two approaches, the first is the so-called handicap principle, handicap is also a handicap, when the strong gives an advantage to the weak, here we look at two runners, they run at the same speed, but one is still dragging a sack of coal, it is immediately clear which of them is cooler, the same thing here, roughly speaking, the female looks at this and thinks, wow, we have a lot of predators, a lot of parasites, life is not sweet, if you manage to drag such a thing with yourself and survive, perhaps the guy is really capable, there is another principle, how can this be explained, it is called fischer's runaway, a little more complicated, and this is more about genetics, if, roughly speaking, one day a gene for a bright, lush tail accidentally appears, in a female at that moment, again, let's assume, a gene for loving a bright, lush tail appears, then in the population these two genes will cling to each other, all the time only females will appear who love a lush tail, all the time only males will appear, in whom this gene develops even more strongly, an even more lush tail. and these two genes, having cling to

each other, well, in general, will bring the situation to the point of absurdity, that is, i will say a crimson thing, that in general, from a biological point of view, as i understand it, the basic version is that the female is the one, and the male is an object of experiments, consumable material, etc., vice versa, well, again, it’s not that it was probably intended that way, but that’s how it turned out in the end, there are species that are a little the other way around, for example, seahorses, where the male is essentially engaged in hatching the eggs. they carry fertilized eggs with them, and there the situation is the opposite, there the females fight among themselves, and all this suffers, they endure in the battle for the male, look, here’s another example of something completely useless adaptations, giant antlers, how does he run with such, yes, firstly, he really doesn’t run anymore, yes, in fact, the antlers, you have to understand that deer do not primarily use them to protect themselves, say, from predators, yes, they...

he moved forward, and as soon as the forests grew, let’s say, here in siberia, all these deer fell into one geological section, they disappear very quickly, it’s clear that the pole can’t run with such a thing, it would seem like an evolutionary transformation, like there are some mechanisms behind it, but it turned out to be a terrible minus, because unfortunately, evolution does not know the right decisions, it goes through everything in a row, whoever survived, won, did not survive, unlucky, they were unlucky and... probably, one can

say, out of happiness, their own females brought them to this, but as i understand it, in our species there is still not only a competition of horns, tails, but also a competition of intellects and other functions important for our species. absolutely right, everything that we say about evolutionary laws and mechanisms on animals, of course, has some reflection on people, but with people everything is always different, with we are too different from... basic survival in the forest, these principles worked for us 100% when we, like other mammals, let's say, ran through the forests without clothes, but with the advent of intelligence everything changed, now we don't need to change physiologically to change the environment around us, we don't need fur, we don't need the evolutionary selection of the hairiest, we can make clothes, we don't need the evolutionary selection for strength, we can make weapons, tools, intelligence becomes dominant...

let's imagine a joke, let's say i just made it up and i'm telling it to my friends, if the joke is funny, roughly speaking , viable, what will they do, they will retell it further, maybe they will add something from themselves, the joke will become funnier, that is, a mutation will occur, which will affect the increase in viability, now several forms of this joke, told in different ways, are simultaneously present, the funniest one displaces all the others in people's minds, this is what we are now seeing

happening on the internet very quickly with the same memes, they appear, evolve, consolidate the most viable, and this is exactly the same as how information changed and was recorded. inside our dna , all possible forms appear by random selection, but only the most adapted to the specific conditions of what is happening now will have the opportunity to change and reproduce further, to receive new forms, and the rest will be, unfortunately, discarded, that is, it turns out that when you watch us now, listen to us, dear viewers and listeners, and click on the repost, you are actually spreading our cultural in quotes genes, well, no...

to track some of our actions, deeds, desires, then in any case we run into their material some kind of either genetic or physiological basis, why do i want this and not otherwise, why do i want to sleep now, work now, we can do all this, well, in fact, digging deep, find the reason, find

those little gears that lead to this, this is actually not only my hobby to sit and look for such things in myself, well, probably even the main reason. what in principle biology. thank you very much, egor. thank you very much, our viewers and listeners. may the force of biology be with you. you can find all episodes of the schrödinger's cat podcast on the website of the first channel 1tv.ru. this is the easy money podcast, i am its host mikhail khanov, preferential mortgage, today we will figure out what has changed since july 1, what programs are in effect now and what kind of housing can be purchased with the help of current preferential programs from the state, our guest is

alexey vyacheslavovich yakovlev, director of the financial policy department of the ministry finance of the russian federation. hello, alexey, mikhail, hello, thank you for inviting us to your studio. in fact, we are learning information first-hand, who else but the ministry of finance can talk about what has changed, what successes this program has achieved, what goals have been achieved, let's start with some figures, as far as i know, about 3 million households will take advantage of this program, because it was from 2018 that various preferential programs have been in effect, family, support for large families, for it specialists, regional and so on, for 6 years the state has... are you dissatisfied first of all as one of the executors and organizers of this program why

are the changes that we are seeing happening right now? yes, mikhail, the housing issue is indeed, it is always a burning issue, since, probably, for each of us, acquiring our own apartment is one of the most important purchases that we make in life, if you allow me, i will take a step back a little, a little, so that we have clarity regarding what measures in general support is in effect today, because you said it right, a preferential program, families with many children, that's it, but in fact the set of support measures is quite broad, that's it, but nevertheless, we need to differentiate between them a little. in 2018 , we launched the family mortgage program, it is still in effect today by decision of the president. was extended until 2030, then we had a preferential mortgage, it appeared in 2020 during the covid period, because everyone needed support, both citizens in purchasing housing, so our builders, since it is expected that taking into account all the restrictions, there was a significant

decrease in demand and the possibility of introducing new housing, this program was completed as planned on july 1 of this year, that is why a broad... a good program that applied to all categories of citizens, regardless of the presence of a social factor, such as having a child, or geographic, respectively, location. that is why this program is not valid from july 1 and remember what the rate is was it? 8%, 8%, and 8% appeared at the stage of the last changes that were made to this program last year, initially it started with a rate of 6.5%, then there was such a systematic increase, because in fact this program was anti-crisis, that is, it was introduced precisely as a targeted measure during the covid period in order to... support citizens and the construction industry, well, because the construction industry, you and i understand perfectly well that it is very resource and material

intensive, that is, these are building materials, this is the use of technology, this is transport, this is a huge number of jobs, and actually the salary, which then continued to saturate and small medium-sized businesses to the service sector, the so-called horika, yes there are hotels, tourism, cafes, some kind of support methods. through actually preferential mortgages, that is, through the development of the construction sector, it in turn there , little by little, these benefits, this money, they were distributed to very broad layers and de facto really helped small medium-sized businesses to survive during the pandemic, well including yes, the construction industry - it's no secret, it probably has one of the highest multipliers for its contribution to the economy, so the application of budgetary efforts here, it really was, probably, justified. yes, you're right, but returning to the specificity and anti-crisis nature

of this program, it turned out that from an anti-crisis program it actually became quite a mass program, which, in principle, probably, to some extent led to certain distortions in the market, since the share of programs with state support, it became quite big, i'll also talk about this a little later, for now i'll get back to listing. support and so family mortgage, which has been extended until the thirtieth year, preferential mortgage, which ceased to be valid from july 1, then there is the far eastern mortgage, which is also valid until the thirtieth year, rural mortgage, which is valid indefinitely, it-mortgage, which ends at the end of this year, mortgage in new subjects of the russian federation, are the rates there different or approximately the same or will we deal with each, we can actually with you the whole broadcast, i think we should calmly talk about what the conditions are there, there are things that overlap, first of all, the housing that can

be purchased within the framework of these programs, this is the size of the down payment, now it is 20% for all programs except for mortgages in new subjects. now let's talk about them, well, some intermediate results that can be summed up after the end of this mass preferential mortgage. it's no secret to anyone that a paradox has developed in the real estate market. a situation where prices for primary housing exceeded the prices for secondary housing by 40%, and the cost of this housing de facto increased there, well, according to some estimates, up to 100%, that is, twice, in fact, now our key rate is about 16, the preferential rate there was about six on average, well , let's say the base rate is eight, but the average preferential rate, if we consider there about 6%, it turns out that , well, as they say, that's for that, yes, that is, you ... it turns out, you take money, using state subsidies, twice as cheap, but

the housing that you buy costs twice as much more expensive than it would have cost without these programs, this moment, it somehow i don’t know, confused or did n’t confuse the ministry of finance, well, not that it confused or did n’t confuse, this is probably the key factor, because when we talk about preferential mortgages, we are talking about the availability of housing first of all, that is, when a preferential rate appears, this means that the monthly payment burden is reduced, but of course. you are right, it should not happen that the reduction in the payment burden is compensated by an increase in the cost per square meter, which is really it takes place, and, speaking about the difference in prices between primary and secondary housing, here, probably, what must be taken into account is that we have had a significant tightening of monetary policy, rates in the economy have grown, therefore , if we talk about the financial leverage that exists on primary housing...

the decision of the central bank, when the rate rose to around 20%, and then with its consistent actions, the central bank reduced the rate there sometimes in steps of 3%, we again came literally there by september, i think twenty-second year we have already arrived at the rate of 8% again, then already here actually as a reaction to the emerging and growing

inflation, including thanks to a huge number. namely preferential programs, not only for housing, yes, but for certain branches of industry connected with the geopolitical situation, we have received with you the reverse growth of the key rate to the size of the current operating up to 16%. so, returning to our topic of conversation, the average rate, it still did not exceed twice, i think, the preferential rate mortgages for this entire period, and thus we can say that it was still profitable, it was cheaper than... before 1918 for the same family, namely as a credit burden? yes, in general, those interrelations that you voiced, they really exist, we are forced to work with them, to focus on them, and, while we have not gone further, i would also like to voice this point, that the monetary

policy key rate, it affects the lending sector that is not preferential, that is, these are market rates, therefore, the more preferential mortgages we have, the smaller our segment is that is sensitive to the increase in the key rate, therefore, including the values ​​of the key rate that we see, they correlate with the volume of preferential mortgages that we have today, so speaking about primary secondary housing and the difference in prices, well, i think, here, probably, everyone understands, yes, that you have... the market rate for mortgages, which is currently more than twice as high as the preferential rate, that's on secondary housing, and preferential for primary housing, then the laws of the market come into play, we can't do anything about it, there is demand, which is supported by the opportunity to take a preferential loan, there is a corresponding supply, which naturally adapts to this demand, and

here we have the picture that we have, that is why it was adopted.

their current housing problems, pressing issues, and i have another question: there was a strong lobby against cutting programs from the relevant ministries, well, first of all is there a queue from the construction sector? well, here, probably, the word lobby is not quite correct, since each, well , each department, naturally, is aimed at supporting the industry for which it is responsible, and builders understand that certain distortions have arisen, of course, we see these distortions, so the task was to find a... and such solutions that would allow, on the one hand, to cool the lending market, on the other hand, and not allow the housing construction market to collapse, because it would be worse for everyone if such a scenario were to be realized, therefore, those decisions that were made primarily in relation to family mortgages, in our opinion, in the opinion of our

colleagues, will allow us to form the balance that we are talking about, well, by the way , returning to the topic of profitable, unprofitable, yes... just in deposits, yes, receiving interest income, and combining between paying off a mortgage , it was sometimes even more profitable to direct money at rates of eight, i know that many people used this, you hit the nail on the head, this was one of our arguments, including, why support measures need to be narrowed, some people took out loans under several government support programs at once and indeed... it was more profitable to put money in a deposit at a rate there, well, let's say we have 16 key loans at 6%, this is the delta, i think it is immediately clear, such were, therefore it is important for us that it is important for us to support precisely those categories of the population that need such support, therefore task number one is to exclude investment demand for

preferential programs, let me explain for our audience, investment demand for preferential programs, this means that you you use the funds received from the state benefit not to improve your living conditions, but to, well, de facto receive additional income in this case from... there is such a word as arbitration, that is , you compare the cost of money that you can receive from the state under the benefit with the price at which you can sell them to banks or investment companies, investing them in certain instruments, well, let's talk about the most conservative ones, these are bank deposits, and this is really, as alexey said, this is 16, sometimes there it reaches 18% for a certain period, that is, there are now programs in effect there for 9 months at 18%, and that is quite...

people would take out a mortgage at a preferential rate, or at a market rate, in fact, there was quite serious cannibalization, that is , those citizens who calmly used the preferential mortgage, who are absolutely right, but it turns out that we are spending state resources on this, first, second, we are creating additional demand, which puts pressure on prices, that's all this complexity the interrelation of many factors, it really... influenced the situation, as you rightly said, now we are getting out of this situation, the task is to do it as painlessly as possible, for all

participants, for all participants in the process, well then, let 's maybe look into it in more detail, because we still have family mortgages, far eastern, arctic, rural, preferential mortgages in the territories of new subjects of the russian federation, and there is a process related to large families.

i call it such a wonderful thing hooliganism, i've seen a lot in our show, but i haven't caught this feeling yet, that i've gone crazy, if you can do it and do it like that, you're a really cool artist, it's definitely michael jackson, let's stop at this point of my confidence, i'm standing alone again, i'm smoking again, mom, again. i've only recognized oleshka so far, ask yarmolnik to dance like this now, anything can happen here, i decided that i'll give up

this business of guessing, i want to be surprised, exactly, the new season from september 15 to sunday on the first, this is an easy podcast. money and i am its host mikhail khanov, we continue the conversation about preferential mortgage programs in effect since july 1, 2024 in our country for various categories of citizens and for various regions of the country. so, what happened, what changed in the preferential family mortgage. let's just call it family, just family, yes, because the preferential mortgage is large-scale, it ended, yes, that's it, we now have a family one, we have the year of the family, the current year was declared by the president, therefore. accordingly, the main focus is made it is for this category of citizens that has changed, today it is available to receive a loan within the framework of a family mortgage at a rate

of 6%, 6%. families can receive a loan at a rate of 6% for the purchase or construction of an individual residential building, also in all subjects of the russian federation, in addition, such families have access to loans for apartment buildings, but not in all subjects of the russian federation, in 35 subjects that are directly written out in the terms of the program, that is, they are directly listed, here is the logic of determining these subjects, it was built on the basis of

instructions of the president, regions with a low level of housing construction, even in the current version of the rules it is stipulated that an individual residential building must be built or purchased under a shared participation agreement within the framework of law 214, or under a contract using iskrow accounts, construction with through a contract using iskrow accounts taking into account that there was no specialized legislation yet, there is no such mechanism in any program yet, here is a family mortgage. it is really very valuable that we in fact, this is the first time this year after the innovations, after the completion of such a global six-year program of preferential mortgages, we are discussing, and not just with the director of the department of the ministry of finance, the relevant one, which is responsible for this process, then, then the far eastern arctic, let's probably talk together about what kind of programs these are, for what?

up to 35 years inclusive, this is a general rule, this is a general rule, or it is a single parent who has a minor child, no matter what age, this is a very good program that allows us to support both citizens and, accordingly , the housing construction sector in these regions, that is, the regions of the far east - what is this, is it the entire far eastern district, the far eastern federal district, that is, the entire district, yes, i think that our viewers, listeners

, will look at the map to see what is included there. moreover, in addition to families under 35 years of age, this program is also available regardless of the age of the participant for teaching staff and employees of medical organizations, since it is important for us support the social sphere in these regions, for employees of defense industry enterprises, as well as for participants of the svo, and we are talking about the fact that on the contrary... people, representatives of these specialties, this is de facto our and future present, because the way in which medical care is provided to citizens, and the way in which we teach our children, this is simply, well, de facto, this is the future of our state, which is what it is like, in this way, draws attention to, maybe not everywhere, yes, but in fact, the far eastern the federal district is a huge territory that needs to be developed, the same...

they also have a limit, the maximum loan amount that can be taken, it is 6 million, the same, yes, the same, but an exception was made for apartments with an area of ​​more than 60 km, for them the maximum limit is 9 million rubles. that is, when buying housing of a larger area, you can accordingly take a loan in a larger amount, that is, one and a half times why such a condition does not apply in the usual e.