soviet homeland, glory to the first kosman , well, like all the people, general rejoicing, i don’t know, even like a military unit, a strict military unit, what are you saying, sabantuy in the evening was such that god forbid, well, flights were canceled for tomorrow , of course, when his father was told this news, well , they said, in my opinion, your yura flew, he says, definitely mine, well, yes, major, he is like that, definitely not mine, my eldest, yes, yes, yes, there is such a story , yes, there is one, they assigned it to him during the flight...

i understand him, but you understand better than me, why did he strive to fly, he was a pilot , in the spirit of a pilot, he needed to fly, he wanted to fly into space, yes, he wanted to go into space for years, he really wanted to do science, and i am sure that these are the bookmarks that he made in his thesis project, if he had become involved in science, he would have done a dissertation quite quickly, and part of this work, which he completed as a thesis project, is part of this work.

happy birthday yuri alekseevich, we congratulate you as a living hero who exists among us with gratitude and joy we dedicate our song to you, vasheder, he turned into simple peace and white teeth. stranger, let's smooth his hair with his hand, while it is not yet reduced to a coma, his good kind kind , his red-haired gentle bristles touched him, even if there was no one, goodbye, goodbye, dear, bestial life, beat, beat, yes, life, wings, hurt

like karin , i loved you, oh, like karin, i loved you, oh, like karen, i loved you, oh, like karen, i loved you, oh, he didn’t know, after how long i floated a fragment. his medals, the stream hit him in the back, and he silently pressed his pedals, it hurt, it hurt, then he fell, was hurt , fell from a piece of debris, he drew himself out , i was all over the naked and naked woman, saw and beat, the wing of life, alela, like karin, i loved you, like

karim, i loved you, kakarin, i loved you loved you, he, yes, i loved you, he.

as if it were true that the milky way, god lowered it onto his stripes, his shoulder straps burn like mercury, he is so beautiful that it makes us sick, he is filled with white light, we laugh at ourselves with kind words, his soul is like a testing ground, it is light for him and for her. i was afraid of life, belombelo, life, krel, pavel, kogarin, i loved you, oh gogarin, i

i loved you, oh gogarin, i loved you, oh dakarin, i loved you. my guest today is yaroslav zhalnin,

a theater and film actor, hello, good afternoon, and today i am also visiting the deputy director for scientific work of the memorial museum of cosmonautics in moscow. gagarin had to happen in my life, we call him a hero, when he went to this, i think that he did not think that i wanted to become a hero, i think that he just knew how to dream, first of all, because that looking at his biography, i looked, well, how is it possible, well, sometimes a person chooses something in his life, one direction, i don’t know , he chose the struggle in his life there and he also goes there with samba boxing. he was doing something, well, gogarin , well, he was involved in basketball, and football , and hockey, he played in orchestras, he didn’t do anything, he was a professional worker, he was an elitist, yes, this is his destiny, i think this is not because he was hanging out, because he wanted to try everything, how he came to the flying club in saratov, there is a story about how, well, he just saw

that someone was flying somewhere, he saw a story something about the club made me want to go there, that is, he saw it, went and won, something like that seems to me to be a very useful phenomenon in general for people. well, that is, do what you like, achieve some success in it, not what is customary, but go for something and you will become a worthy person, but do it and enjoy it, don’t wait for what will happen to you, hop stood up, this is the most important thing, and therefore this is probably the quality of loving life, enjoying every moment of it, it helped him become the first, but it didn’t attract me in gagarin, i make him so natural to me, so tell me, before playing the role of gagarin , did you have to do any special preparation? well, of course, i

read everything that there is, that was at that moment, there is a small funny moment that during the filming, everyone came together very well ... “smile, you look more like a loon, i say, well firstly, gagarin was not a sick person, in order to smile endlessly, he had to do it for something, i think the director, perhaps, chose himself because of your smile, because that gagarin is very famous for his smile, yes, well, we tried it before filming, we tried it there and on the computer there they pulled me a little closer to gagarin, it all looked like this. not very well and did some kind of classic makeup, tried it, but then realized that it was better to look for his love for life through his inner history than to try to copy him like that. you know that the most difficult thing was that a lot of chronicles that were filmed about him were filmed after landing, that is, we we see that he is happy, he is there and there are even

shots that seem to have been taken before, well , that is, in fact, they were filmed after landing, this is the task of deciphering how he was really alone, how well he was worried, how. .. well, this is, well, really scary, well, at that moment, i understand that for those who are flying now, well, it’s already quite clear, the path is clear, but then. and we, in fact, are for such, well , balanced historical truth, yaroslav

just said that he read a lot, about this is also very difficult to understand with gagarin, because a huge amount of literature has been written, a lot of tales, a lot of myths, a lot, so we try to sort of separate what he calls considering what time it was, there wasn’t such a thing, as i understand democracy and openness, yes, of course, of course, many questions arise, many questions, why such decisions were made, not other decisions, but this is a peasant guy. it was born in not far from now and the village of klushin - this is the city of gzhatsk then in fact such a place i will say it very important for the history of russia because it is, as it were, on the border of the smolensk region, all the wars that took place all went through these places , and there, in fact, in the 17th century, great events took place and, accordingly, the times of the napoleonic wars, that is, such a place where. always seemed to first protect, then let enemies through, and

then drove them out of there, that is, yes, that is , it’s not just better, and you can’t say that some small village is actually such a good prosperous, well, prosperous village , a large village, probably 9-10, it is located from the city, this is probably the earliest photograph, where the whole family, it so happened, a photographer came to the village, this event was after or before the war, no, this is before the war, now i noticed an interesting thing, that this smile famous, if you look at all the photographs, there is such a smile and such

a smiling gagarin, he is after the flight, not even after the flight, i would say after april 14, just look at the photograph, the first photograph, we have them on display in the museum, when he's just literally through an hour was filmed, he just brought his military unit, listen, it feels like a man has returned from the underworld, it ’s so true, he hasn’t gotten over it yet, he doesn’t believe it yet, he doesn’t believe it yet that he’s returned.

wooden, which is on his father ’s instruments, so he made it with his own hands , so carefully, to put just photographs there, photographs of his parents, and this is a school photograph, in general, he went to first grade, back in klushino, in september, he really wanted , he was getting ready, he was running, so it turned out that his student there allowed him to sit with valya, with valentin and his brother, he stayed in the class there several times, he just, that is, he went before the war, he went on september 1st... forty-one, he even still, i probably didn’t really understand that the war was already going on, the boy was 6.5 years old, so he

studied for a month, a month, and in october, quite rightly, in october the nazis, in october, yes, that’s right, they kicked everyone out, in october the germans came, they set up a workshop in this house, although the house was nice, big, there were three rooms it was there, they, in general, my father literally tore out the dugout in 2 days, they spent the entire time there . they spent the entire period of the occupation in this dugout, more than one year - yes, it was only in the forty-third year that klushano was liberated, life was difficult, of course, there was nothing to eat, and there was not much to occupy, they suffered a lot, they almost died there

... you can read the internet, well, i read, for the first time, naturally, i read, look, and there, in short, they write, well, i was sitting in class with him, i was sitting, and sometimes i read, i ’ve never seen these names in my life i heard there are also such names, all it was, the most important thing is that if they were all seated at one desk, it would be longer than our school, that’s all, and most importantly, who

sat with me, alexey nesterov, he now lives in st. petersburg, who sat with me, he i never said anything about this anywhere, can you imagine? a very similar story, because every year five or six people come to our museum and say that it was he who closed the love affair with gokarin, although we know, i know, who now? yes, yes, we listen to everyone attentively, so to speak, we don’t offend anyone, so, if we go back to school, and then, of course, he, well, he is very active, very active, and active in this way, he is really the first , he really was a hooligan, he was a hooligan, well, he was a hooligan like that was.

in basketball, here is this photograph , here is their physical education teacher, here is the first one at number five, here is the tallest one, really, why exactly was he chosen, the astronauts, in the beginning, and now we are becoming cosmonauts, well, yes, the first one goes everywhere, in fact this is very good question, that's why it's the first, for a very long time we studied, you can tell a lot of things , of course sergei pavlovich had a very good attitude towards him, he really, of course, he generally called everyone eagles, my eagles, that’s it, but gagarin really treated him very well and... he meant i chose too i think that the decision was made at the very top, but there is still a very important point here, when we analyzed all the documents for the preparation of the first detachment, you understand, we even made such a mathematical formula,

it was really the first according to estimates, this is a very important point, here it really is ahead and titov and... others, according to assessments, that’s all, if you add up all the marks that he received in all the final exams during preparation, he was, he was number one, and you know, this distinguished gagarin, so we are demonstrating his certificates in the museum different, he studied with an a everywhere, he finished with an a everywhere, but at the same time, this is how his textbook told him, and even after the flight to the academy he had one b in mathematics and the teacher later admitted that he. it seemed that apparently gagarin, well he’s too cool, you have to show it, because he says, he was less than five, but i decided, i’m such a cool teacher, i gave gagarin a four, then all my life i regretted that he gave him the only one i would also feel sorry for these four, well, what do you think, he was a charismatic person, he was charismatic, i’ll even say this,

the girls really liked him, he was very, you know, he was very much , you know, there is a description. it was actually someone who was a serf, was, well, theoretically could have been like that, because the truth of the land, the land of these noblemen, here , but it’s interesting that this is a bird, this is itself... a bird, this is also some kind of symbolism in this , here’s a loon, by the way, the nickname was a loon, so getting back to that , that i studied, so this is what the teacher

said, i took it with perseverance, i would even say this , you know, this is the edge of a little stubbornness, so i won’t get up until i do this , that’s why i could sit at night, and so it was, and didn’t work out, there were moments when he finished sixth grade, many of his comrades so, we decided to leave for moscow. and he also makes such a decision, apparently not an easy one for his parents, they let him go alone, so he comes, his uncle helped him there, he comes to the city of lyubertsy, he comes to the city of lyubertsy, now even on the coat of arms of this city is an astronaut, and he really wanted to have some kind of specialty, a real one, which would come in handy later, a carpenter, a mechanic, but he didn’t have enough education, this year, which he lost due to the occupation, only one now you can go to become a pilot, they still don’t want to.

wooden tables with lids, yes, then he opened one lid, opened the second lid, which comes up, this is mine , he noticed something there, let’s say, under the lid, thank you,

tell me why gagarin is everything for us, because everyone in our country wants to be the first in their business, because we are the kind of country that wants to move forward, because the loafer is the personification, it is our... bond. yaroslav, what do you say? well, i'll say, ours is everything. gagarin is an incredibly wonderful example of how to live. i'm already talking about this he said, but that this is a lifestyle, gagarin still chose one that you want to envy, nobly envy. and if you take advantage of this lifestyle, then you will achieve a lot, and some gates will open for you that you don’t even suspect about, because it’s about being the first in everything. and it’s not just gloating to try to achieve something , it’s through pleasure to go, you, you will succeed, i think so, so it seems to me that here’s a museum, and in general not only our

museum, here’s a memorial museum of cosmonautics, it’s just that you need to go to all the museums, in all the cities where they are stored, you need to take schoolchildren so that they, in general, are charged with gagarin, dear friends, unfortunately, time has come to an end, today we remembered yuri alekseevich gagarin, we talked - what he was like in childhood, what he became after the flight, how you feel about him, different generations, and today i had two wonderful people as guests, these are theater and film actor yaroslav zhalnin, scientific assistant to the director of the memorial museum of cosmonautics vyacheslav klimenko, and i'm anton shkaplerov, this is space stories podcast.

well, the great ones, among the emperors we have two people, peter and catherine, about peter, you and i have already talked, today catherine, of course, both figures are very contradictory and there is enough criticism of him. the manager of the west, yes, vasily iosipovich klyuchevsky, our great historian, wrote that catherine was the last accident. on the russian throne after the era of palace coups, that means the last coup, the last accident, that’s how it happened, how catherine became great, let’s try to figure it out today. hello,

this is a history podcast. there were statements about the reign of catherine that peter was just the dawn, that catherine brought light to russia, there was a statement of this kind that peter created people in russia, it was catherine who put her soul into them, well, a little pompous, so to speak , pretentious, but in principle , the pre-revolutionary russian encyclopedic dictionary is still the same, but

speaks in a more so... calm language, but the essence remains the same: her reign is one of the most remarkable in russian history, dark and its bright sides had a tremendous influence on subsequent events, especially on the mental and cultural development of the country. from this reign in russia they began to realize the importance of humane ideas, they began to talk about the right of man to think for the benefit of his own kind. therefore, it will be very interesting, this is like the end of the reign, the result, let’s try to understand where it all started, well, we need to remember where catherine came from, and catherine’s homeland was a small german principality on the territory of the modern german federal state, saxony anhalt on the elbe, the father of catherine, or rather then sophia, augustus and friederike, christian augustus of anglaserb, served in

the prussian service. this is such a very interesting lady, she was simply expelled from russia under elizabeth, there was even a moment that they could expel catherine along with her, yes, this lady served, she served frederick the great. and it so happened that catherine was a second cousin to her husband pyotr fedorovich, or rather karl peter ulrich. catherine, this is not the first and not the last woman on the russian throne, but she was, of course, radically different from everyone else. if we talk about the number of favorites.

catherine the great, she probably had more than all the other empresses combined. we must remember how it all began, catherine at a very young age was married to peter fedorovich, the heir to the russian throne, since elizabeth was childless, he was discharged, and accordingly they tried to raise him as a russian heir from holstein, but i must say, it didn’t work out, he was german, german and remained. relationships between spouses. didn’t work out at the beginning, there seemed to be a warm period at the very beginning, but then everything went to hell, i must say that catherine dreamed of a crown from the very beginning, she was still in germany, being in her duchy and principality of analzerb, she dreamed of to make her lucky, she tried on the russian crown, and as klyuchevsky wrote, catherine liked the russian crown much more than her fiancé, i must

say that at court. heir to the throne, which led her, firstly, to participate in palace intrigues, she became a master palace intrigues, on the other hand, to the search for lovers on the side, it was no coincidence that even the birth of her son pavel, and many associated it with a special kind of activity of sergei soltykov, her husband was generally indifferent to her, consulted with her... by the way, even about the favorites, well, but they were absolutely alienated from each other, they didn’t even hate each other, they lived separately. elizabeth, dear aunt, yes , she oppressed catherine in every possible way, just to understand to what extent she was once forbidden to cry for her father when her father died, that they say it’s not great loss, insignificant ranks, and accordingly it is impossible to mourn him, right up to this, which means she was watched, peeped through keyholes, and was forbidden to

even have any lackeys. who showed some kind of warmth towards her, that is, they were immediately kicked out of the palace, forbidden to go to the bathhouse without asking, to go for walks, she sent letters to her parents only according to...

the russian empress, one might even say, in essence, according to the essence of his policy, the essence of his attitude towards russia, when she ascended the throne, it turned out that frederick had in general, the mood deteriorated quite a lot, because instead of promoting some prouvian interests, the only thing that catherine offered friedrich was such a very, very cool to... icy neutrality, and he was already happy by this moment with this , here, but, of course, catherine tried very hard to be, well, pretty, both to the court and to the russian

people in general, she, well, she didn’t want to be german, in general, for quite a long time, she had some kind of complex, when her brother wanted... to come to russia, she said that why is this necessary, that there aren’t enough germans in russia, or what? naturally, the point was not that another german would be added, one more, one less, it was just that the arrival of her brother, firstly, reminded the surrounding family tree, and secondly, she was terribly afraid that someone might assume that she here he is protecting his relatives or... in general he is really promoting some russian interests. catherine, in fact, wrote: “i wanted to be russian so that the russians would love me.” ah, she learned this skill to please even before she ascended the throne.

she realized that in russia you need to give gifts. and if someone liked something, including from her household items, she gave it as a gift. she, as she herself wrote, plunged headlong into all the squabbles of the court, delved into court gossip and intrigue, and became a member of the court. probably one of her main qualities, and, of course, secrecy, she, as klyuchevsky wrote, has mastered the great art of politics, the ability to manage herself, restraining her feelings. she was strong, of course, a very player, and even at that time, when she

was not crowned, people were already paying attention to her attention as a strong potential political player, so to speak, was done by many foreign powers.

and parables and so on, and it’s interesting that even in these fairy tales and parables there is an element of this catherine’s philosophy, in this regard , she was well... in my opinion, she was a continuer in this case of the views of peter the great, because she on the one hand, she believed that yes, from foreigners, from the west, we need to adopt what is needed, but exactly what is needed, speaking of philosophy, yes, it must be said that catherine, she is in the end life itself admitted this, that in general she was not an original thinker, if you look at her notes written over the year. before her accession to the throne, then we will see there

an absolutely, one might say, utopian, ideal picture, she writes there, uh, that she wants to do only good on the throne, that she wants to eradicate despotism in russia, she wants to free the serfs from uh bondage, she wrote: “freedom you are the soul of everything, without you everything is dead,” this is the beginning of one of her notes, that is, this is such an educational utopianism. the famous order, it was an attempt to write a new code, to bring together disparate and different legislative acts of different times, it was a very interesting story, because well, if we talk about something original of our own, then here is one more point i would note. catherine, unlike peter

, that’s what distinguished them, so to speak, well , firstly, peter went from practice to theory, and catherine went from erudition, from what she, so to speak, had read, then to reality, through practical, management, so to speak, she said, called russia my little farm, and here’s another one. which distinguished them: if peter believed that a european shoe should be put on a russian foot, then it would hurt a little to wear it, then catherine very often, she still tried to fit this shoe to the russian foot, very often she threw many of her projects ideas into the world , into society, like a pebble into water, this... project, this idea, and then i watched what circles were going on in the water, and quite

often abandoned my plans or very seriously corrected them, here as for the mandate, the text of this mandate, it was compiled under the influence, so to speak, of french philosophers and so on, in fact, of course, the delegates themselves who worked, assembled, so to speak, elected over the mandate, they... there were 564 deputies with of the entire country

, well, not counting the serfs, naturally, they received guarantees, immunity so that they could freely express their opinions, and for life, the only thought that still underlay this document is autocracy, the inviolability of autocracy, the inviolability of the autocracy, and perhaps the work on this code did not bring real results and... the reason for stopping the work of the commission were wars, wars with turkey, and then, of course,

the pugachev uprising. and in connection with pugachev, of course, a special problem arises. the uprising scared catherine, the uprising scared the russian nobility, and if we remember when pushkin tried to write, he wrote the history of pugachev, he was forced to rename it, nicholas i, yes, write, the title is the history of the pugachev rebellion, because a rebel cannot have his own history. why is pushkin important here? because pushkin considered this event as one of the key events in the history of the 16th century, and pushkin had, of course, a very serious historical sense, and this event shocked russia and became, on the one hand, the reason... for further reforms, on the other hand, of course, a reason to tighten the screws and finally abandon many of her educational ideas. the topic of pugachev and the uprising is a separate topic, but i would still note, well, just briefly, literally in a nutshell, well, that he is a rebel there is no doubt that first the pugachevites drowned

in blood, so to speak, many landowners, and then... the landowners drowned in blood many of the rebels - this is a fact, and this is a terrible story, but it is also curious, what , in fact, what goals did pugachev pursue and uh, well, yes, at first, strictly speaking, the idea was simple, to loot more and then go to turkey with this loot, let’s say, but then a different geography and other intentions appeared, this is very curious, because... an idea has already arisen go to the capital, to st. petersburg, so, if we summarize some individual manifestos, because there is no separate general document, but there were a lot of manifestos that pugachev distributed, and so there was an idea

of ​​such a utopian natural idea of ​​such cossack democracy. cossack cossack state creation. catherine generally sneered at herself and called her own legislative activity the law of madness. she wrote about herself: “oh, poor woman, she will either die or complete her work. she writes letters to foreign correspondents, historian evgeni onisimov cites this as an example, that she works a lot, how wonderfully she scribbles and scratches, again such pseudo-self-irony, manifestos, decrees, and this.

nevertheless, she appointed someone, and as time has shown, well, 99% of these new cities took advantage of their, so to speak, new benefits and really grew into large cities, yes, this was thanks, in part, to, so to speak,