, well, pauses, rhythmic intervals that are in a sentence, the difference between the use of euphemisms and non-euphemisms, i love.. .

the comrade was especially upset, and he was sitting cross-legged, and when he heard that it was lyudmila, he began to become so demonstratively upset and lament, so he sits and

says: damn, damn, how can you be so stupid? damn, this is such a simple question, damn, how am i going to look my friends in the eyes and so on and so forth. so he repents, blinks, swings on this net, does not lose his balance, falls back and hits his head against the iron headboard of the bed, at that moment he utters another word, naturally, and this smoldering for several seconds scene u... very well shows the difference between the hypocritical use of euphemisms and sincere strong emotions when you don’t control yourself, and for the expression of which obscene words exist in the russian language. this hint, so to speak, that you mean a strong emotion, but do not say the words, i especially dislike it precisely because of its insincerity, if you control yourself so much that you replace the offensive

word...

no one avoided such words , their use in some situations, yes, some kind of linguistic games related to these words, but it ’s always a peppercorn or like a raisin in a bun, there shouldn’t be too much of it, otherwise the bun will fall apart, everything should be appropriate, everything should be in moderation. 10 years ago , the dream of millions of crimeans came true, the peninsula was reunited with russia, since the sixtieth year i have been living in... in the crimea, when we went over to russia, our poverty ended , our people really came, for 10 years now, i have been living in this state euphoria, the heart of crimea is open to everyone, people from all regions of russia began to come to the peninsula, the crimean bridge was completed and opened , an airport was built, roads, hospitals, kindergartens appeared in crimea, delight, i stopped seeing fields that were ownerless, that is, everything

was in use, hello! yanukovych does not understand that the oligarchs sensed his weakness, they are playing a serious maidan game, i need to go to the maidan, the people are waiting for me, yanukovych’s prospects are heading towards zero, the only way out for him is to take a tough position, fight back, big changes are coming to us here, ukraine updated, up to 1000 people took part in the event

human. let me remind you, this is the podcast schrödinger’s cat, i’m its host grigory tarasevich, our guest maria ravinskaya is a linguist, and we’re talking about such a fundamental topic as russian swearing, but don’t be afraid, we won’t swear, we’ll be as decent as possible, yes, of course, i understand correctly , that the story with the use of obscenities is somewhat reminiscent of the fairy tale about the boy of wolves, you can’t cry

wolf wolf all the time, of course. people won't understand that a really strong emotion, of course, of course, is absolutely true if you use some word to express expression, but you use it... constantly, it loses its expression, here in russian we have, as in many languages, there are complete synonyms in exactly one area, some linguists say that there are no complete synonyms, they exist, but in one area we violate one of the main laws of language, this is the law of economy of linguistic means, usually we do not even use two identical words, because man is a lazy creature, as we know, this is the main property that defines him...

groups, but it is especially important to work with children and explain to them and educate them on what is possible and what is not, because on the one hand, of course , the forbidden fruit is sweet, and children also like that there are expressions behind it, they

love it, so make them learn poetry, no, they will hear extremely obscene language, it will be immediately given to you by a three-year-old child, because it is memorable, but they need... to explain what and how is possible, and this is difficult, because they hear that adults use these words, well, probably, that it ’s hard, that it’s presented as swearing, it’s bad, it’s dirt, and if you do it as you’re telling us now, you say, swearing is very valuable, don’t waste your swearing, value your swearing, you, of course, know all these words, but i don’t spend it, just like dad has a bottle of wine, which he brought from portugal 10 years ago, this should also be appreciated, mother. maybe we can go this route and explain that this is a unique russian resource that needs to be protected, or for example, when you use swear words all the time, we don’t understand, you really feel bad, you have a really strong emotion, here you are

you swear when you nail a nail, when you hit your finger, what do you say, well, unfortunately, students ask me, maybe this vocabulary will be detabulated and... some new linguistic taboo will arise, alas, no, we have no grounds for the emergence of new taboo words instead of those that exist, so yes, we need to take care of what we have, you have become a swearing preserve, yes, or a holiday of russian swearing, it seems to me that we need to take some kind of government measures, we will , yes, let's not throw grist to the mill until tabooization, we will protect the brightly expressive means, which...

because of which they are so powerful in word formation, because hundreds, thousands of forms can be made, well, the russian language in general is very powerful.

stroke, that is, when there is a need to quickly relieve stress, psychological, physiological, even, then this helps, but again, you understand, this is a therapeutic property, it exists until we de-taboo this vocabulary, while there is a strong taboo, because stress is relieved by breaking a taboo, you break a rule, you there, all these processes are somehow harmonized, and if the taboo is not strong, then the therapeutic effect will also be lost, well, that is, swearing should be

compared not so much with dirt, with a parasite , but rather with a jewel, with a holiday, with something... then it’s so valuable that formal clothes, we don’t wear a tailcoat every day, well , it doesn’t quite seem to me, such a metaphor, i would compare swearing or with a very hot seasoning in a sense, yes, as if it’s like a remedy.

yes, i agree, it’s a good analogy, it’s like this works, well, or valuable wine, for example, because if he drinks every day, i don’t know, alcohol is probably not good, so that’s not it. that swearing is not pedagogical, alcohol is not pedagogical, well, i came up with such an unpleasant metaphor for schoolchildren, especially for younger ones, because it is quite difficult to convince younger schoolchildren not to use obscene language, it is quite difficult to explain to them why this should not be done, when i was trying to find ways to reach these hearts, i used an unpleasant metaphor, which also evokes a feeling of disgust.

you won’t be judged for doing it even there, i don’t know, in some unexpected place, but that doesn’t mean you can go spitting at all people just because you... wanted to, that’s for the situation appropriateness, yes, here now it was appropriate, and if you can restrain yourself, then do it, restrain yourself, because with such uncontrolled use everywhere, it really turns into dirty language that is simply unpleasant to listen to, it ceases to be such

an amazing idea. for them, these prohibitions seem like some kind of adult nonsense, and they want to break them, just like, excuse me, in general the whole topic of sexuality, at least boys, teenagers really want to break these prohibitions, well, if we talk about sexuality and words, so to speak, related to sexuality, there is a separate problem here,

because as you know, it was not me who said , nabukov also said that the russian language does not have a verb to denote an act of love in this sense, we do not have... a language to talk about it, now this language appears appeared, it appeared thanks to borrowings and tracings mainly, yes, that is, we have the opportunity to talk about it, before this it was not discussed, this is not a topic that can be talked about, this is understandable, teenagers need to talk about this, this is an important part their lives, an important part of their growing up, but it’s not a fact that they need to speak in exactly these words. no, i was talking about the sexual sphere not in the sense that it should be described in obscene words, i made an analogy that this is also a forbidden area, there is pornography , well, it’s clear that any teenager the male sex will watch some kind of erotica or pornography somewhere. it seems to me that this is not a forbidden area, but this is a forbidden

tool, these are forbidden means of talking about something, well, taboo, right? these are what we are talking about, here the situation is a little different, we say that different things can be discussed in different ways, we have separate words, here they are for this, when we prohibit, it is also quite hypocritical, often, yes, there are no such words in russian, they cannot be pronounced, but children know that they is, and the children know that they are being uttered, then of course they stop believing us, they are simply not what they are... they violate our prohibitions, they do not believe us, they use these words because they know that we are deceiving them, when we explain to them that such words exist, but they were made for this purpose, this tool there with a microscope does not need to be hammered in nails, this tool was made for something else, yes these words exist, yes they were used here, here

here, here, here here, everything, they exist, but they are made for someone else, then children, to me it seems that they will believe us more, as for... teenagers, then in principle for teenagers breaking all the rules, i’m not even talking about prohibitions, rules that exist in the adult world, this is part of their growing up, okay, let them swear if they need to during this period they will talk like this, they will talk like this, i don’t want these to be ten-year-old children, well, for this to happen somehow later, but i must tell you that i make a remark to teenagers when i hear censored speech on the street. and not on the street, and i neither i’ve never received an aggressive reaction in response , i just explain that it’s unpleasant to listen to, if you need to talk like that , please talk quietly so that they don’t hear you, they are embarrassed with understanding and say: “yes, yes, sorry, we we will not". we must understand that language is

a tool, very rich, very diverse, enormous, with a huge number of elements, components, and capabilities. our task is to learn how to use this tool correctly, that is, in what situations, what can we say, there are life situations when non-use, for example, of shitty language is inappropriate, how is that? well, for example, in the army, in closed men's groups, in the army, if a person demonstratively does not use official vocabulary, he will create problems for himself, this may be a conscious choice, but you need to understand what is accepted there, yes, and this... is considered appropriate, if you violate internal laws, then this is your choice, which may entail some additional consequences, so everything has its place, about saving the mat? may be, in addition to prohibitive measures , it is worth trying more to understand similar means, well, for example, i was thinking now

about emotions, because this is also a means of expressing emotions, there is a gigantic range from mild irritation to severe irritation, from moderate delight to stunning delight, maybe we teach schoolchildren how to use it, but they know how, and it seems to me that they are better than us, we have it.

sent, no, well, maybe, well, this is also a means of expressing emotions quite quickly, but at the same time i’m not sure that it is so uncontrollable, like a swear word bursting out, just as strong, no, i don’t think we need to study it, it’s interesting that, by the way, what if we’ve already started talking about written language, that we have graphic euphemisms, what’s that like? because not only when hearing a common word, but when writing it and , accordingly, reading it, a person also

experiences stress, because this is a violation of a taboo, and there are means of reducing this stress, this is graphic fimization, when we replace individual letters of a familiar word with others letters or other symbols, yes, that is, we did not directly write all three letters that, for example, we meant, but replaced the vowel with something. swear, take care of the russian language, including russian swearing, because it is a valuable resource, and there is no need to talk about it. thank you very much, maria,

thank you very much to those who listened to us, may the power of science and the power of language be with you. you can find all episodes of our podcast on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. hello, on air news, in the studio sergei tugushev, at the beginning of the episode, briefly about the main thing. turnout almost 60%, but still a whole day ahead, voting in the russian presidential elections...