the soul of russia, the air saturated with history for a thousand years. lyubov filippova, igor kozachenko, tatyana shilina, channel one suzdal. we will continue the theme of the cinema of round dates with the famous soviet and russian actor oleg strizhenov, people's artist of the ussr, 95 years old. every role is a phenomenon, every image, the viewer lived together with his heroes in plays and films, many of them are the pride of our cinema and theater. the secret of success.

gadfly. before you is the son of italy and freedom. strizhenov waited for this first role in the cinema for 3 years. the director did not approve the young an unknown actor. but then he always dictated the terms himself. no one ever dared to offer me a secondary role. they didn't even dare to offer me a bad leading role. because they knew they would run into a scandal. he agreed to sing only after mark himself approved his voice.

considered that with his aristocratic appearance he could not play the merchant afanasy nikitin, in the soviet-indian film the journey beyond the seas, strizhenov himself came up with his own makeup, proving that he could transform into anyone, even a robot, i don't understand the purpose of this thing, if you want to be beautiful, suffer, what is beautiful, be better than you really are, i've been weaned a little by our cinema, they didn't really try me, i quickly learned that there won't be such a style of work, i 'm not one of the mass-produced ones, you understand? oleg strizhenov

even refused sergei bondarchuk when he invited him to star in war and peace. what can i say, at one time oleg aleksandrovich didn't give in to the persuasion of his own son? i really dreamed of filming my father, but he refused me. and he was entering that age when he it was already hard. he said: no, let me better remain the young, athletic handsome man that i have always been. all soviet women dreamed of this and, of course, envied the beautiful natalya bandarchuk, she played the beloved of strizheny's heroes twice in peter's youth and the star of captivating happiness. in this famous scene, the meeting of the volkonsky spouses, no words were needed, he again played everything with his eyes alone. in the eyes of oleg alexandrovich, and i saw his heroes. in the soviet period, there were few such films. there were practically no heroes, was, suddenly

there are people who make you want to cry, and read books, learn, they called him our alain delon, he himself really didn’t like it, and this is his last appearance on the screen, strizhenov left the cinema for 13 years, almost never gave interviews, and then suddenly enthusiastically agreed to a wheelchair and the role of a cantankerous old man. in the past, an inveterate dancer, why in the past, now i’m good enough? this is absolutely the type of a real hollywood actor, his appearance is so ideal, this is exactly our virtue, that he is ours, no matter how they said, allen, allen, allen dallon, this is ours, oleg strizhenov, and that says it all, directors adored him and feared him at the same time, and you can talk as much as you like about his difficult character on the set , but what's the point if the viewer...

hello, this is the badden badden podcast, and i am its host, professor severinov, our guest is dmitry alekseev, a microbiologist,

to the point, to some understanding, to deciphering, to understand what exactly a living thing can do from this code, and you are a part-time microbiologist, because you you use bioinformatics to study microbes, bacteria, and what are microbes, you said bacteria, microbes - these are probably viruses, probably, yes, this is not a scientific word, probably some simple fungi and others, yes, microbes were invented approximately. at the same time, when levinguk began to look through a microscope, and this word was simply used to denote all those who are visible through a microscope, but not visible to the naked eye, and according to the scientific classification , all these small creatures from one cell or cellless, bacteria and

unicellular fungi, amiobes, amiobes - is it a microbe? yeah, well we can't see it with the naked eye, and what's the difference between them, oh, well, for me, probably.

bacteria not only created the conditions for life for us, but then gave birth to us, that's the way we look at things, yeah, yeah, yeah, we think that somewhere we all have a common ancestor, and it's as similar as possible to a bacterium, so ancient, that is, we are related to them, yes, we are related to them, very, very distant, yeah, what

functions do they perform now, well, bacteria and viruses, mushrooms, all this, all this small fry that we don't see, they live are in we call it homeostasis. but it's a complex word, it 's generally a balance, that is, everyone restrains each other, life, it seems to me, is always trying to grow, each has the task of giving the maximum amount of space. to its offspring, here at the crossroads of these various relatives, these different families, plants, mushrooms, microbes, bacteria and so on, they either fight or agree so as to create entire ecosystems, that is, such niches, yes, for example, a forest or the ocean floor, or our intestines, examples of such niches, within these niches, yes, they thrive, yes, that is, they produce the maximum number of their own offspring. and where do these so-called pathogenic bacteria come from then? it is obvious that there are a lot of unpleasant things, diseases, it seems to me

that from the moment such multicellular living beings appeared, yes, from the moment the first intestine, the first creature appeared, every microbe immediately understood that it is very good to live inside us, why, very well, because it's warm there, warmer than in the environment, dark, that is , sunlight doesn't interfere and doesn't... someone else is constantly killing, getting food , why kill, if it's so good, then there are different strategies for life in this environment, and like people, microbes have two directions in which they can act, this is learning to be friends for survival learning to conquer, win, fight for survival, as we see, both strategies bring their results, because there are infections that... cannot be exterminated, so there are useful microbes that remain with us,

well, for tens of millions of years, and who more, well, but there is this idea, you know, that you need to wash your hands and there and generally do everything so that the ideal world in the understanding of many people is that there are no microbes at all, yes, this is of course a mistake, it is impossible without microbes, everywhere where there is at least some source of food, yes, even inside a nuclear reactor or on a spaceship , microbes will appear everywhere, maybe we just don’t clean ourselves enough, maybe we can set such a task that we clean everything very cleanly and turn away, turn around, there will already be microbes, yes, that is, it is impossible to make this environment disinfected, and worse, we tried to grow laboratory animals in this disinfected environment without microbes, animals that do not have microbes, yes , animals that do not have microbes, they feel very bad, because again, what's wrong with them, they get sick. they do not have microbes, from others, like me, since there are no microbes, then they should not get sick, but they

feel bad, organs, starting from childhood to adulthood does not develop properly, incorrect proportions of bone, muscle fat tissue, immunity, it should actually be trained in childhood, it is like a muscle, and microbes also play the role of such a gym here, pumping up our immunity, if the immunity is not trained, it can mistakenly begin to attack our own cells. our own organs, do i understand correctly that the absence of microbes or a smaller number of them in the world around us, civilized people, is one of the reasons for the allegedly increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, allergies and so on, thank god, it is not me who claims this, but medical statistics show many diseases in developed countries, that is , the worse the better, the dirtier, yes, right now we are discussing this, at first there was such a theory of hygiene that it is impossible to be super hygienic otherwise. a huge number of atopic manifestations, asthma and so on arise when you very often can yes,

everything is wiped with alcohol, now a new theory is softer, it is called the theory of old friends, which is about the fact that when we we grow, there must be a balance, and there must still be some microbes, that is , there should be no dirt at all, but also completely clean microbes that can kill us, these are pathogenic microbes that can cause illness, you need to wash your hands, yes, but... perhaps not wipe them with alcohol or find such safe natural, for example, landscapes, yes, where we can come, play there in the dirt, then shake our hands there slightly and not get sick, it is very interesting about children, it is clear that this is a question of balance, because after all, here is a breakthrough in increasing longevity, which was recorded in the 20th century was largely associated with the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological measures, hygienic measures at the level of large cities. here again, here is how our life has changed, the emergence of large cities, allowed a large

number of very deadly infections to arise. microbes learned to kill us after we learned, yes, because we live very closely, yes, and such a microbe can accidentally arise in one creature, then jump to another, remember, for example, bird flu, yes, which was in the early 2000s about the virus, bird flu is a virus, yes, and the microbe, we will be like. well, they are long-term carriers, and we die because the plague has already

adapted to very similar cells to ours, and we have rats, rats. yes, and we have no immunity, yes, that is, our mother did not pass it on to us, to the rat, mother, maybe, passed on this immunity, well, we acquire immunity during life, why does our immunity fight some bacterial infections, but not others, well , firstly, this is a property of the infections themselves, then yes, they really have learned to kill us effectively, they have decided that they will be on the warpath with us, some of these microbes and but in fact they also produce such a selection of us, those who will die. and those, and those who will remain, and those who remain, they usually acquire such immunity and give a kind of flourishing to new, new generations over time, then the twinning of these bacteria should decrease, because only those who are more and more resistant to them survive, if you leave them, yes, in this way, attack us and there is no way to control it, then yes, in fact, if we

had not fought the plague, had not exterminated it and so on and so forth, then of course. in the end , only those people would remain who could not be infected with it, but these were monstrous victims then. this is the baden baden podcast, we are talking with bioinformatician and microbiologist dmitry alekseev. here are antibiotics, for example, this is one of these i think, yes, antibiotics, they are able to kill bacterial cells, not acting, as a rule, or acting less on the cells of our own organism. but antibiotics will kill not only the plague bacteria, they will kill the rest, probably.

all microbes have adapted to these antibiotics, and the most important thing is that we see that a huge number of our microbes have died, yes, and we do not find them in modern people, we find them only in some wild tribes, yes, and why are they so dear and good to us, what is our benefit, this has always been through evolution, yes, that is, let's imagine a human individual who has made friends with microbes, and an individual who does not made friends, the one who made friends, she made friends yes, an evolutionary advantage, that is, for example, she gets more calories from the same amount of food, this person grows more, but what if the bacteria eats part of the food? in fact, we have an agreement with them, yes, our digestive system, ours in particular is designed so that the first 12 hours in the stomach in the small intestine our enzymes work, and we take from food everything that we

can assimilate, the next 12 hours in the large intestine microbes work and... and these microbes, in fact, what we cannot digest and it would come out of us, they begin to digest it and share it with us, yes, that is, how is such an agreement, basically this is just the indigestible part of the cell wall of plants or dietary fiber or cellulose, and what contribution do microbes make to our overall energy balance? up to 20-30% of calories from various plant foods we can additionally get - thanks to microbes. if well there is a problem with modern man, because he does not eat much fiber, but he has food it is quite refined and microbes are unlikely to get it, and if we look at ancient man, there are very vivid examples when people lived in the desert, and there was a period of drought, in mexico in the chivahua desert, people

during the drought period ate only cacti, we can determine this by their teeth and fossilized coprolites, and find out: there was nothing else, and there 120 g of fiber, they consumed daily, this fiber was mainly called inulin, we cannot digest inulin, we do not have enzymes, it seems that people survived precisely thanks to microbes that live in the large intestine, and how is it that we have such microbes, and they have others, where does all this come from, when a child is born, he is probably sterile, well almost, yes, we think that he is almost sterile, at least, right? no microbes play any role in his intestines, immediately passing through the birth canal, through vaginal juices and the child is seeded with healthy fermented milk mother. well, in the next 6 months very strong changes will occur in

the mucous membranes of our intestines, and so it will be mature up to 3-5 years, here is the task of these first mother's microbes to perform a protective function on the entire surface of the child's mucous membrane, it is interesting to protect from what from pathogens, because the child is a sweet pie. acid, they are very interesting processes, they eat the third largest component of mother's breast milk, called oligosaccharides of breast milk, again a person cannot

digest, these are three molecules of sugar and more, a person cannot digest them, all this goes to the microbes, and the microbes produce that very lactic acid, for example, which reduces the level of acidity, well, for example, yes, our blood is 7.4 ph, a healthy vagina is 4.5 a child.

and in a jar of cabbage in a small child in with the help of acidity - this is the basic mechanism in kefir by the way, yes, the same thing with fermented milk products, that is, it is not the bacteria themselves that are important , you just need food. this is enough, in this sense, bacteria are this biotechnological engine for creating the first stage of protection, of course, in our intestines, during evolution, our immune system gets used to the fact that there these microbes should live, when she does not see them, she is kind of very surprised and starts to go a little crazy and again worry, turn on the inflammation mode and you say, when the conditional mexicans do not get cactus, yes, yes, yes, yes, like when a child does not have normal microbes, then the immune system begins, that is , a signal that a piece of our good microbe

gets in contact with a cell of the immune system, it is also very important, in this way we control that everything is in order in the intestines, what you are talking about, it turns out, well, as i imagine, people lived there, i don’t know, 10,000 years ago, these were very segmented small groups, everyone ate what was around, someone cacti, someone i don’t know. rotten herring or some other slaughtered food, like the iskimos, for example, and so on, each of them had their own private microbes, which they probably got from the same food, it’s not that they got it from their mother, it’s, well, that is, it’s due to the very way of life that some characteristic microbes were generated, which were associated with humans, this is probably called the microbiome, but, but now we live differently, we have a different one, we have almost germ-free food, yes, we have germ-free food once and varied two, but...

hundreds it reaches in a year, well, why is this important, after all, in my opinion , prehistoric people lived brightly, but briefly, yes, now we live in a different paradigm,

well and... they ate their grasses, and they had some microbes, that is, we should feel sorry for them, about these microbes, this is some kind of lost heritage that could have been it is useful for us, again here statistics come to our aid, which shows that a modern person already, the more diverse the microbiome, that is, the more different microbes, most likely useful ones, live in his intestines, the more he is protected from non-infectious, chronic age -dependent diseases, that is, it seems that such a picture is happening: as we become more urban, more industrial, the number of food sources decreases, the number of different microbes also decreases, at this point this is a bad signal for the immune system, simply because over many millions of years it has become accustomed to the fact that there should be many different microbes, they give it different signals, so in this meager

diversity... the immune system switches to inflammation mode, and this inflammation, well, at the moment, as one of the theories of aging, inflamaging, in russian, is aging, yes, this aging, caused by the scarcity of our microbiome, seems to exist, at least in statistics we see it, well , we are called baden baden from dietary supplements, but there are also probiotics, as i understand it, these are some bacteria that someone said were good, and we can take them, apparently, to increase the diversity of our microbiome, but as far as i understand you, this is a completely pointless thing, because if we do not change our diet accordingly, then those additional bacteria that we took, they simply will not take root, right? they will not take root for many reasons, and for most probiotics we see this story, that a person takes them, they have live, reproduce, stop, in 2-3 months they evaporate, that is, the task

of probiotics... at the time of intake is to support our microbes so that they reproduce, at this moment we need to start consuming more food for microbes, yes, that is , fed yourself, feed your population, yes, you are, of course, the king in your state, but you also have an electorate, which also needs to be periodically taken care of. this is a baden badon podcast, we discuss the role of the microbiome in... human health, at the moment of our nutrition there should be a sufficient amount of indigestible, roughage, dietary fiber, cellulose, and so on. probiotics are interesting, because most of the microbes that are used for probiotics, they are taken from some, they are also intestinally healthy people, yes, that is, everyone got diarrhea, but this person did not, let's see what he has in his microbiome that opposes, so and to understand the procedure,

it is not the most pleasant, a man of dorsky origin worked in a pharmaceutical company in the eighties, he realized that breast milk should contain useful microbes, probably here in america breast milk has become worse, he went home to ecuador found such a useful microbe in breast milk, today it is one of the most studied microbes for children's health, it can be given to zero plus children over the past 30 years, some

beautiful latin name. atektis, it is called, defender, yes, yes, yes, indeed we, modern people, are losing those very native microbes that should live with us. one of microbes, again, here are the statistics, and a baby microbe that can eat all the oligosaccharides of breast milk should be, in theory, in 100% of children, it is called infantis, in modern americans, about whom we know the statistics, only 5% of newborns have it transmitted from their mother. this infantis, yes, that is, 95% will not be able to digest breast milk completely, here is the story about newborns, one of the researchers looked at the acidity of children's feces in studies from 1900 to 2000, and he saw that the acidity had dropped, yes, that is, became more alkaline by a whole unit, and the maximum changes are in the publications

of pediatricians of this. the boundaries of the xxxi century, that beyond the cups there is still a huge number of microbes that we cannot grow on cups, even for several years there was such a concept, the dark matter of the microbial world, then it became clear that we cannot

grow a lot of things, dna reading technologies appeared, without accumulating a large number of microbes, it is really possible to simply wash microbes from feces with a filter, then destroy all the cell walls. extract all the dna, read its pieces , restore it using mathematical algorithms, like computer science, well, that is, the simplest idea is that we take from each muscovites a piece of clothing, a jacket from someone, a sock from someone, a watch from someone, and so on and so forth, so we collect it all, look at it and try to restore it using these pieces of clothing, and what is the sociodemographic image here? of life in this moscow, who lived there, well, what next, let's look at muscovites, but in a different experiment, let's take a stool sample from each of them, then we'll see what microbes live there, and someone will be lucky, he will have a variety of microbes, as i understand

it, you want them to be diverse, yes, for someone they will be less diverse, while i suspect that, generally speaking, what comes out strongly depends, for example, in particular on diet, nutrition here now, that is, yesterday... what to do, given that, as far as i understand, in the case of probiotics, as a kind of mechanism for restoring diversity, if we consider that this is necessary, then probiotics, as a rule, are only a very narrow set of some microbes, not really reflecting all the diversity that exists, yes, yes, yes, here, most likely, such an analysis for each individual muscovite. very, it is rather fun, yes, rather useless, but what we see in statistics, yes, we see that, for example, temaskvichs, who on average eat more different vegetables, will have greater diversity, well, if we talk again

about batas, badanbadan, if you can't eat your amount of vegetables, try to find fiber, yes, as a source, at least fiber, and this is much easier there, there is a spoon, you only need to eat 30-35 grams of fiber. per day and this is the norm of the vos, actually, at least 10 grams of this can be eaten with the help of additional fiber, and this again from my point of view is not bata, it is just a piece of food that was pulled out in production, this is also very funny, if we imagine siberian fiber, this is mainly wheat husk, that is, they make us very soft bread, the wheat husk is removed and we chew it with the crumb, it is very tasty, then separately we go and buy this husk from this wheat to restore the deficiency that arose because we like very soft bread, that is, it turns out that the solution to the problem is not microbial, in fact, yes, a change, a systematic change in diet for a wide range of the population, especially if this is associated, for example, with

aging, but then this is not scientific, if all this has already been shown, then all that remains is to simply introduce some appropriate measures, well, that's it a standard example, we use edible flour, in particular for bread, because back in the early 20th century it became clear that a lot of thyroid problems and so on were connected with the fact that some people living far from the sea simply did not have enough iodine, but this was decided once and for all, yes absolutely, that's exactly how it seems for the benefit of people we need to do with food, add it to mass-market products, that is, fiber is the first deficiency, in fact, if we look at the statistics of nutrition of the russian population, this is deficiency number one, because it's cheap, probably, fiber is inexpensive, yes, history, that is... it can be added to cutlets, to yoghurts, well , it can be added to a large number of food products, you speak conditionally as scientists or is there some kind of, well, it would seem, if it really...