air defense, well, any cannon, let's say, an aircraft cannon, its fuse worked at an altitude of about 250-300 m and higher, and they worked at extremely low altitudes, 50 m and lower, it was impossible to shoot it down, but very difficult, in any case, and for a very long time the germans panicked from the work of these planes, when the germans more or less adapted, then another approach scheme was invented, a risky scheme, very...

risky, two sides went, the first side passed directly over the target, calling in fire from everything possible, batteries, searchlights, the entire searchlight group was working on this plane, it was leaving, dragging along with it all this, all this noise, which was hitting it from anything, including, by the way, everything that was personal, personal weapons were used, it could be shot down from anything, from a rifle, from machine guns, well... if necessary, from a pistol, that is, the first board took itself all, the whole nightmare that could only happen in the air, was leaving, the second board at this time approached from behind and calmly dropped bombs, there were no parachutes, girls refused to take parachutes with them instead of parachutes they took bomb loads with them, well what can i say, the airfield was usually located somewhere 150-120 km from the front line, there the jump airfield was

25 m away, that is, in the dark from the base airfield the planes moved to the jump airfield and started working from there. i want to tell you about this work in a little more detail. i probably told you about this once, we were shooting a film about night witches, about these night pilots. i flew on this plane for several days and at night also, that's why.

i also talked about this once, the speed of the plane is 120 km/h, try to open the window in the car while driving and stick your hand out in the summer, now imagine that the same thing is in the winter, -25-27, 120 km/h plus the oncoming air flow. from the propeller, even wrapped in a helmet,

plus glasses, the face freezes completely, you still have to work, 25-30 km from the front line, you had to take off, get there, usually they went in pairs, sometimes alone, but usually they went in pairs, dropped the bomb load, returned back, during the night they made about 6-8-10 sorties in the summer at night, and about 12-13,

8 minutes there and back by shuttle, hard work, very hard, great courage, just incredible. so, in the sky podcast. everyone wants to fly, i am the host, leonid yakubovich, we are talking about the pilots of the famous 588, later the forty-sixth guards aviation regiment, so, when they started working, they had 20 planes in the regiment, two of these, they finished work, there were already 45, they worked non-stop all this time and accomplished in this entire combat history, about 20, 20, now i don't remember, 600 or 700,000 combat sorties, dropped 300 tons of bombs and 26 ampoules of fuel, with flammable liquid, well , i'll tell you that this is simply a phenomenal result, i can list 17 crossings there, that is, nine railway trains, two or two railway stations,

about 50 warehouses, fuel tanks, a barge, they hit a pile, in general, according to various estimates, as i already said, the plane could have been shot down. naturally from hand weapons, well , it was flying from a low altitude, however, only one thing saved it, it was possible to hit either pilot, or in the engine, everything else was sewn through and through, and he flew back all in holes, in fact, of course, they were called night witches, this name was given to them by the germans, they generally called them by different names, the girls generally called themselves seagulls, there is such data, why i remembered this, i was once, when we were filming a movie about these girls in ...

a car and a quiet little cemetery, where these very girls who fought are buried. there was one wonderful story, i once thought that maybe this would appear the basis of some good feature film, just heartbreaking. there is a grave of one girl, during the kerch operation, when our... landed on the shore in the fall, they flew there, dropped ammunition, dropped warm clothes, well, everything that was necessary, including dropping all sorts of notes to support two fighters who were holding the defense on

the coastline, here is one of them, well, just by chance, i don’t know for what reason, flew there, dropped notes, without an address, she just wrote that dear comrade there. or something like that, such sweet notes that a young woman can write to a sailor who at that time is below holding the defense, also by chance, probably, these notes somehow got to one person, then they began to pass them on to him, he collected, collected these notes, when the operation was over, when the landing was finally successful, he decided to meet this pilot, well, something. in his soul, and he came to this town, when he was riding on a sidecar to meet her, this difference of one and a half, two or three hours, was precisely the difference that kept them from the moment they met, because it was on this day, at this hour, that she was shot down, actually,

when he arrived, they took him, took him to this very monument, for the first time he saw a photograph only on marble, such a poignant... there were probably a lot of them during the war, but it struck me so much, it was simply incredible, somehow everything suddenly coincided, and this blue sky and seagulls over the sea, and these memories, and this road that they drove on very simple machines, and some pioneers walked, once there was a runway, and this cemetery is quiet, almost overgrown, it is worth remembering those who, who did not reach the victory day. "you know, it is probably scary to watch how your friend is burning alive in the plane in front of you in the sky and you have no opportunity to help or do anything at all, i repeat, it was quite difficult to shoot down the plane, i must say that by this, well by this

time it is already difficult for me to pronounce these words, but that's probably how it was, in any case , many people claim that the habit did start." it's not that it was hard to shoot them down, it's just the euphoria of victory, of what they did each time... two times nothing worked, but one day, and it was a hard day, a very hard day, they

started working at night, the germans didn't fly at night at all, and ours didn't always fly at night, but the germans didn't particularly like the night, well , on august 1, 1943 , four planes were lost in one night, the germans, i repeat, they sent out several night fighters, our guys didn't expect that for... for the girls it was a complete surprise, and the main thing that also had an impact was that on that night when they took off, the anti-aircraft guns were silent, neither the anti-aircraft guns nor the searchlights worked, nothing worked, there was a feeling that either they had relocated, or they had stopped paying attention to it altogether, well, and the german night fighters shot down four of our planes, it was a terrible night, it was probably the night when... they lost, they lost the most, there were no more nights like that it was, then they got used to it, so

what is the u2 airplane, a training airplane, polikarpov's design, which was then named, as i said, two. so, here are some technical characteristics of this airplane, so that you understand, the crew is one person, in combat use two people, a pilot and a navigator. the airplane is small 8 m, something 8.2 m depending on the modification, but the wingspan interests you, somewhere around 11.5 m, height 3 m, empty weight of the airplane 640 kg, payload - 255 kg, depending on the modification, maximum takeoff weight of 890 kg, also depending on the modification of the krayson.

bomber, the development of which included bomb racks under the lower wing for transporting bombs weighing 50 and 100 kg, sometimes 110 or 220. in theory, in combat use, the aircraft was armed with cabinets, these are machine guns or a course machine gun and da in the observer's cabin. eh, this is approximately a maxim machine gun in an aviation version. well, i must say that the processor. year, as i probably already said, somewhere in june of the twenty-seventh

year, test pilot mikhail gromov for the first time lifted it into the air, i must say, was absolutely delighted with this plane, easy to control, easy to hold the air and even with the engine turned off easily glided for quite long distances, on the u2, modifications, two armed forces, it was already... since 1937, on the left side of the fuselage , a synchronized machine gun pb1, an aviation version of maxim, is installed, in the rear cockpit , a da dekterev machine gun, an aviation one on a turret, and under the fuselage, bomb holders for small aerial bombs were also attached, in principle, in the drawings, in any case , a sight was mounted on the right side of the aircraft, an ap-2 aviation sight and a sighting device, which was also installed there, nb5 was called for... about 600

copies of these training aircraft were made before the war, on many there is one discrepancy here, i said what was expressed by the u2, according to some data, which are published in the press, it was claimed that machine guns were installed. the navigator fired at ground targets from behind, according to the searchlights, well, according to everything that was shining. by the way, once this machine gun came in handy, if not to beat up, then at least to scare a german pilot. once this same

po-2 plane appeared over the german airfield, where german planes were stationed at that...

whole ppr, a very serious name, it stands for steamed turnips, that is , they cut it themselves and made it themselves. in any case, this is how one of the pilots recalls, whether it really happened or not, why sights were not made when the planes came to work in this regiment, i do not know, but nevertheless less here she rukobolskaya writes that it was so. samarkand is a city, getting into which the feeling. that you learned to travel in time without a time machine, but you have a robe kilinki, and kilinki - who is the bride, and this is the groom, and the groom is more expensive, i see, well of course, the groom earns, it is more expensive for him, here you have a dried melon, while you eat, and i will tell you, here we have, that do not take all the vitamins, that is why we have so many children in families, did you choose for him or did he bring himself

and said, mom, here you go, he met, then came and said: "mom, look!" vadim, partork, are you sure, he's a womanizer, my raspberry and i almost broke up just before the wedding, because of him, and if i fall in love with you again, it's yours, what do you want with it, throw it away if you want, wear it if you want, hide it if you want, he pestered you again yesterday, don't disgrace the family, kirill, i want to give you advice, as an experienced womanizer, don't

pester a woman if she doesn't want it herself, you 're ruining your life and hers, what will happen to you now, what will they do, these are not simple words , i'll kill you, i wouldn't use such words scattered, you will kick, i will put you in jail, for what? we will always find an article, i will not survive if you cheat on me, i can not live without you, premiere, tomorrow after the program time, i can not live without you, i will wait, kvn, summer cup, on the last day of summer on ... you, here is another thing that can be said about the po-2 aircraft, there were several advantages, remarkable advantages of this aircraft, firstly, it was extremely simple and cheap to manufacture, as well as very cheap to operate, easy to assemble, easy to repair, that

made it, of course, well, wonderful for production, very profitable for industry. of that time, besides everything else, it was very cheap, simple technology and so on, secondly, the plane was very easy to control, and even an inexperienced pilot, i can testify to this, easily controlled it, well, a little heavy pedal control, but in principle it holds the air very well, remarkably in any, by the way, weather, here about taking off from any site, in winter and summer, this is more or less explainable, here ... there was an option, we will they showed it in winter, a modification on skis, but as for the transition period, spring and autumn, here on... difficulties and for the fact that i tried it, we all tried it when we were filming the movie, in order to take off, mud, slush, wheels get stuck, it was necessary, and the girls did it,

to throw shields, well, what do you know shields, boards, somewhere, by the way, they had to be taken, then it's one thing to take off, another thing to come and land, and the boards, as you can easily understand, you can't lay them out wide, so it's a narrow, well, well, a path, not a path, in any case, quite narrow the path to get there. it is quite difficult to get there at night without illumination, among other things, the po- 2 had a low speed, so it was easy to work at altitudes without fear of being shot down, the fact is that aircraft like the focke-wulfs, mestershmitts, they have a speed at which they could fly at a minimum, well , the stall speed, this is approximately the speed of the self-... this is two somewhere around 100-120 km / h, at this speed any german fighter would stall in a tailspin, it was incredibly difficult to beat it, because it goes at a speed of 20 km / h, and this 450-pettsov

slips past, well, go and try to hit it at night, the pilots flew, i repeat, at low altitude practically above the treetops, two at a time, the only biplane was official. usually, as i told you, that means, they worked at airfields 150 km, 170 km from the front line, but for combat work

special jump-off airfields were made, somewhere around 20-25 km from the front, during the day, naturally, these sites were empty, in the evening planes flew over to them, the germans called these planes either cafe mashin, coffee grinder. or nahmashin, sewing machine, because of the typical sound of the engine. by the forty-third year, the number of regiments armed with u2 aircraft reached its maximum ; up to 70 air regiments of these very night bombers and reconnaissance aircraft operated at the front. two could operate in the most unfavorable weather conditions, i repeat, it held the air remarkably, in february of the forty-fourth year , in extremely difficult weather conditions, ... they struck with anti-tank bombs at a column of enemy armored vehicles in the area the city of kartsun-shevchencevsky, this is a well-known case, as a result of this air strike

the last attempt of the germans to break out of the encirclement was thwarted, well, in conclusion, let's remember those who flew on these planes during the war, the pilot of the famous 588th regiment. 23 female pilots were awarded the title of hero of the soviet ... in line, look at these faces, here they are in front of you, those who gave us freedom, 79 years ago, on may 9, i said, a holy

holiday for everyone, let's remember standing those who did not reach this day, honor and glory to everyone, to everyone every single one of the people who fought, my father, they said at... where you are, you are carried forward, and this feeling, almost a feeling of delight, the delight of a person who

is about to do something that... experienced this feeling at the moment when they were bombing, and this also needs to be understood, yes, the approach, a more or less calm situation, then this, this excitement of battle, this pleasure, the pleasure of a person who, who takes revenge, who takes revenge for... all those who died there in the rear, women, children, everyone, it is not known for what reason, this feeling that i am ready, i can do it, it is exciting, of course, it is understandable, but now at that moment when, when from bombing, having done this combat work, you begin to return back, bullets are whistling around and god forbid you are a navigator, in front of you hangs like this all covered in blood pilot, i am a friend, just

now, with whom you were talking, probably, for every person this is natural, a feeling of fear arises, it crawls from here to the throat, how did they overcome this feeling, well , how did they not panic, how did they they dragged the plane to the end, then returned to the line, took off again after 5 minutes again into this hell again back, again 5 minutes again there, and so on 15-20 times a night. i don’t know , i don’t know, probably only those who, who were in this situation know, i can’t say, i don’t know, i bow down, i bow down, not at all ashamed, yes, i bow down, and i envy them, i envy them, i really want us to show you a little piece from the film

air now, just look at ethyl. please, my little one, please, please, my good little one, please, my dear, fly, fly, fly, fly, fly, fly, airplane, fly, please, my little one, please. hello, this is the podcast deception of substances, with you olesya nosova, editor-in-chief of komsomolskaya pravda, and with me zukhra pavlova, a famous endocrinologist. and today we will talk about hormones of happiness. as it turns out, this is a very controversial topic, because it turns out that our hormones, which bring us happiness, are very actively used in negative

emotions, that's right, everywhere. everything is two-faced with us, you and i are in almost every program we say that the same substance can give us positive properties, can give negative ones, and so everything in the body, and the most important thing in this body is balance. yes, each substance has some, well, let's say, priority or dominant property, but when interacting with something else, this property decreases, increases, changes, so all feelings, you know, there is such an expression that love is a chemical feeling, the meaning is that they say that if you introduce certain substances, a person will experience the same sensation, which he experiences in a state of love, it is true, well essentially yes, i don’t know, really, how it can be reproduced, because yes, of course, some active substances, well, there are several of these main ones, but at this moment everything changes in the body, the balance of all active substances, and hormones, and

there neurotransmitters, that is, those substances that... act in the brain, there are a huge number of them, they all change, but it’s not even just about the substances themselves, but also about their receptors, yeah, because if there are no receptors, what will they act on hormones, let's say, then there will be no action, yeah, okay, let's name what our most important hormones of happiness are, well , what are you, you're not a doctor, what hormones do you associate with happiness, endorphin, of course, endorphin, right? do you know the etymology of the word, something related to morphine, no, well done, yes, endo is always something internal, and morphine is from the greek god morpheus, who was considered the ruler of dreams, yeah, and endorphins also act on receptors that we call apiate, related to opium, yes, well, they were probably discovered, in general, and that

's what they were called, they are. associated with nociception, with pain, yeah, and that is, they prevent or block painful sensations, so there is such a historical background, endorphin is primarily what... doctors associate it, well , it seems to me, with pain relief, and you associate it with happiness, yes, well, in principle, yes, there it gives this feeling of euphoria, endorphin, so there is such a historical background, there is such a story that when some ancient greek battles took place, in ancient greece there were some battles, there were a lot of chopped people there.

at that moment they received a release of endorphins, yeah, it wasn't so painful for them, they died, well , without such pronounced torment, these women had such an effect to help the wounded go to another world with less suffering, it turns out exactly what we talked about at the very beginning, when the happiness hormone endorphin is released in response to pain, yes, yes, let's see, we have a wonderful sign, the first thing here is endorphin, it gives this pleasant feeling of such bliss, when euphoria, here it is on the very bottom row, this is also only endorphin, yes, pure endorphin, and there is a lot of it, because if you pay attention to these bubbles,

the amount of this substance is also very important, any of these substances in excess can cause, now if we go to another picture, then there should have been such a bottle it... should have been blue, when this blue color is right up to the lid, then a person falls into mania or mania, yes, as psychotherapists say, when you talk about dopamine, yes i'm talking about dopamine, when dopamine, well, let's say, is a little more than half, then these are napoleons, these are people who are leaders, these are people who are capable of taking responsibility, these are people who are interested in everything, they are in everything... they are captivated by interest, they are capable of learning, remember in vysotsky there are few real wild ones, that's why there are no leaders, that is, there in that konachikov dacha there were few people with

dopamine with a good level of dopamine, here we have dopamine written, but many pronounce it as dopamine, it's the same thing, and this a substance without which there are no such leadership qualities, it is really... a good substance, but if there is too little or too much of it, then there will be a completely negative coloring, and many drugs, when a psychotherapist, psychiatrist encounters a person, well, let's say, with such a suppressed emotional background, with such apathy, indifference and with a number of other such important things, then dopamine will play a big role here, the means containing this substance increasing it. level will help a person to live well, what is the difference between dopamine and endorphin, how many hormones of happiness, well, here here is written a lot of all sorts of important substances, and we do not associate testosterone with the hormone of happiness,

but it brings happiness, but i have not seen people with a low level of testosterone happy, it does not happen, moreover, here by the way, a good example, so that we produce testosterone? it, for example, we take men, yes, it is produced in the scrotum, in the testicles, its main place, there are also adrenals, there will be a little testosterone there, but more here is the main organ of the male testicle for the synthesis of testosterone, so that it is produced there, it is necessary for the luteinizing hormone to be produced in the pituitary gland in the head, it is called lh, so that lh is produced , dopamine is needed, yeah, and to produce dopamine, gas is needed. some kind of entrance to this second one, she said, a labyrinth, what needs to be done so that you have a lot of hormones of happiness, all of

them, how much is needed, a little, a lot of mistake, how much is needed, a balance is needed, but they attribute to catherine that happiness is a good character and talent, we know talented people, they are there... they are uncommunicative, they are so irritated, they communicate poorly with colleagues and friends, let's say, so if a person's balance is disturbed, then - he will look either, well, figuratively speaking, bad, or irritable, he will not be a joy to himself, and a burden to someone, well, for example, oxytocin. oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in our pituitary gland, we have

such an organ, and this is a hormone that gives a feeling of kinship, closeness, and before childbirth and in general during pregnancy, a change hormone levels, and as they say mothers feel the instinct of motherhood faster than the instinct of fatherhood, yes, fathers are later included in these parental feelings, but oxytocin also works for fathers, yes, but not all. yes, and not the same way as for mothers, now i'll tell you about oxytocin, this feeling of unconditional love is also oxytocin, but not only it, including, moreover, oxytocin plays a very active role in childbirth, it literally pushes out the fetus, it increases muscular contractility, this is contractility will then occur in the mammary glands so that milk, yes, lactation can take place. here is oxytocin - this is when

close people become family to each other, or when a person has a feeling of such kinship, yes, he says: oh, it's as if i 've known you for 100 years, this means that the release of oxytocin penetrates this relationship, and some other cunning speakers, yeah, there is such an opinion, they spray oxytocin into the air, in my opinion, it does not have a strong effect, but still has ...

if some are specifically about oxytocin, because for me it was the most incomprehensible of such hormones of happiness, unfortunately, there are no such 100% products that you need to eat in order for it to be produced in you, well, you said it right, coffee has magnesium, our favorite, there is something else, but that's all, well, very indirectly, but... one such amazing thing is connected with oxytocin: every year the synthesis of any hormones in a person decreases, the synthesis of hormones decreases, the number of receptors with which they are attached decreases, on which they affect and so on, with oxytocin it's a different story, there are several works quite convincing that with age not all, but very many begin to produce more oxytocin, and this, by the way, explains why... old people in old age believe that they have lived a long,

happy life, for example, because this oxytocin, it slightly changes the perception of reality and so on, in general, it seems to me, a kind of indulgence from nature , well, and what's more, here is a completely wonderful explanation for this yes, you must admit, grandmothers forgive their grandchildren more than their children, this is exactly, yes, the effect of oxytocin, in general, i feel, i need to buy it somewhere and spray it, it should come in handy, yes, we all perceive happiness as sensations clearly concentrated in the head, yes, well , indeed, we feel it, it originates in the head, some kind of intellectual emotion, of course, well, let's say, in order for us to feel this happiness, we need serotonin, it is produced mainly in the intestines, oddly enough, it is there, and dopamine, on the contrary, is about 90% synthesized in the brain only 10% in... adrenal glands, they are very

similar to each other, but still dopamine - was considered such a hormone that gives a feeling of maximum pleasure of this result, not so long ago scientists came to the conclusion that dopamine is a feeling of desire, a feeling of some kind of approaching victory, this languor, this is dopamine, before they should score in... there a goal in football, yes or there in hockey, people even stop breathing, there is a funny video when a dog freezes, then when a goal happens, she falls off the couch, our smaller brothers also love. to receive dopamine then it causes some kind of addiction, yes, so you want to experience it again, to experience it again, but it is better, of course, looking at the athletes playing there. and we continue our podcast and today it is dedicated to the hormones of happiness. with you

zukhra pavlova, an endocrinologist and olesya nosova, editor-in-chief of komsomolskaya pravda. by the way, it is interesting that. you can do a genetic analysis to find out the predisposition to what, what do you naturally produce more hormones? well, is it possible, is it possible, if we know something about ourselves, well, or i look at patients, if i see a person with connective tissue dysplasia, this is such a large, how to say, pool of diseases, conditions, these people, as a rule, or maybe, say, have a balance between. adrenaline, norepinephrine, adrenal hormones and cortisol in favor of adrenaline norepinephrine, and these people may also have less serotonin, they are prone to various depressions, reduced emotional background, but how as a rule, they have a fairly good level of dopamine, so they have

a good ability to learn, they are so interested, active, you can even... the features of receptors, that's when we , that is, then the thought of the opportunity to obtain results on the structure of receptor sensitivity does not stop, this made the work even more interesting, because here is hidden what is generally not

always thought about, by the way, here is dopamine, when they tell me, and i passed the results on receptor sensitivity, this is the moment when i freeze, i want to see this result so much, because i immediately start calculating, most likely it will be this, this, this, yes, when i see that it coincided, then serotonin joins me, pleasure and happiness, by the way, when there is a lot of oxytocin, at some good level of serotonin, these people are so loving, indiscriminate, they can even be somehow branded, as they say, yes, they are not very guilty, their balance. hormones are such that they themselves do not strong owners, well, what to do in this situation, only social norms, self-education, control, well, so to speak, not to go all out, well, and so it is often true that it is determined by some properties, like i say sometimes, you are walking down the street, three people are beating one, what is your

reaction, he says, well , what a fool to climb, maybe he is supposed to, i also need to add, i immediately understand that the person with cortisol is doing well. how it is arranged, so what to do? well, in general, life experience helps a lot, scars, yes, yes, yes, yes, because no one is capable of learning from other people’s mistakes, this is it, this is a myth, another medical myth.