was developed jointly, and that kryuchkov, the then head of the kgb, simply helped mikhail gorbachev get rid of the military, which he actually succeeded in doing, those military men who resisted gorbachev's reforms. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev, i will simply say once again, is not such a simpleton as many people think and as he is portrayed, such a simpleton who simply does not understand anything. i want to give you just one example, statistics: in 5 years from 1934 to 1939, stalin replaced 77% of the central committee of the cpsu, that is, he removed 77% of the undesirables. gorbachev, who is often presented as anti-stalin, took out 85% in a year. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev was an experienced, seasoned predator in this political field, he knew perfectly well what he was doing. i must say that

mateas rust received a term of only 4 years at the trial that i attended, i will note that a year before that, one french pilot, an amateur, much more experienced, not an eighteen-year-old boy, in the city of paris, flew under a bridge, well, also for the sake of courage and for the sake of likes and publications, he received 12 years for 12 years for this flight, mateas rust, who sat on a red light.

my material was not published then, this is the first, last, only material that in this publication, in that position, i could not publish, a year earlier in 1986 i received the title of the best journalist of the soviet union from the union of journalists of the ussr, and i was like, well , as expected, a journalist a little stupid, all show-off, opened the doors with my foot and read that each of my lines, each paragraph is a gift. i was then simply amazed why this material was not published about matya, now i understand why, because the go-ahead was given not to force this story at all, not to attract, well, he sat down, that's it, he served his time, they let him go, there's no need to talk about it at all, matyas rust himself, he's still alive , he wrote memoirs, i read them, it 's water about the creation of some kind of ecological...

state on the territory of today's afghanistan, nepal and tibet, well, here again is the same thing that he said then in his last word, for everything good, against everything bad, i repeat, i don't think that he is some kind of super agent, i think that his used in the dark, but the fact that it was not a set of coincidences, no, here is my mentor in journalism, spectrum said that... once it is a chance, two coincidences, three systems, in the case of mateos rust, there are not three, at least a dozen of such very strange coincidences of chance, this is the podcast of the chronicle of the end of times, and i, evgeny dodovolev , told you about the scandalous case of 1987, the case of mateos rust. all episodes of the podcast of the chronicle of the end of times can be viewed on the website of the first channel 1.tv. .ru.

well, each russian city, naturally, its own history, but sevastopol, of course, is a special case, because its roots go back to antiquity, to byzantium, very deep. and then two heroic defenses of sevastopol in the crimean war, then in the great patriotic war, and far from simple soviet history, post-soviet history, because well, i remember 2007, and this happened even before crimea returned to russia, alexander gorodnitsky sang his song on one of the squares, sevastopol. will return back,

sevastopol will remain russian, and i don’t remember such an emotional reaction from the audience, of course, so much blood has already been shed for this city... the russians have shed so much that it is simply impossible to tear it away from russia, in my opinion, today we will talk about the first defense of sevastopol in the crimean war, with the crimean war with the defense of sevastopol in the crimean war in general, such a situation is quite strange at first glance, on the one hand , russia suffered a heavy defeat in the war, on the other hand, the defense of sevastopol is one of the most heroic pages in the history of the russian army, and of russia as a whole, that's how one goes with the other.

russia and western europe in connection with the fact that in connection with the so-called eastern questions. was in a deep crisis began to disintegrate for this heritage in those european territories in the mediterranean that gradually withdrew from the ottoman empire, here in this field and on this problem, so to speak, discussions and disputes took place and there was a struggle in this region. russia defended its national interests. this is true, but at the same time both russian society and emperor nicholas i, they fought in many ways for the orthodox, so to speak, faith for christians in general, because, well, in particular,

for example, russia fought for the independence of greece, for the granting of independence to the greeks, who were massacred by the turks, for the right. armenian christians to return, so to speak, from the ottoman empire to the east and armenia, but at the same time, of course, i have already said, russia stood up for its interests, well, what interests, first of all it was necessary to ensure peace on its borders, on the border of the coast, the transcaucasian coast, plus the question, the eternal question of those times - this is fate. it's not just a wish, it's a strategically very important question, because at that time these southern borders of russia, they were poorly protected, so

this passage through the straits was very important in principle, the protection of this caucasian coast, as for the west, it also formally... made many statements about protecting the unfortunate greeks and serbs there, but at the same time it was, of course, a game in many ways, because the most important thing was also, there were also calculations for various bonuses after the collapse of the ottoman empire, and the main thing for them was not to allow some influence and dominance of russia in this region, therefore they supported the turks, in general, the formal reason for the beginning of the war was, as is known, a dispute about... the ownership of holy places in palestine, which turkey had transferred to the catholics, and russia claimed the patronage of orthodox christians living in turkey and the ownership, so to speak, partial control, yes, these holy places for christianity in jerusalem,

especially since the majority of the christian population of turkey, the overwhelming majority these were precisely orthodox christians, but this was a formal pretext, in general, russia's course was then towards the collapse of the ottoman empire, but the british, on the contrary, sought to preserve the ottoman empire, but under their control, yes, well, of course, there too, picking up the falling fragments, but nevertheless to preserve it as a kind of counterweight to the russian empire in the east, and there was a rather interesting prehistory, the fact is that, as you correctly noted, the ottoman empire began to fall apart, its various parts began to act, for example egypt came out against the ottoman empire, russia, oddly enough, in 1832, thirty-third defended. the ottoman empire, a very advantageous for russia unkerovsky lessi treaty was concluded, a difficult to pronounce name, because it took place in the town of unkerovsky lessi, on the coast, where the russian fleet approached and thereby blocked the egyptian troops' path to istanbul, it was clear that the egyptian troops were much

better armed, where accordingly pro-european reforms were carried out, the ottoman army, outdated, backward, of course, by that time it would have broken, but in... great powers, the convention was revised, the so-called london convention on the straits was concluded, which decided russia the right to blockade the photo of warships of other countries in the black sea in case of war, that is , thanks to the unkerod treaty, for 8 years russia actually controlled basfordanel, it seemed that almost everything was done, this was under pressure from great britain and france, from there was a rollback, this served as a very important prerequisite for another russian. attempt to finish off this sick man of europe, as

nicholas i used to say, as he was called, that is, the ottoman empire. you spoke about a kind of formal pretext for war, so to speak, here is the dispute over sacred places, perhaps it is even worth mentioning in a little more detail, because it is curious. yes, it means that the turks , under pressure from the french, gave the keys to the bethlehem temple to the catholics, and, well, the pretext, this formal pretext for war seems to us today, well, somehow not very weighty, especially if we put on one side of the scale the victims, which inevitably each war is carried on another country, so to speak, on the other side of the scale, the scales, which, well, after all, they did not hand over to idolaters, they also handed over to christians, simply catholics, but for... the russia of that time it was unbearable, the preliminary diplomatic stage, all parties went through in

such an accelerated manner, after the keys were given at the instigation of the french, that is , to the catholics, nicholas introduced russian troops into moldova and wallachia, as noted, as a pledge, dokuli turkey does not satisfy fair demands, then in response... to this introduction troops to moldavia and wallachia, england, france, austria and prussia convened such a special conference, here with a note of protest, they did not expect this, well, in general, deep disappointment in the west, russia agreed to these conditions that the conference dictated, but since the desire of the conference was not so much, was not so much peace, as war, therefore, the english ambassador. in constantinople, stratford-radcliffe, then and there, therefore, recommended turkey to include

in the already agreed, document, a number of conditions that did not satisfy the russians, well, on this since russia did not make concessions, and thus the path to war was finally open, and military actions unfolded over a huge, so to speak, space, over a huge territory, on the danube. in transcaucasia, asia, the baltic and white seas in the far east, by the way, in the far east, the russians very successfully resisted the anglo-french, so to speak, united fleet and the naval landing force, defended peter-pavlovsk heroically and even threw english banners at the feet of nicholas i, but it is clear that the main events unfolded in the crimea, and...

the famous one of the symbols of nikolaev's rule, it is necessary to recall that these are such two-meter sticks, flexible, yes, with which soldiers were beaten, driving them through the line, when from both sides, respectively , they struck the soldiers' backs, and although formally the death penalty was abolished in russia, then when soldiers were assigned several thousand blows with spitzrutons, it is clear that this led to the death of a soldier, in russia the development of

communication routes lagged very much, the railway at that time the moment moscow-vilnius, and moscow-petersburg. actually under nicholas i there were no normal roads to the south, accordingly england and france supplied their troops in crimea by sea faster and more efficiently than russia by land, well , an amazing situation, yes, therefore the supply problem was one of the most painful problems during the crimean war, during the defense of sevastopol directly, because there they used foreign cannonballs, since their own were not enough, foreign cannonballs were used to fire at the enemy, regardless of their caliber, which also led to a decrease in the effectiveness of shooting. in general, this influence of serfdom on the development of russia at that time was reflected in the most catastrophic way in the military operations in all these things , including in terms of bureaucracy - an episode is known, a specific episode during the battle of inkerman, one of the battles that was supposed to unblock the besieged sevastopol and what failed

, it turned out that the russian army did not have a map of military operations, one of the generals said that he knew the area well, then it turned out that where there should have been mountains, there are lowlands, where there should have been lowlands, there are hills, and the map was sent a day after the battle, the russian army lost the battle, so obviously, over the past 7 years, 17 hostage takings have been committed, i 'll blow myself up, that's understandable, unfortunately, the statistics are not encouraging, everyone shut up! from this second you are all hostages, are you crazy, these are children, my name is zaitsev, gennady nikolaevich, i am the head of the operation to free your children, if you are in in the near future you will not show bright, most decisive victories that will surprise the whole world,

what the hell do we need you for, the path is difficult, there are many enemies around, then try, figure out who is who, if necessary, we would not ask you, they appointed you, that's it, go to work, and i ask you, are you taking on this case or not, i am taking it, stepan, what are your demands, for a start we demand eight machine guns, can you hear me, eight, eight, uncle, please save my friends, if any of the children are hurt, our negotiations will lose their meaning. get ready for storm, premiere, commander on saturday on the first and for love this is the place, i

accidentally ended up in crimea during the liberation of crimea, and then odessa happened, for me this is probably the beginning, when something switched, i was killed by a beautiful, big plane, i think that it hurts her a lot, but she does not scream...

this is a podcast of russia the west on the swings of history. today our topic is the heroic defense of sevastopol. as for the supply of the army, there was a really huge problem with this. by the way, it is curious that the negative role here played in the future famous archaeologist, who excavated troy, heinrich schliemann, because the german achieved that such an exclusive, very large contract was concluded with him for the supply of deception of the russian. army and in fact it was of course a huge scam, because the products were, to put it mildly, of low quality, although this is putting it mildly, it is quite fair in general they would

talk about the eloquent such eloquent statement of alexander i, when schliemann later wanted to come to russia to excavate scythian burial mounds, alexander ii remarked on this, let him come, we'll hang him. problems, here our opponents, again, the authors of the world history of wars, they, they get it for another reason, here the claims are mainly made to the personnel, because here the russian officer and the russian soldier, they write, thanks to their training and dedication, significantly surpassed the english and the french, here the english army, i quote, accustomed to enjoying the comforts of the conditions... barracks life very painfully endured the deprivations encountered in the course of war. the english soldier, when acting in masses in close formation, rarely retreated

before the enemy, when he was left to himself, he was slow, slow-witted and helpless. there was another problem: if the english could seriously reorganize themselves in the course of events, then the russians could not, in general, the crimean war led to the birth of several phenomena in our history, firstly, this is field surgery, which, thanks to pirogov, began to develop in our country, and which showed itself during the crimean war, during the defense itself sevastopol, here it is important to understand that pirogov brought women with him, yes, who were supposed to be nurses, they eventually became doctors, although in russia a woman could not become a doctor at that time, and even women nurses were generally looked at very crookedly, pirogov nevertheless trusted them very much, and these selfless women who arrived with him in sevastopol saved a huge number of lives, that is, this was the beginning of poliov surgery, the beginning of military journalism, indeed, which had a serious impact not only on the minds

readers, but on politics on politics, including the military leadership of great britain, to a lesser extent france, first of all great britain, of course, in france napoleon ii then , to put it mildly, did not strongly encourage freedom of speech. in addition, the british and french tried to storm sevastopol on the anniversary of the battle of waterloo, so that ...

rejected the very idea of ​​a possible landing, so he rejected all attempts, even at the level of some civil initiative of the city's residents to begin strengthening the land, and once, when admiral kornilov, that is, he brought to show minshkov a list of military and civilian people who were voluntarily ready to make donations in order to...

were sure that during the landing itself it was possible to inflict very significant damage on the enemy, damage, which, by the way, the british and french were very afraid of, they were counting on them, it was, as they say, well, in one-two, in general , here is an absolutely incomprehensible position that menshkov occupied, then followed the battle at alma, very difficult for both sides, the losses were great, the russian army

retreated, all ours...

when kornilov, admiral kornilov asked him, actually, what to do with the fleet, menshikov answered, yes, put it in your pocket, pocket, but here is another nuance, why the action of the land army was so different from the defense of sevastopol, here to the question of why it could be the right decision, i believe that the decision was rather correct, was to remove the crews of sailors and strengthen the land units in sevastopol with them, the fact is that the sailors were looked up to in the black sea. the fleet did not have such a stick discipline as in other units, the sailors were distinguished by greater initiative, greater, greater ability to take responsibility during combat operations, greater selflessness even, they set the bar, officers, khornilov with nakhimov did not retain officers who made a career only thanks to their nobility, in addition, those officers who made a career thanks to their nobility and who generally wanted to make a career there at court and how to quickly earn favor, they did not go to the black sea

fleet ... and kornilov with nakhimov, rear admiral estomin, yes, they selected people for themselves, having set this bar. they managed to provide this unique defense of sevastopol, which was so strikingly different from what happened in the land battles led by minishik and other generals of the russian army, then these are the sailors who went ashore , they were, as it turned out, absolutely prepared for actions, so to speak, on land, it was qualified artillery, qualified infantry too, and yes, they had a completely different spirit, they had victories... they had them behind them, they had two heroes, commander kornilov, and then nakhimov, yes, they were guided by them, well, if we talk about those who directly

participated in the defense of sevastopol, then there were only 18,000 of them, that's why it's surprising, of course, because the allies thought that they would take sevastopol in a week, and sevastopol held out for 11 months. 349 days, yes, here's a very interesting characterization he gave of the two heroes, so to speak, of the sevastopol defense, the defense of kornilov, yanokhimov, tarli. he writes: kornilov was a humane man, the sailors loved him, but still there was no between between them and kornilov that cordial closeness, turning straight into some kind of adoration, that love, as those who observed said, which was in the relations of the black sea crew of the knahi. nakhimov was completely different, the boss, and beloved comrade nakhimenko reckless, admiral-hero, at the same time such that you could go to him for advice on your family matter, or tell him about the latest interesting news from the sailors' barracks or

from the ship's deck. kornilov was the boss, first of all the master, like all bosses, although good, kind, noble gentleman. kornilov had a broader specialized education than... we continue our podcast russia west on the swings of history, today we are talking about the defense of sevastopol in the crimean war. kornilov died on the famous malakhov kurgan. the day of the first serious bombardment of sevastopol. then on the same mound, literally the admiral's head was torn off, another hero of the defense of sevastopol, and then, then, in june 855 , inokhimov dies, they all died not

somewhere in the rear, they were all on the front lines, they were shoulder to shoulder, so to speak, they were with their own sailors and under such commanders , naturally, the sailors were guided by... the sevastopol defense is known not only for some kind of courage , some kind of fantastic patience under these shellings, because in sevastopol sometimes, when there were massive bombings, they lost a thousand people a day, these are huge losses for such a garrison, so, despite all this, the sailors, they had some other, thanks to these commanders.

rossov, they generally knew that they were in sevastopol will not be outlived. as for nakhim, he did not want to outlive sevastopol, he said this many times, and it was not some kind of pathetic, yes, self-affirmation. he did not, he understood that sevastopol would fall sooner or later, and he did not want to outlive this city, to outlive, accordingly, the defense, did not want to accept the capitulation, therefore some historians believe that he, in general, sometimes consciously risked his life when he understood that sevastopol would not withstand a siege in the near future. well, he says that nakhimov always wore epaulettes on purpose, which could be aimed, yes, the sevastopol garrison really held out for these 349 days, 11 months, and knocked out of action 73,000 enemy soldiers,

sailors, officers, then there was this story that i mentioned, when on june 6 , fifty-five, on the fortieth anniversary of the battle of waterloo, nine times the anglo-french troops, well, together with the turks, who were driven forward, almost with the help of barrier detachments, they too... were afraid to just go into battle, and the sardinians stormed sevastopol nine times, all nine times were repulsed with heavy losses, and the english commander-in-chief raglan himself died after that, as... some believe simply from shame, from grief, only on august 27 , 1955, when neither kornilov, nor istomin, nor nakhimov were alive, the allies, the english, the french, first of all, took malakhov kurgan, after that it became clear that sevastopol was defenseless, that sevastopol would fall, that they had placed batteries there, now if you visit the malakhov district even now, you can see that it dominates the old city, and accordingly. it was already physically impossible to defend the city, on the same day,

the remaining ships were sunk, and this is a wonderful monument to the lost ships, which stands in sevastopol, a reminder of this, it stands, though not exactly where they were sunk, but that's not important, what's important is that this is a unique monument, when again , seemingly not quite such a courageous act as the sinking of one's own ships becomes an example of heroism, quite deservedly becomes this example, so the remaining... history of russia, yes tried to hit it on

one of the most important places, one of the most important places for the defense of the entire south of the country, and not only. here it is important to emphasize what the defense of sevastopol did: after all, the english and the french had plans to go further, the english were already drawing maps of the division of russia into spheres of influence, and as usual, well, yes, and so on, they pushed the french to go further into battle. the french, but they suffered the main losses, the english had a smaller land army, in general, they answered, roughly speaking, of course not verbatim, but the general meaning was this: we are one since you've already gone, go yourself, that is, the defense of sevastopol reminded the enemy of the fate of the army that invaded russia in 1812, if only sevastopol defended itself like that, and what will happen if we go further, how many such sevastopols will there be next? the fight for sevastopol exhausted the allies' forces, in the crimean war they lost about 350 thousand people. and after they sat near sevastopol for a year, in general,

the outcome of the war became clear: it was necessary to make peace after all. the city was under occupation from august 30, 1855 to june 23, 1856, was returned to russia after the signing of this paris treaty, according to which the russians were forbidden to have any military... not only him, but him as well. well, in conclusion, we can say that the signing

of this paris peace treaty took place after the death of nicholas i, he already knew when he died that he had lost the most important war in his life. but if we talk about nicholas not as a politician, but as a person, then we must admit that, in general, he did not ascend the russian throne of his own free will, but nevertheless he worked, like few monarchs, lay out absolutely without a trace, yes, not everything was done correctly, this is obvious, well, and not everything that russia at that time could handle in general, no matter how much the authorities did not want it, he led the crimean one, even if he wanted this war, then in general public opinion supported him to a large extent, and he was often called the iron autocrat, and so he once remarked, for almost 20 years now i have been sitting

in this beautiful place, there are often days when, looking at the sky, i say, why am i not there, i am so tired, well, it is said, this is in my view, absolutely sincerely, nikolai's personnel policy played a big role, he is the one who said, i don't need smart guys, but loyal subjects, those who could win, in many ways ended up in siberia, died during the caucasian war, these were yesterday's decembrists, who... put forward those people who lost everything they could during the crimean war, i mean, first of all, alexander sergeevich menshikov, about whom we talked a lot today, as a fact and the fact that he put forward a number of people who prepared abolition of serfdom, they changed the legislation of russia like the spiran one, so not everything is so clear. well, and

the last thing that can be said is that in this case, for the first time in the history of russia , a medal appeared not for victory, not... not for taking something there, but for defense, in general, a medal was established for the defense of sevastopol, and i think that this medal was worth any medal for any victory, of course, it was a historical podcast russia west on the swings of history, with you was peter romanov and sergei solovyov, study history with us, everyone you can watch the episodes of the historical podcast of russia the west on the swings of history on the first channel website. hello, this is the podcast ask surkova, and i, larisa surkova, am a psychologist and mother of seven

children. in this studio, we discuss the most pressing issues for absolutely every parent. anna, i am very glad that you came. let me immediately agree with you that this is not a classic psychological consultation, that is, here i can give you some advice, recommendations, and most importantly, using your example , help many viewers for whom i i'm sure your topic, your question will also be relevant, tell me, what did you come with? hello, larisa, i have this, probably a completely non-standard situation: my child, he has parental control on his phone, we do not allow him to play for a long time, only an hour a day, and even then if he does his homework. he is 10 years old, but almost no one at school has this parental control, everyone plays during breaks, everyone plays during after-school care, everyone is on their phones, but he cannot do this, so already from the third class, he is now in the fourth grade, we have constant disagreements, constant arguments, to the point of screaming, to hysterics,

mom, why are you forbidding me, everyone has everything, and i have one hour, it is unfair, unfair, we talked and discussed. troll, i have, and how to convey to the child that we do not want to harm him, but want to bring benefit to his life, i don’t even know what you said, a not quite standard situation, what is its non-standard in parental control, in parental control, because i don't communicate with anyone, with mothers, yes, at school , with other parents and in general with different ones, because my child is also involved in sports, no one has any control over him, so sometimes i feel like i 'm the only such evil mother who is so vigilant over her child, what's wrong with him playing games for 3 hours, for example, but i don't want that, i don't want my child to be dependent, i don't want

to cause him psychological trauma, like everyone else can do it, but you can't, although he studies well, that is , on the other hand, we can allow him yes for his diligent studies, for his athletic achievements, but no, we have a strictly regulated only hour, everything, and what he does on the phone, what he does there, plays games, i understand, but the main request, as i understand it, is precisely that he wants to be like everyone else or not, yes, yes, he wants to have no parental control, the phone is available from morning until evening and that's it, and so that when he plays on the phone for more than an hour, he must send me a request.