and tsarist russia tormented, then the soviet union oppressed and tormented, all this in plain text, you can read it there, tsarist russia, having turned turkestan into its colony, established a system of governance on this territory based on violence, from that time the local population lost its independence, we are generally presented as such oppressors of colonialists and so on, for these countries first they create... a strong terrible enemy, this enemy will be russia, and here it is very convenient that millions of citizens of these countries live directly in russia, that is, they can, so to speak , act from within, talk about some kind of colonial consumer attitude of the soviet union, they and russia, respectively, they are generally groundless, because we can compare with the usa, that is, if the soviet union now russia is building many projects, building factories, thermal power plants and so on, then...

the textbook, this is a textbook for the fifth grade, which was published in 2020, right now it is used in teaching, here is what seemed extremely interesting to me there: colonial dependence on russia. first , this paragraph tells about the capture of uzbekistan by russia, and these insidious plans, as they say in the textbook, were hatched by peter. then it says that,

despite the fact that the october revolution took place, the communists continued to exploit uzbekistan, and colonial dependence continued, then it talks about the sacred struggle for independence, which was carried out by progressive figures of uzbekistan, you understand what is put into the heads of schoolchildren, during the time when... when uzbekistan was part of the union of soviet socialist republics, what did it gain? if we talk about the population, then the population increased sharply, industry developed, the economy developed, now they often say, including in textbooks, that the soviet union allegedly exploited colonially, well, in this case , uzbekistan, for some reason they forget about the fact that - there was a fund for supporting the republics,

which was formed mainly from the budgets of the rsfsr, bssr and the ukrainian ssr, they invested in uzbekistan for its development in soviet times, what was taken out of the pocket of the rsfsr, and of course, people in these republics took it for granted, that's how it should be, without thinking about the fact that... thank you very much for this data, we thank you, all the best. father of nine children, starlin fabrice, a former frenchman, who on march 1 of this year, by decree of the president of the russian federation, received citizenship of our country. today in our studio he is ready to talk about the reasons for his move to russia.

and do nothing with his hands down, so i started working on this, more student, i created a political movement that defended on the one hand the values ​​of the homeland and traditional values, and in parallel with this political movement in 2008 i created the association france, europe, russia, as it seems to me, i was quite effective and active. and for this reason

, the french authorities began to persecute me, as well as the main media at the local and even national level. and unexpectedly it turned out.

family members, so it was quite a difficult period, my wife almost lost her child, when i had the opportunity, we said, together with my wife: we need to leave france. what year did you come to russia? the end of 2015, the beginning of the tenth. at that time, how many children did you already have? when we moved, my wife was pregnant with her seventh child. and so i had six children in france.

i began to come to donbass with humanitarian missions, it is important for me to do this, i also , on my small level, am engaged in the transfer of antifake, when i return from my business trips to donbass, i try to the french tell what i saw there, because my goal is

to have two assemblies according to your size and measurement installation thank you yes because we have a kindergarten you saw the door as if there is no, but according to sanitary standards it is necessary and so that the children steer, that's why a huge thank you to you no,

well, right after a short pause we have another new rubric: over the past 7 years has been committed. "if you do not show bright, most decisive victories in the near future, which will surprise the whole

world, what the hell are you for, the path is difficult, enemies there are many around, try to figure out who is who, if necessary, we would not ask you, appointed, that's it, go to work, and i ask you, are you taking on this case or not, i am taking it"? stepan, what are your demands? for starters, we demand eight machine guns, can you hear me, eight, eight! uncle, please, save my friends! if any of the children are hurt, our negotiations will lose their meaning. prepare to storm! premiere! the commander is on saturday on the first and this is

the place for love, i accidentally ended up in crimea during liberation of crimea, and then odessa happened, for me this is probably the beginning, when something switched, i was killed by a beautiful, big plane, i think that she is in a lot of pain, but she is not screaming, she is singing, she really wants to live,

a resident of the city of lugansk, osama anabit, addressed, this is what worried him, let's take a look, listen. dear editors of antifik, i saw information on the internet that in the annexed territories, local residents are restricted access to medicines. i myself live in lugansk and i know for sure that this is not true. let's expose this fake together and find out how things are in the neighboring donetsk

republic. among other things, russia is restricting the local population's access to medicines. there is currently a catastrophic shortage of medicines in the temporarily occupied territories. those that are in pharmacies, local residents call chalk because of their ineffectiveness. most of the medicines that are delivered to the occupied territories go to hospitals, the center of national resistance reports. i went to the new regions and we met with the most there, had the opportunity to check it out personally, and of course we went to the pharmacies, in short, it was one of my best motorcycle trips, by the way, let's see, i decided to go to the lugansk and donetsk people's republics to check how things are with medicines there, and by the way, a viewer of our program promised to help me with this, so the first destination is lugansk. well, let's go for a ride. i'm glad to meet you, thank you for coming

and sending us this fake, it's very nice to visit you in lugansk today, i think we together we will expose him, they say that in the new territory they supply medicine, of very poor quality or even some kind of chalk is contained there, one aspirin, one analgin, the medicines that you need, you always find in the drugstore, maybe i am the most ordinary, in general everything is fine with you. well, those that you buy, they are of high quality, normal, we have already been to two drugstores and the drugstores sell ordinary, normal medicines, exactly the same as in russia, because we are in russia, i think that... will definitely look will understand that there is definitely deception on the ukrainian side, and i am now heading to donetsk, where a friend of our program and journalist of the union tv channel daniil emelyanov is waiting for me. daniil, a huge hello to you, thank you for meeting with me today, i came about fakes, ukrainian propaganda writes that supposedly here in the new territories they sell some super low-quality medicines,

like even chalk instead of medicine, so if you can take me to the pharmacies, let's check everything ourselves i will be happy to see this in ukraine. they write that supposedly they sell here because russia sends here very low-quality medicine, yes, yes, not even medicine, amyl, please give us then, if possible, suprastin, aspirin, and do you have local, there is gorlovka vitamin c, sterologic, yes, give us, give us all this, there are quality certificates for all the drugs, and are there any problems with the medicines at all, is there something missing or is everything okay, now everything is okay, there are supplies, did you try small granite at school? you are offending, of course, of course, yes, vitamin c has a specific taste, i think you will immediately understand whether it is it? it is very tasty, it is very tasty, it is tastier than chalk, that's for sure, it is definitely vitamin c, well , it is definitely not chalk, but it is very cool when you can do such factorial refutations, just come, come to the pharmacy,

but the fact-checking consists of several of this whole story and components, one is to show that there really is a medicine. talk to the residents, the second, and you know, one of the first actions in general, what you need to do with your favorite fake is to find the original source, we know that there is a report by freedom, it is mentioned there that the source of this information is a certain center of national resistance, this is a division of the special operations forces of the armed forces of ukraine, the armed forces of ukraine, which is engaged in various psychological operations, first of all, in their charter, their task includes mm a raising some uprisings of partisan movements in new regions, yes, yes, but at the same time it is obvious, i think, for them themselves, that the effectiveness of such attempts is extremely low, so they are engaged, if look at their resources in general, what they tell ukrainians, residents of ukraine in particular, how bad it is to live in the new regions, and i tried to go to their site before the broadcast,

it is naturally blocked in russia, well, it is necessary to conduct a kind of expert autopsy to try to understand, uh, what kind of source is this, it is important not only to find it, but also to analyze it, and it is blocked in the russian federation, but what is interesting is that with the help of various anonymizers, it is also impossible to get access to it, you understand, yes, this site was created for a according to their idea, yes, according to their charter, for residents of new regions, who cannot get to it either from russian internet providers or with the help of any anonymizers, yeah, and this once again proves that the sharpening of this resource, this division for processing the population of ukraine to tell, more and more frightened, how bad it is to live in the territory of new regions, and problems with housing, problems with medicines, yes, yes, yes, that's all they generate, but exclusively for the ukrainian audience, then this season you will find a huge number new, interesting sections, watch us as always on the first channel, all the best to you.

with you the podcast schrödinger's cat and i am its host grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the magazine schrödinger's cat, and we talk about ourselves about life from the point of view of science. our guest today is egor musin, candidate of biological sciences, research fellow at the institute of theoretical and experimental biophysics of the russian academy of sciences, popularizer of biology, teacher, and in general a wonderful person complex protein creature. hello, egor. hello, thank you for inviting us. and today we will take on the unthinkable. we will try to present all, all, all biology in these half an hour

and a bit. i understand that the task is not entirely correct, but many who are listening to us now , watching, it seems to me that this is necessary, because well, at school they taught us this biology, we passed tests, passed all sorts of tests, but from the large number of facts, well, maybe something remained, of course, but the main thing, maybe it is not understood, exactly who we are, let's try to talk, egor, about who we are you from the point of view of all big biology, look, you and i are two. protein body, yes, absolutely right, let's look at my day as a protein body, let's go back to the drains, where did everything come from, i woke up in the morning because the sun was shining through the window, today was a clear day. it seems, as it seemed to me, when did our ancestors learn to distinguish light from darkness? this is a very good question, in fact, apparently since

time immemorial: the planets rotate, the change of day and night occurs in the light, on the contrary, in the absence of light it happens differently, with different chemical reactions flow at different speeds, for example, ultraviolet light, it is quite destructive for organic matter, for chemistry, respectively, and at night it is not there, it would be nice to distinguish where day is, where night is. temperature , where the sun shines, it warms up better, where the sun shines warms up better, there will also be photosynthetic organisms that can be fed, respectively, all there , on the contrary, light will float, therefore we can say that sensitivity to light as such appeared long before the nervous system, somewhere there in the primary oceans from ancient bacteria we can already distinguish those who react to light, that is, if the question of how to distinguish light from darkness is not put in an ethical... in a religious sense, in a biological sense - this is some billions of years ago, right? apparently, the very formation of life is already tied to illumination, because, for example, an interesting thing, our

genetic code consists of four letters, yes, four nitrogenous bases, synthesize, well, by analogy with them we can quite a large number, here scientists think, and why exactly these four, well, exactly these four letters, which are built into the dna of any living creature on the planet, are the most resistant to ultraviolet radiation, they best dissipate ultraviolet radiation. heat instead of being destroyed, apparently we can say that they were formed, this is the primary life, our set, somewhere where there was an ultraviolet filter, where there was normal lighting, and accordingly there was such a need to filter out everything that was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation, well, look, there are many around us electromagnetic waves, of various lengths, frequencies, and so on, why exactly the color that we see and distinguish, and not others, such as infrared, some kind of radio? this is a very good question, in fact, different biological objects see a little differently, what we see exactly the way we see is far from universal,

for example, among other mammals , almost no one sees red light, they see only with their two typical cones, we see in full the picture of some kind for a dog, a cat, this world it will be turquoise-yellowish, rather, it is our three-color vision that arose not so long ago evolutionarily, because it was necessary, the fact is that mammals after the dinosaurs ordered a long life, these are mainly small nocturnal burrowing animals, and after that, until now, all mammals are mainly nocturnal and they generally do not need light, they are guided by sound, by smell and so on, but among all of them , it was man who first began to colonize these daytime spaces to use vision to a greater extent than the sense of smell, so yes , our olfactory centers have fallen a little, we smell...

but fortunately we have learned to distinguish, this has given us a good evolutionary boost. well, okay, i looked at the sun, i saw a clear day, a blue sky, here comes the most important thing that happens to a person during. i need to get out from under the blanket, and i don’t want to get out from under the blanket, probably because i’m warm-blooded. in fact, in principle, we shouldn’t want to get out somewhere into an environment that is unpleasant for us. another one of our very an important, probably evolutionary acquisition is energy efficiency or energy saving. we always strive to occupy what is now called the comfort zone, and it is customary to treat this badly, but in reality this is exactly what we ... have been striving for evolutionarily all this time, it is difficult for us to explain to ourselves why i should get up and do something if literally at the moment it does not bring me food, nutrition, and so on, we go to work

simply realizing that we will be paid there at the end of the month and we need this, that's it biologically it is quite problematic to explain this to myself, to get up and go to the refrigerator, i can still imagine as a living organism, why would i need this, by the way, to go and do something that is not connected with survival here now.

a psido hole with one hole in the skull in the temporal region or with two, these holes they have no fundamental reflection, it is much more important how these two groups solved the problems connected with the exit to dry land, they have different attitudes to temperature and to moisture conservation. let's imagine such a situation: you pick up a lizard and they throw you out into the cold in winter, you feel cold, uncomfortable, yes, we start to shiver. we generate heat, in half an hour they let us back into the house, we have a runny nose, we are angry, but we are alive, we were able to cope with this, at this moment, what about the lizard, it slowly freezes, does not move, dies, it will no longer be alive when it goes back into the warmth, while the situation is different, we arrive somewhere warm , and the temperature outside is 30 °, 30 ° - this is actually colder than inside me, i'm 36, but i'm still hot, i'm

sweating, i'm dying, i'm forced to... spend a colossal amount of moisture just to keep myself, well, it's called homeostasis, at this moment the lizard has peak activity, it reaches a completely different level of energy consumption, it warms up from the sun, it runs completely calmly, does not waste moisture, this is precisely the key root of the differences, we, as we are capitalists, warm-blooded, are sharpened, well, more for cool and humid, and those who we call reptiles, they are more for hot and... and you can't say, which group, well, is it more important or more progressive, they are simply tailored to different conditions, warm-bloodedness, it is tied to the habitat, here in your picture are two skulls that differ only in holes, their sizes are the same, is it possible to assume which of the paths had a greater chance of growing the brain to our intellectual state, in fact

, intellectualization. animals are also a rather slippery question, because we are very smart, yes, but among mammals in general there are also quite primitive ones from the point of view intelligence, silly, we'll call them that, animals, some there, a field mouse, while birds that went along the diapsitis branch, there are also extremely smart ones, for example, some corvids, they solve puzzles at the level of three-year-old children, which most mammals cannot cope with, the level of intelligence and brain development is ... apparently unpredictable, it is formed in different groups, depending on the need for its formation, because it seems to us that the brain, intelligence, is very important, but by and large most animals it would only interfere, what level of intelligence is necessary to survive, you need to be a little smarter than what you eat, if, for example, you are a herbivore, you eat grass, then being too smart is actually expensive, there will not be enough grass,

you need to, on the contrary, overload yourself with intellectual activity, otherwise you will die of hunger. this is for animals, for people, yes, yes, dear viewers, listeners, please do not take this as a recommendation from biologists. egor, i have a question for you that we received from the school literature, why people don't fly, but in a biological sense, could such an advanced organism as a human, well, with such intelligence, develop from some kind of flying creature.

more tasks than by growing some kind of organ, here's another question that you can't resist, which i really like to ask schoolchildren, where can you see a dinosaur, and the correct answer, go to any garbage dump, there they run and say ghoul-ghoul, yes, that's right, there are a lot of dinosaurs, to this day it is one of the generally dominant representatives of our fauna, dinosaurs and meat are sold in any supermarket, because birds are... jokes full-fledged dinosaurs, and it's very funny, and there are two groups of dinosaurs, birds pelvic and lizard-pelvic, guess who modern birds belong to, naturally to lizard-pelvic, lizard-pelvic, birds are lizard-pelvic dinosaurs that are still among us, and this is great. hollywood actor lit up in ukrainian fake, they rake in everything they see and automatically put it.

the loudest throw-in of this week. this is an indicator of the incompetence of administrators, that's the way it was intended, we'll call anyone we want a criminal, even ryan gosling, ukrainian myths have reached cuba, it turns out he was involved in the revolution in cuba, why did they add the name of a ukrainian nazi next to fidel castro's name, this is an attempt to touch the truly great with these scum, where the authors of the fake about the allegedly shot down russian armored personnel carrier got caught. antifake, season premiere, tomorrow on channel one. i really need your help, my mother fell for the tricks of a scammer. four real stories. we met on a dating site, i saw it these diamonds, i checked them, it was all real, four different women, i asked, why the investigative committee, how could you work in the fsb, who are connected

by only one thing, he introduced himself as a businessman, they all became victims of manipulators, i could not think that he could deceive me. and one of them is still under the influence of the fraudster, maybe he is playing his best role with you, maybe the ideological inspirer of this whole operation was his wife, for the sake of love someone loses money, this just papers, someone has lost themselves, it is impossible to live on, if a man asks you for money, run away from him. manipulators, a love scam, premiere from september 14 on saturdays on the first. with you is the podcast schrödinger's cat, and we talk about ourselves about life from the point of view

of biology. look, egor, you just drank some water and demonstrated to us a part, i would even say not an earthly, but a cosmic process. after all, life is. yes, we are made of water, and like all living things, we once came out of this water, in this very water everything necessary for the formation of life chemistry, was once dissolved. in principle, the presence of liquid water is the main criterion that we now apply to planets, we roughly assume whether life can arise on them or not. there is a very interesting concept, it is called, well, in russian, the habitable zone, well, it is somehow dry, scientific, there is a more lyrical name , the zolotovsky zone. the fact is that the planet can be at different distances from its luminary and if too close, then too hot. water boils away, it is not in liquid form, too far, too cold, it will be frozen. there is only a narrow strip,

again, for each star it will be in its place, but only in this narrow strip will there be an orbit of the planet, if then there will be liquid water on it, why actually the gold-eye zone, because it is... the english-language analogue of our fairy tale masha and the three bears, everyone remembers what the trick is there? too hot porridge, too cold porridge, porridge is just right. here is the gold-eye zone, i recommend remembering it in this terminology, it is much more pleasant for our solar system, of course, we are in the golden-haired zone, surprisingly, mars is here too, well , that is, if we go to the history of our existence, to our deep ancestors, then the relationship with water arose. generally billions of years ago, and it is not a fact that even on earth. yes, that's right, the thing is that for a chemical reaction to become possible, and we still have this set, although very complex, but nevertheless chemical reactions, these chemical reactions must occur in some environment, and water is a wonderful

environment for this, just in dry form not it will turn out, in the form of ice, of course, there is also some probability in gaseous form, but again all this will work much worse, there the gaseous form already requires heating, complex chemistry will not work there, it will be destroyed, and we have in the end what we have: a narrow strip, liquid and the chemistry that is inside us, well, not every liquid, because if you had kerosene or ammonia or something else there, i think the reactions would not go so briskly to grow from bacteria to a person, i do not agree here, maybe ammoniac would really be too heavy for especially if there were a whole ocean of it. on our planet, but we could theoretically assume the emergence of life in another liquid, for example, in the same kerosene, kerosene is organic, well, over time, i suppose, something could start, okay, i'm returning to our morning with

you, we woke up, breathed, this may still be what we move on to, then we , in addition to a glass of water, coffee, tea, i don't know what we usually drink in the morning, also had breakfast, well sandwich with sausage, vegetarians want us, when did we learn, our distant ancestors, learned to process, rather complex substances, like the same sausage. if we simply ask ourselves, when did it first appear? from nutrition, well, it has always existed, there is a very beautiful phrase about what nutrition is, nutrition is the search for an electron to find its stable state, because processes are going on inside us, inside each of our cells, inside the very first cells on earth, these processes, essentially chemical, require the transition of an electron from one to another, so that it would be possible to synthesize proteins, double dna, and do all this internal molecular cuisine of ours. so, in search of this electron

, life got it from everywhere, the first bacteria are considered to have got it by oxidizing iron, because iron was then dissolved in the ocean in large quantities, those iron layers that we now get from the earth are largely layers precipitated from the primary ocean, already under the influence of life, there are even bacteria that can feed on electrons directly, that is, bacteria essentially feed on electricity, you can connect them to plus and minus, they will build a power line from their bodies, electrons will run, and this will be enough energy. it is more complicated when we imagine nutrition, yes, that we chew and swallow something, it appeared, accordingly, also later, but the principle is the same, when we eat something, we first simply break it down into the simplest components, these components, for example, glucose gets into our each individual cell, and there what happens is... the burning of this glucose with oxygen, we breathe, we constantly

send both glucose and oxygen through breathing to each cell, essentially the same thing happens as in any stove, oxidation is like fire, of course, it does not look like sparks or fire inside us, it is a chemical process, but from the point of view of the chemical formula , it is identical to combustion, for the released energy, again we extract our electron, we can either store it or spend it on how... archaean, archaean, uh, the conditions were not the same as

now, microorganisms were apparently mainly fed by what was dissolved in the water by chemosynthesis, but as soon as it exhausted itself, as soon as the amount of iron dissolved in the ocean dropped to a certain point, it was necessary to look for something else, photosynthetics appeared, those who learned to use the energy of sunlight, precisely for the same thing, in order to get an electron for themselves, the by-product of this reaction was oxygen. now for us it is a synonym for life, but in general, initially the most terrible poison , an oxidizer of everything, only began to be released oxygen in sufficient quantity, all the remaining iron in the ocean instantly self-oxidized, everything that oxidized iron also oxidized, this, probably, can be called one of such first global extinctions, when - oxygen from some bacteria killed , well, i don’t know, let’s say, 90 percent of all the rest, how is it in this scheme, who became food, who became the eater? or was it unpredictable? well, we said that

oxygen itself began to form on earth, and oxygen, as soon as it ceased to be the most terrible poison, as soon as those appeared, who is accustomed to it, immediately had the opportunity to use it, and one of the main uses of oxygen is to grab something inside itself with oxygen to oxidize, the same thing that we are still doing, those bacteria appeared that began to do this, take the finished... from photosynthetics, why try yourself, when you can select, take more oxygen that they received and essentially direct photosynthesis in the opposite direction, if photosynthesis is water, carbon dioxide, organic oxygen, then you and i , most other animals do exactly back, we take organic matter, oxygen, we start the process in the other direction, we get water, carbon dioxide, what you and i exhale, in this key, nutrition has not changed anymore ... who we all do the same thing as

those bacteria that have learned to survive with oxygen. moreover, the very formation of our cells, this is the so-called symbiogenesis, that is, one cell, we now know that it was apparently some ancient archaea, also such a unicellular, it ate this bacterium, which can use oxygen and did not digest it, and left inside itself as a separate organ. and these oxygen-using bacteria are still among us, these are our mitochondria inside each of our cells, in fact, there is a symbion bacteria, and it is not a stretch to say symbion, they have their own. here we have our main dna in the nucleus in the mitochondria, their own, they have their own membranes, they themselves can somehow communicate and reproduce inside the cells, now all this together is called the mitochondria, and studying the population of mitochondria specifically in cells, we come to some new approaches to treating certain diseases,

because in fact mitochondrial diseases are an extremely difficult thing, it turns out that the way we eat, it appeared... as the principle itself, how many billion one and a half two, it turns out, about 4 billion years ago, with you is a podcast schrödinger's cat, and we are talking about ourselves about life from the point of view of biology, now we are supposed to have all areas of knowledge somehow integrated with each other, here is russian literature, or non -russian or world literature, wherever you look, there is some kind of... love drama, and a love drama still arises when there are two sexes, when did these two sexes appear and how inevitable was it, in general, what we can call a sexual process exists even in asexual bacteria, because any sexual process is an exchange of genes, it is incredibly important to pass on a piece

of hereditary information to someone, it is essentially passing on to someone the ability to make a new protein, and even already in primitive cells, well, after all, having a nucleus, that is... there is already all the variety of sexual processes that we we can imagine. it was bound to happen. sexual reproduction has a lot of advantages. first of all, when we inherit a genome from two parents at once, from mom and dad, we get a double set of genes. if one gene breaks, there is a second spare, mutations or loss of a chromosome, we do not die. secondly, we can... get the opportunity to change even more, while one gene changes, little by little turns into something new, there is a second one that compensates for its activity. well, finally, the most important thing is that we can constantly receive a completely crazy and diverse set

of genes in each subsequent generation. if we did not have sexual reproduction, we would, for example, be produced asexually from one parent, we would be too po... we would be, roughly speaking , genetically identical clones and any virus, any bacteria that was simply guessed, we would be mowed down immediately, this was the case, for example, with bananas, because bananas are clones, we lost several types of banana simply because an epidemic happened, and no one has protection, in contrast to this, with our method, with sexual reproduction, the combination is such that no matter what terrible threat comes to us, i don’t know, plague, cholera, covid, in any case we will have some people, some representatives who will adapt to this and protect themselves from it, who will have immunity, and of course, sexual reproduction is not easy, to find someone similar to yourself in nature, and of the opposite sex, and there ready to mate, yes, and the chance of even this is so small, vanishingly small, but

the obvious advantages balance the obvious disadvantages, we could technically even imagine that there were more sexes, there are three, four, there are four individuals, you know, four of them should probably get together, when everyone agrees, while everyone is deciding something, nothing would work out, there would already be many more disadvantages than advantages, therefore there are two sexes, and as we see, in the development of life on the planet, an excellent number, it turned out really well, well, how good, after all, it is not economical, yes, diversity, let 's take you and me, we seem to be male we belong, from the point of view of biology, we are quite useless creatures, we are in front of... our genome, in principle we could already go to the female's food so that she could continue to raise children, but we eat, run, do something , why, why are males needed, yes, why are males needed, if we are talking about any animal population, well, how many males are needed, well , one would be enough, and practically all species give birth to as many of them as females, so when these males

were born, and looked at each other, and so they realized all this, they immediately started to bite each other, quarreled, went to colonize... new lands, to feed predators, this is an expendable material of evolution, but why is this cool, because it allows, with the advent of sexual reproduction, to obtain changes in an entire species in one snap of the fingers, in one generation, let's say there is some population, let it be deer, now their conditions are such that they need the strongest ones, so that there is a large muscle mass, accordingly , all the deer among themselves in intra-sexual competition quarreled, fought, only the most... stood out from them, left offspring, here is a whole population, there conditionally, almost the entire species, yes, now the next generation is a little stronger, in another there i don’t know, a miserable 100 years the conditions change, and now what is needed is not the strongest, the fastest or the smartest, again within one generation intrasexual competition weeded out this very-very one according to a new

characteristic, only he left offspring, here the entire species begins to change in the other direction, as soon as sexual reproduction there appears, the sexual process, we have the rate of change of species, it is simply almost at the first cosmic, and we can already literally in a few generations get completely new interesting forms, well, there are more conservative... species, where the female, having received the necessary genome from the male, simply eats it and gets protein, yes, in fact , there are questions here, in different animals, they are solved differently, what to do with the male who has done his duty, well, well, it's a pity not to throw it away, but why, why what feed - many species are really sent straight to the trash, with people everything is a little different in every sense, people... it is wrong to compare with other animals, because we have followed the path, again, not of physiological changes, but of knowledge transfer,

and this is directly reflected in our biology, for example, people live longer than a mammal of our size should live, some horse, it is bigger, but it lives less, and why? because for us people the most profitable populations were those where there are long-livers, who can transfer exactly accumulated skills and knowledge. this is more important than even the transmission of genes, and we are now inclined to preserve everyone, both men and women, why, because even if a man will no longer reproduce there, let's say he has already left offspring, he will still be of benefit to society, he will be of benefit to the population, evolutionarily there was a selection for long-livers, including men, it turned out well, great, a little more about men, what is this man for? this crazy, crazy thing above the tail, it's not tail, as i understand it, as it is called the upper tail, in my opinion darwin was worried about

how such a useless thing evolved, he was worried because in darwin's time to say that the female contributes to how the species will look, that the female makes the decision, well, let's say so, he had not thought of this before, he had theories there that this tail is needed to scare off predators. well , of course, no, it is clear, yes, that the most primitive feline, she sees it as a free kosa, to eat what is served, will not mislead anyone, and this tail, it of course it seriously reduces the peacock's fitness, it runs worse, hides worse, flies worse, but the females like it, and why, what is their logic, in fact there are several assumptions why the females like this, why they preferred these particular males, as a result the whole species became like this, on the one hand... predators like brighter things, females like brighter things, a coincidence, yes, a coincidence, very funny, in fact there are two approaches, the first is the so-called

handicap principle, a handicap is also a handicap, when the strong gives an advantage to the weak, that's it we look at two runners, they run at the same speed, but one is also dragging a sack of coal, it is immediately clear which of them is cooler, the same thing here, roughly speaking, the female looks at this and well, as if she thinks, wow, we have a lot of predators, a lot of parasites, life is not sweet, if... a thing that manages to drag along and survive, the guy is probably really capable, there is another principle, how this can be explained, it is called fisher's escape, a little more complicated, and it is more about genetics, if, roughly speaking, one day a gene for a bright fluffy tail accidentally appears, at this moment, let's assume that the female will develop a gene for a love of a bright, lush tail, then in the population these two genes will hook onto each other. all the time, only females will appear who love a lush tail, all the time , only males will appear, in whom this gene develops even more strongly, an even more lush tail.