because they don't get what they got in their mail, but what has already passed through several sieves, so to speak, it has already been sifted, the authors are very prepared, they already have a ready text, they were chosen by experts at the early stages, it turns out that the publishers' interest in new russian authors, we somehow satisfy at these pitchings, we show who these are, who these authors are now. well, generally speaking, probably, i even know that this is so, probably, and readers are included here, there are meetings with readers, readers conferences, as they used to say in the old days, although publishing houses are more involved in this, this is already theirs, we introduce the writer to the publisher, and the publisher introduces the writer to the reader, did you have meetings with readers, and how do they understand all this, they don’t say any abstruse things,

it is deciphered, your readers, who were they, these are the parents of the children, these are the children themselves, these are people in bandanas and leather jackets, or vice versa, these are such batans who are just like you and me in the reports, what kind of people were these, i wonder, these were the most different people, for i was very surprised that in fact teenagers come to my presentations and their parents, but mostly to... probably 90 percent are my peers, really, as i hoped that i would be able to talk through this book with thirty-year-olds, the apple trees blossomed toys, fogs floated over the river, let the clumsy pedestrians run, through puddles, water, on the asphalt like a river, i whip my horses.

i whip, i drive, lyolyushki, lyoli, half a point before the end of the night, i give my sister, who soaked me at night, on friday on the first, you are mine bread, my sleepyhead, night, away, away, darkness, let the race, don't guess about love, let the heart tell you, just don't be quicker than your sons, my restless cricket,

you and the children, the finale is on sunday on the first. well, we continue our conversation about modern literature, about what is happening in it around it, we are talking with the director of development of the peredelkino house of creativity, yulia vronskaya, a modern prose writer, playwright, ivan bevz. we are talking about...

a genre or direction or format, which is called, we have roughly substantiated that this is such, but some authors, what books, maybe they are also involved. peredelkina or or maybe yasnaya polyana , who is this? well, what do our interlocutors read with pleasure? yes, with such a question it is always difficult, you are afraid to forget something, yes, but i will try to simply remember who was in residence in the house of creativity , name a few names to pay attention to, this will be yankadalty for a slightly older audience, for example, writers yes. blagova, maria lebedeva, olga ptitseva, i would pay attention to them attention, svetlana pavlova, with the novel golod for a slightly older audience, but for young people, and maybe i would also look at the youth nomination, the yasnaya

polyana awards, which also responded to this trend, and is now considering books for an older audience, there is, for example, daria misropova with... to bring together writers, future coronators, yes, yes, this is our next step that we want to take, to organize these pitchings not only for publishers, next time we will invite filmmakers, those who represent film studios, and these can be films based on

books, yes, these can be films based on books, or they can be interested at the idea level, and you can give a book for a film adaptation, or you can give an idea, a plot request. this is our next step, to introduce those who make films to the authors who were in residence in peredelkino, it seems to me that there are many plots that can interest filmmakers, i can’t help but say, one of the latest books that our resident elena popova published, in my opinion, should interest readers too right away, filmmaker elena popova, actually not a writer, but a scientist who... got into a very cool expedition, unique, she drifted in the ice for six months, studied the ice, she does this, but in addition to her scientific notes , research, she spent these six months making notes of observations of herself, how she

feels in the cabin, how she feels among scientists, mostly men, how her life is built there, that a person is cut off from her loved ones and friends. this is such a producer project for us, for peredelkino, because we saw this text, we immediately knew who we needed to introduce to which publisher who could, that is, there is already a mechanism in advance that, if desired, provided you have talent, will bring you straight to the movie screen, are you planning

anything like that? yes, i wanted to see my story on the screen more, how cool is that, in general, our dear interlocutors, today we have covered a very wide circle, as you can see. we began the conversation with the fact that in russia, in general in the world everything is connected with literature, but in modern literature it is arranged in such a way that a lot happens before how it appears, and around its appearance, that is, literature is not only a writer, publisher, critic, reader, but also many other professions, actions, actions, let them sometimes be called by words that are not quite familiar to our ears, yank idald or residence. remember the film "resident's mistake" from the soviet era, there are completely different residents, but it is terribly curious to hear, it is very important to understand that all this is around us, for this conversation i sincerely thank the director of

development of the peredelkina house of creativity, yulia vronskaya, thank you, julia, that we will see each other here more than once and the prose writer, playwright ivan. bevza ivan, thank you very much, i think that there is still something to talk about, you, our esteemed interlocutors, i say as always with emphasis, read. with pleasure, dear friends. hello, with you the podcast schrödinger's cat and i am its host grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the popular science magazine schrödinger's cat. and today we will talk about gold. only about how valuable, wonderful, beautiful it is, and about how to find it, our

today's guests are geologists, olga yakubovich, professor at st. petersburg university, research fellow at the institute of geology, geochronology da cambri eran, hello, hello, and pavel selevanov, head of the department at the central research geological prospecting institute of non-ferrous and precious metals, what a complicated name, but gold is a noble metal for us. yes, yes, look, let's talk about gold from the very beginning, where did it come from in the universe, if i'm not mistaken, initially it was believed that these were supernova explosions, only they could generate gold, then astrophysicists considered that even such a large-scale event as a supernova explosion is not enough for gold to appear, because it is very heavy, and a completely catastrophic phenomenon was needed, a collision of neutron stars, if i understand correctly, this is the birth of gold in the universe, well, yes, to what extent? it is known, physicists managed to observe a collision of neutron stars several years ago, they saw

the spectrum from this collision, and there there really was a large number of heavy elements, including gold, so well , the modern scientific paradigm we don't really know how it was, that gold, elements of mass close to gold, appeared as a result of the collision of neutron stars, then this substance somehow got into the protosolar nebula, which gave rise to. the solar system, including the planet earth, that is, in every piece of gold, for example, a wedding ring, there are traces of a completely monstrous event, like a collision of neutron stars. okay, formed somewhere far, far away, this phenomenon called gold, it got to the place where the solar system was going to appear, what happened next, how did gold get to the earth? well, it is believed that the formation of all the planets in the solar system. which, well, scientifically called accretion, occurred as a result of such a process, this is when small particles under the influence of

gravitational interaction begin to stick together to form such a critical mass, which is enough for the substance began to melt, in particular on the ground, here the sticking particles heated up so much that the separation of chemical elements occurred approximately as by analogy with a blast furnace, when we smelt metal, the slag separates... the division is imperfect, most of the gold apparently really

sank, because if we take this undifferentiated substance of chondrites, then the order of the content there is an order of magnitude, that is , 10 and maybe more times greater than the concentration of gold in the earth's crust on average, that is, meteorites brought us a lot of gold, yes , this substance, it was collected, this protoplanetary substance gave birth to the earth, and although there really is a version that during the... late meteorite bombardment, there was a repeated enrichment of the upper geospheres with gold and other heavy metals , including platinoids, i don’t know, i can just explain, yes, this is postimbardation , it is believed to have occurred approximately 3.9 billion years ago, that is, if the earth was 4.5 billion years ago, then there, practically 500-600 million years later this event happened, catastrophic for the entire solar system. we see traces of this bombardment on other planets, uh, in fact, if we look at the chemical

composition of the earth, the chemical composition of the mantle , the chemical composition of the same meteorites, we will see that our mass balance does not quite add up, that is, according to all calculations, as you correctly noted, there should be less platinum and gold on the earth, well, in its upper parts, but in fact we know that we have deposits of platinum and gold, so we need to somehow figure out how it happened. that not all the gold and not all the platinum sank into the center of the earth, we are looking for models that could just somehow explain this? today we will talk to you in the mode of such a funnel. we started with the universe, narrowed down to the earth over all the years of its existence, let's now move on to where the gold came from on the territory of russia, what is the origin of those deposits that are there in krasnoyarsk on the kolyma, where we have gold, everywhere, everywhere, like the great scientist vernadsky said,

the entire periodic table is dissolved in every drop of water, so gold is not only on your finger. there is some amount of it in the body, but it is vanishingly small, and another thing is that the areas of gold concentration, yes, they are quite specific, these are areas where there were such events as collisions, folding events or magmatic activation and where hydrothermal processes were actively taking place, they are called processes involving highly superheated waters. which is just good at transporting gold including, well, in simple terms, where there are mountains and where there are volcanoes, there is mostly gold, well, or where there were volcanoes, because siberia of course doesn't erupt much now, but once upon a time, yes, or, for example, the kola peninsula, the most ancient rocks come out there, once there were mountains, but they

were cut off a long time ago, the last time they were cut off by a glacier and... there are no mountains there anymore, when all this happened, that is, when did gold deposits begin to form on our territory? here are the earliest deposits that exist, they belong to such a period as archean, it is about 2.5 billion years and a little older, very early deposits, here is the moment of the formation of the earth, they do not exist, that is, the earliest ones begin in the region of 2.5-3 billion years, in fact, these are rich ores, because they reflect ... very unusual conditions that were then on the earth, on the earth there was no oxygen in the atmosphere yet, therefore the entire cycle of life of the earth and the movement of matter, it was a little different from what is happening today, further, starting from 2.5 billion years and younger, we have such, well , classical objects with an age close to there 1.8 billion years and younger, but

most of the deposits, specifically for russia, are certainly distant... well, on active volcanoes, in principle , gold deposition is happening right now and i saw a report, a colleague showed, right in the sublimations of volcanoes he found newly formed gold, that is, the deposit is of course not there yet, but it is being redeposited, and how is it determined that it lies here, well, from the point of view

of the average person, a piece of stone, it has a small a piece of gold, how to determine that this piece is a small one there? the particle appeared 850 million years ago, by and large , to determine the age exactly when gold was formed, this is a difficult task, in geology there is such an approach that allows using isotopic systems, in other words, the radioactive decay of one chemical element into another, to determine the age of this process, if i explain it on my fingers, then when a mineral crystallizes, some amount of radioactive isotope gets into it, well for example, uranium. this uranium decays over time, forming lead, accordingly, if we take a mineral, measure the lead content in it relative to the uranium that it contains, we can, by substituting the formula into the law of radioactive decay, calculate how much time has passed. the uranium-lead system is not the only isotope system that exists in geology, we know, for example, that potassium, one of the very

common chemical elements that generally surround us, and we eat there in one banana. how much of the same potassium, it is radioactive, beta radioactive, other chemical elements also transform by transformation, in particular it has a decay channel with the formation of argon, this is probably the second most common method for determining the age of minerals, but if we return to the question of how to determine the age of gold, this is a difficult task, because gold usually does not have much uranium, on the contrary, there is a lot of lead, it is difficult to measure here, gold has little k... and there is a need to either use some other minerals, which are indirectly related to gold, that is, we as geologists can say that probably they were formed simultaneously. try to apply new flood systems, in particular, a system based on uranium-torigels, that uranium decays with the formation of a gel, which is an alpha particle. but helium flies away, how

can you find it in the rock? it is difficult to find it in the rock, but native metals, in particular gold or sulfides, with which gold is often associated, they very well preserve radiogenic helium during geological time history, over the course of millions, billions of years, the main thing is that they are not split, not flattened, that is, if... there was an impact, then the clock is reset, that is, into pieces of rock, if it was not heated there, not broken, and so on, there is a little inert gas helium, by the amount of which you can determine when this gold was formed, yes, that's absolutely right, well, olga, you are still more of a laboratory theorist, you can say, it's not offensive, a laboratory theorist, no, and pavel, a more applied person, who is gold is searched, do these models help you search for gold? well, in principle , do you mean age-related, yes, for example, age-related, no , well, of course they help in some way, although of course the main criterion for searches

is to look for ore near ore, yes, if there is a gold-bearing deposit in some region, why not search more, but in principle this is an important, important question, yes, the age of the order, these events, when the deposits were formed. models of how we will, where we will search, this is already important information, it's funny,

i should have said, i fell in love, forgive me, please, when you lived with natasha, maybe she was dating someone, between us, of course, she's pregnant, listen, remember me here, no matter where you run, they'll find you and you 'll go to jail, i tried, but i can't cope, the devil in the ribs, boy, some kind of, i can't live without you, premiere, tomorrow after the program time, do you think you're the only one with feelings, that's it, it's not meant to be, leave, in the new season on the first, today we were auditioned for the gracheva choir, great, yura, you definitely need to sing, oh well you sing. what a unique gift you have, you hit such notes, what an upstart you think you are, clarke, it's you, don't you recognize me or what? it's me, andryukha,

that means your life is a success, you have everything that soviet women don't even dare to dream of, so what, you don't take the guy just because he doesn't know the notes, in order to get official choir status, you need to have at least 50 choristers, are you accepted? from today on, a new life begins for you, if it weren't for this choir, we would never have met, i'll see you again with this man, i'll tell my father everything, you're mine, you're my wife, what do you want, give me back these 15 years, i thought everything was easy, i wanted fame, remember gorachev and his choir, there shouldn't be a year on a song, sing so that the sun rises. choir, the premiere of a multi-part film, soon on the first. this is the podcast schrödinger's cat, and i am its

host grigory tarasevich. today we are talking about how to find gold in the depths of russia, here's how to look into these depths, and how to find what decorates our lives with its yellowish, expensive. light, about gold, about that, how geologists search for gold in russia. listen, i 'm starting to look at my plush ring with more and more respect, not only because of family values, because look, neutron stars collided, then continental plates collided, so that i could have this little yellow ring, such events took place over billions of years, and also... how much ore was crushed for your ring, well, by the way, yes, in my ring there are a couple of grams, well, three grams, probably, that's how many tons of rock are needed.

you have something gold, there is a gold tooth, a gold ring, a gold chain, look at it with different eyes from the point of view of billions of years, tons of rock, kilos of thousands of kilometers, because at first, when they look for gold on a scale of thousands of kilometers, they probably look, well, how is it any, like any mineral, when searching for it in geology, the principle of successive approximations is applied, that is, all geological exploration work begins, they have

certain... there is even a law that they begin with a regional study of the subsoil, then there is a certain area of ​​the territory of the russian federation taken and a state geological map of a million-scale or two-hundred- thousand-scale is compiled for it, geologists go on routes, study routes, look at space images, conduct some rare area geochemical studies, take samples for analysis and build on this basis. a map, a geological map, one of the components, well , in fact, this is a geological map, this is not one sheet, but there is a whole set of different sheets of graphics, such a talmud a report is attached to it, and it sets out considerations about where, what minerals may be here, what territories are promising, then there is prospecting work, at the stage of prospecting work it is distinguished: here

are promising areas, they are studied in more detail, and there, as a rule, they conduct searches along rivers, if there is a river hydrographic network, sometimes they use where there was glaciation, the moon-pebble method, that is, they collect, look for pebbles with signs of ore, then reconstruct how the glacier crawled and where it came from, that is, everything in more detail, in more detail, such a golden funnel is obtained. yes, yes, yes, yes, in the end it finds a source, from where it flows into rivers, somewhere else, this gold rushes, disperses, they find ore fragments, they found this, this is not a deposit yet, but first of all it is necessary to see what is there, as a rule, we have soil on top, yes, here is something loose, a product of the destruction of these rocks, and they take, drive a bulldozer, tear off everything loose,

reach the bedrock, rock, there they find the native body, evaluate its thickness, test it, determine the content, so they make several intersections, for example, this is a vein, they get an idea from the surface, already somehow extrapolating to the depth, yes, making a reasonable assumption that it is not from the surface, only, for example, it goes to 100 mg, they consider the pro... resources, that is, this is not yet a reserve, well , they roughly imagined, after that they drill with wells to confirm, they confirmed, this is not yet a deposit, that's when its entire ore body is riddled with these wells, they drill, they get pieces of core, study them, determine the content in each intersection,

all this will multiply, multiply, calculate the reserves. then it will be a deposit, i specially took with me some souvenir that was given to me by geologists who are looking for gold in the krasnoyarsk territory on the yanisei ridge, this is the same core, that is, what gets out of the depths of the earth, a borehole machine, yes, can you explain what is on it, why it can be connected with a gold vein, that is, in theory, i have a piece of a gold vein in my hands, well, almost. we would like some water, yes, water, it would be better to see what is here because because its surface is so rough water in the studio not because someone got sick so that it would be better to see the geology there in my opinion the depth was 100 meters there so we wet it and magic happens wow now it became visible it became not became not so scary by the way here at the drilling when

the geologist describes the core directly. they take it out immediately the geologist documents, describes, and there is always a bucket of water and a brush, here or a polyverizer to wet it, because on the wet you can see much better. and what do we see? here well you can see something white, and something gray, something gray - this is the host rock, these are some sandstones, maybe oleurolites, orgelites , what was once sand, clay, which were deposited on the bottom of the ancient sea, and then compressed, then it compressed, heated up, pressed, cemented and became a strong rock, so in the strong rock then it cracked and superheated water vapor began to flow through the cracks, we call it fluid or hydrothermal solution, very hot, more than 100 ° for it, but still liquid, because pressure, yes, due to the pressure it is liquid, although sometimes there is a supercritical fluid,

which is an indistinguishable state, liquid and steam, above 373, it seems degrees, and therefore due to the fact that it is so hot, it dissolves well - many minerals, well, and entering the crack, interacting with these rocks, it cools down, precipitation of this begins, well, mostly it is quartz, generally speaking, most often gold in such deposits, it is in quartz, yes, found quartz, you immediately have to knock to see - what there will be, but if you found quartz, it does not necessarily mean that there is gold, even when we go to sites... we beat these quartz veins, well 90% of them are empty, like a drum, as they say, except for quartz, which in general is not of great interest here , what else can you see here, here is this one, most likely it will be seen

as black, and this strip, it sparkles a little, this is perite, well, in general it looks like gold, if i didn't know, i would think that this is a gold vein, yes, it is called fool's gold, thank you, well... there were rare cases when people found it , collected it, raked bags, rejoiced, and then were upset, well, here there is no visible gold, but this does not mean that it is not here at all, it can be in the form of a tone, small small inclusions, if gold is visible, then it can be immediately said with confidence that 10 g per ton of content of what kind of crack it can be, if we took a microscope would most likely be next to here with spirit. khodskoe, it often indicates that there is real gold nearby, this is such, well, this is a sign that there is some mineralization, and moreover, in the form of objects, perite may contain gold in the form of some microscopic inclusions, or even generally dissolved - as if in the structure,

apparently dissolved, and because then perite is sulfite, it oxidizes well in the air, well, there for tens of years, with water, with air it interacts and ... from it secondary gold can fall out, also micron gold particles. a military pilot contacted the antifake program directly from the svo zone. after completing the tasks, they landed to the aerodrome, saw a video on the internet and laughed, minus the su-25. ukrainian soldiers hit a russian attack aircraft. they really tried to disguise the loss of the f16, this is the very board that zelensky touched with his dirty little hands. my good friend's mother sent him such a message, what needs to be done so that the pension is not transferred digitally, no longer knows which sector to hit, and also my, perhaps, most favorite column, in which we expose fakers, exposing their identities,

antifake, season premiere, tomorrow on channel one, he showed me a piece of moscow, and i wanted to go there so much, maria should go to moscow as soon as possible. i'll say, your grandmother asked me to meet you and look after you, go ahead, just blink your eyes innocently with the look of a complete idiot, he's not just somewhere out there, you know, cheated on him, you can never stay to show your opponent that he's stronger, i'm taking you on probation, thank you, state official, moscow through the eyes of a foreign psychologist, you're just a character from some movie, no, you even...

summer in the city premiere. on sunday on the first. with you, the podcast kud shryudingera and i, its host grigory tarasevich. today we are talking about gold, about how to find gold on the territory of russia. olga, what will you see here on this, on this core? will you see some history, what happened in this place? well, well, i will say right away that i just don’t know well, accordingly, what the exact sampling point is, but... you said that the yenisei quack, and as a representative of such

academic science i look at approximately the next thing we know is that on the territory of the nisei region there is a very large gold deposit, like well, there is a deposit like olympiada, it is associated with quartz veins, here we see a quartz vein, this is already good, accordingly , the olympiada deposit, it was formed in several stages, approximately... 850 million years ago and its last stage was 650 million years ago, it is interesting to see, this is exactly the quartz vein and the mineralization that is in it, how old is it, and if it is close to those age values, which are there are for rich gold mining systems, then this object for me becomes even more promising, because we already know that in this area with such age values ​​there were suitable conditions for gold accumulation. the second point, again, purely academic, as i see it, that quartz

veins are a sign of such a type of deposit as an orogenic deposit. orogenesis is mountain building, if translated from greek into russian. and in this case we have these superheated solutions, fluids, they rise directly from the mantle along very deep faults. and in fact, if we look at the world production by deposits. then this type of mines they contribute a very large percentage, they are interesting for subsoil users, that is, this is my opinion, it would seem a simple stone, but what kind of story can be seen in it, a real detective story, well, here in fact, there are quite a lot of generalizations, yes, that is, we take and by analogy, mm, we complete something, that is, this does not mean that we saw it right in this piece, and we have a lot...

and i go, but to others, again, i as a representative of such academic science, i work mainly with already known open deposits, and for me the main task is to understand how it happened that it was formed here, to say that pay attention , for example, to such things, and accordingly, when i come to the place of birth, most often these are already operating deposits, where once somewhere there was a quarry, so that you can come up, look at everything in... the necessary samples for very specific a bear, well, nose to nose, fortunately not

scientific tasks, so you have not encountered bears, you had to encounter them, but it was on the route, i heard him, he was chattering somewhere in the bushes, i felt the smell, well, my partner and i shouted, beat him up there, and he ran away, literally 5 minutes later, uh, another route group shouted on the radio, a bear is coming towards us, in general, they left the route, what is happening and where and where? so, this is in yakutia, and you can see that i am in a mosquito net, because there are a lot of mosquitoes, well, and i wash it off - a concentrate sample, that is, it is a loose material - usually from rivers - or maybe we just took some rock, a vein, crushed it and also washed it. well, or the same core was ground, yes, yes, you can

grind the same core and wash it, and then also a funnel, that is, first the lightest is washed out , then the heavier, until there is nothing left, until there is nothing left, the heaviest minerals remain, black, as a rule, this is magnetite and gold, actually, it remains, in principle, this is the prospector's method of extraction gold, yes, exactly with a tray, well, why do they usually do this in the river, my back just quickly starts to... hurt in the river, that's why i made myself such a washer, well , the tray itself is like 100, 200, 300, 400 years ago, yes, well here it is plastic, but the shape is the same, and there are also different ones. there are shapes in guyana, i worked there, they are round trays similar to a vietnamese hat, they literally make it from any piece of iron, sometimes you go and look at an abandoned car and on its hood there are such circles cut out, of course, patches did tell me all this exotic taiga

bears this washing in the river is this what attracts you to the profession or is it just circumstances well this is an interesting experience with... moved - in general, i traveled well, was in the far east in africa, worked in south america. olga, and for you, if you did not choose the path there with tents, bears and other exotic things, what stimulated you to become a geologist? no, well, i, in fact, when i entered the geological faculty, i wanted just such romance, it was difficult for me

imagine myself as a person who will only sit at the computer, for example, work in the office, and i wanted that... what i will do in the future, it would allow me to work with my hands in the laboratory, at the computer, including having the opportunity to go somewhere into nature, to look at the world around me, so it seems to me that my choice in this regard of the geological direction, it was completely balanced and justified, uh, returning to such difficult field conditions, well, i probably there after several years of training. i realized that i like it all, but i physically, in fact, it is of course hard work, maybe it is some kind of gender specificity, that is, in principle, among geochemists and people who work in laboratories, there are usually more girls than among these field geologists, well, this is probably a generally understandable picture, so

yes, well , in general, i still like all this forest romance , besides forest romance, there is also an element of detective, when you watch how the investigator is at the crime scene, here there was, then, a solution, here it was pressing, here there is such a feeling that every time it is like sherlock holmes, of course, that is , it seems to me that this is the second factor that makes, at least for me, this area very interesting, i always feel like, i don’t know, a treasure hunter, a scout, that now we’ll see what’s in these maps, and what ’s here, in geology, in searches, in fact...

a real detective, well, this is more of a scientific passion, because well, i remember the numerous stories of those same gold prospectors, the gold rush, then in california, jack london, then here in the urals in siberia, then in australia, or is it rather a scientific passion, scientific or scientific, scientific or such as to get rich to find a nugget, like a movie, well, it turns out that you will not get rich especially. since our subsoil belongs to the state and i work in a state organization, yes, even worked for private owners, but it would belong to the subsoil user, to put it in your pocket, to find a nugget to put in your pocket - a very bad idea, but this passion, that you...