from flight, as a rule, to a military school, so since childhood i dreamed of going this way along the path of andrean grigorovich nikolaev and chose a school closer to chuvashia, sizransk, the higher military aviation school of pilots, and i applied there and was accepted the first time, but wait, well, if the path to cosmonautics, as i understand it, always lay through aviation, well, how can i say, big, fighter, and you are a helicopter pilot. i did not enter a helicopter school, i entered a military school, when i arrived in sizran, i saw that instead of fighters, they fly there helicopters, i was naturally upset at first, but now i realize that this is god, god's will, i was lucky that this is a very beautiful type of aviation and i became a helicopter pilot, you have been mi-8 all your life, i say conditionally that i am the final exam at the syzyron higher military aviation school. i passed the mi-8, began to serve in

the armed forces, and from lieutenant to lieutenant general i flew on the mi-8, i retired from civil aviation, flying on the mi-8, there are probably no such people, i was lucky with this helicopter, it is a unique flying machine an apparatus that will certainly be included in the guinness book of records, and it has been flying since 1961 and is now the best helicopter on the globe, you graduated as a lieutenant, naturally, so it is clear, in a unit... how did you end up in afghanistan? my unit was located in the south of the country, in a mountainous area and , of course, one of the first aviation units that were then attracted by the kgbsr border troops was the southern mountain aviation unit, our commander was once the commander of this unit, where i ended up as a lieutenant. knowing the level of training, features of flights in the mountains, of course, he made the decision to send the first to afghanistan.

namely, representatives of our unit, in the seventy -ninth year, back in october in november, even before the introduction of the main troops of the limited contingent, two of our crews from our regiment were already sent to afghanistan to prepare for the introduction of troops. of course, subsequently, the main part of our crews were constantly involved in providing international assistance.

up to heights of up to four up to 4,500 m with landings, ceiling, static ceiling of the mi-8 helicopter is, then it was just 4 km, 400 m, then they allowed us to fly from four 500 to 6 km, this is the afghan experience, our mi-8 helicopter, copes perfectly with such conditions, still performs better than anyone else in the world, namely... these flights in hot and high-mountain conditions until recently the participation of the border troops of the gbsr in the afghan events was not advertised, but you already understood that in october in november of the seventy-ninth year , partial forces of the border troops of the kgbsr already obviously knew that the introduction was coming limited contingent of soviet troops in... in afghanistan they prepared

the entry itself, security in the border area and certainly in the strip from the state border 100 km deep into afghanistan, lay entirely with the border troops of the kgbsr. well, how did the lieutenant feel when he found himself in combat conditions? i am now interested in the psychology of a young man who found himself in a critical situation, the situation is not critical, i still graduated from a military school certainly... military actions are the main activity of any officer, so i thought, wow, i graduated from a special educational institution, and i thought that military affairs would never be useful again, because the power of the soviet union was incredible, there was the warsaw pact, no one was thinking about war, so in 1979, at the numerous requests of the leadership of the afghan government, our country decided to introduce a limited contingent of soviet troops into afghanistan. everything is clear there, the mood,

shoulder straps, but still a young man who had never shot in his life, no one had ever shot at him in life did not shoot, it turns out, in a combat situation, that's how ... how, where did this breakdown happen, when you realized that you are in a combat situation, that you have to fight and, if necessary, pull the trigger. i still remember my first combat sortie with the real use of weapons against ground targets. indeed, it was a serious case. i was given the task of striking at - bandits who, in principle, had cornered our outpost in the reeds. when approaching the combat area . our troops designated themselves with a missile the radio said that the enemy was literally 100 meters away from us. and shooting with unguided missiles, you understand, does not provide such accuracy plus or minus 100 meters. my task was not only to strike the enemy, the manpower, but also not to hit

our troops. therefore, i remember this first combat flight of mine very well, but more than all, i remember how not to hit our own, because if ... just shoot from far away, there will be no effect, you need to shoot accurately in order to protect our troops and effectively use the means of destruction, so i took aim, approached the minimum permissible distance, how much? well, the minimum permissible distance is 600-700 m, because the mechanism for the long-range deployment of unguided missiles is triggered at 400-450 m, at low altitude, yes, at an extremely low altitude. and i had to open fire, in general, the task was accomplished, and air support was effectively provided, the most vulnerable stage of a combat flight is the exit from the attack, this is the moment when they will hit you in the side or in the back

the enemy or not, depends on the combat complexity of the crew, we fly in pairs, if you are the leader, then the wingman covers the retreat... so that he is not beaten up when leaving the attack, and there is no one to cover the wingman himself, so we came up with a battle formation like a carousel, even a pair of helicopters can create such conditions that the enemy could not raise his head, covering each other, thus you can effectively leave the battlefield, your second was, if i am not mistaken, nedviga, dadviga - this is a very good pilot, my comrade in arms thank god. that he is alive, healthy, now he heads a veterans' organization and is also a hero of the russian federation, have you ever met - the chief of the border troops at that time, i have never met the chief of the troops, i just saw his

photo, why am i asking about this, you and i, you to a greater extent, i to a lesser extent are familiar with at least four commanders of the border troops, i was amazed ... always the highest intellect of these people amazing professionalism, well starting there, you can list them all, totsky, bordyuzha, vladimir yagorievich, pronichev, who recently retired, is an absolutely amazing person, you have known him for many years, you worked with him, what kind of people are they? indeed, the border troops are a special type of troops, these are the political troops of our state, the highest ranking are selected there ...

matrosov, he is a participant in the great patriotic war, he carried out special assignments, had many military awards, and also subsequently carried out a number of special tasks abroad on behalf of our powerful state at that time. inquired, i have to admit that i did not see him as a lieutenant, but in 5 years after the school i became a squadron commander with the rank of captain and i had the great honor of receiving the order of lenin, arriving in moscow, here the order of lenin was presented to me by sailors, i can ask a question, and for what were you awarded the order of lenin, we carried out a serious operation with the participation of a large number of forces and means, from our aviation up to 30... helicopters participated, this was in the zardevskoye gorge in the highland part of afghanistan on the second day of the operation, when the enemy was trapped in the mountains, and he was forced to shoot back, direct contact with the enemy took place, because bandits usually have a habit

of leaving without a trace at night and disappearing, here we pinned them down and they began to shoot back, unfortunately they managed to hit our helicopter, piloted by... helicopter, the regiment's chief of staff, lieutenant colonel kornev, in the blue sky, like, eh, i also remember now, a vertical black plume of smoke rises. and i feel that this is not a mine or a shell exploding, but serious fire, obviously it is a helicopter, it so happened that the helicopter was shot down, the cabin the helicopter was torn off, it flew into a gorge, the crew was thrown out of the torn off cabin onto the slopes, and he remained alive, but this is in the mountains... surrounded by enemies, all the other helicopters, as luck would have it, ran out of fuel, and i was performing

another task in a parallel gorge, seeing this situation, i unloaded all my ammunition, which i was transporting to a new site and flew to the scene of the tragedy. having examined the situation, i realized that the helicopter was burning, mines were exploding, fragments were flying, and the crew was running down the gorge. and it was surrounded by bandits, of course i came from below to avoid being hit by shrapnel from exploding mines in the helicopter, to meet the crew high in the mountains, i managed to sit down on one wheel so that it would be easier for the crew to run up, at what altitude, from top to bottom, at an altitude of about 3 with a thousand meters, and the wounded commander was indeed carried by the crew members, and i took. all three crew members flew to the field base, giving

the wounded commander an injection of promidol along the way so that the pain shock would not play its cruel joke. were you shot at during the retreat? my helicopter was not there was not a single hit. intercontinental fake discovered by our viewer. america was allegedly discovered by ukrainian navigator stepan glina. columbus, having sailed to america for the first time, was surprised because most of the population communicated. in ukrainian, the specificity of ukrainian education is such that the level of critical thinking, it is essentially zero, education in the spirit of a sense of superiority of one's own nation, the colored streets of mariupol against black lies, you need to broadcast something, you need to understand where it is located, we will shed light on one of the largest disinformation networks in ukraine, declared that it was a purely commercial project, a structure completely controlled by the sbu, behind them, in truth, is tsypso. antifake, season premiere, tomorrow on channel one. the premiere of the series choir, let the clumsy pedestrians run, took place on channel one, the creators

of the series were inspired by the history of the large children's choir of viktor sergeyevich popov. i tried to shoot with the performance. does not know what he felt after the colossal success. beloveshskaya pushcha in the series, you are the prototype of one of the heroes. nikolaev, you have you learned the scores? yes, when the mutation happened, what did you do? zaporozhye, to the airfield, combat aircraft, parachute packer. i didn't even dream of singing in this choir, but 5-6 years ago i finally got there,

i did. bogonya! i sang in such a wonderful group, it was just happiness, this is our golden childhood, children should laugh, children should laugh, children should laugh, on saturday on the first, you showed me a small piece of test footage about how you and your... at night in the mountains without communication, without light at random on touch. fortunately, already at that time our

aviation specially prepared helicopters, not serial, but experimental helicopters, which could fly in the mountains without communication, without lighting , using night vision goggles, that is, we flew below the lower echelon at an extremely low altitude, using goggles... night vision literally 10-15 m from uh obstacles, that is, this flight can be compared with a flight as in the daytime, for us this is a flight uh. allowing us to control the underlying surface, it did not allow our enemy to accurately fire at us, therefore we there was a big advantage, this was the first time in our country that night vision goggles were tested in combat conditions, of course, the mountains make flying difficult - in night vision goggles, but nevertheless, knowing this area well enough, we

prepared according to the map, got our bearings, we managed to perform a filigree flight, passes, gorges at a great distance to reach the target, to complete the entire task that the leadership set for us. we inflicted very significant damage on the enemy, and we ourselves did not suffer any damage, this is the effectiveness of special operations, daring, bold and unexpected for the enemy. well , okay, we met in chechnya. yes, i had to, this is a fairly significant time difference, a feeling. a military pilot from combat operations there and there is different, or is it about the same? having extensive experience of combat operations in afghan conditions, in the afghan mountains, the formation of character has already occurred, and for me, conducting combat operations on my own territory in the chechen republic, in part of the russian federation, from the point of view of

the situation and tactics did not have a significant roles, but... morally it was harder, because we were waging a civil war within our state, so we would like to end this misunderstanding as quickly as possible, and this misunderstanding, as you know, was led by mercenaries from abroad, so our task was to drive the mercenaries out of abroad, what did we manage to do? well, okay, let's talk about this: every person, i think, is happy that there is someone waiting for you at home, of course, when at what age? i got married on august 8, 2008, no, well, okay, in istaniya you live for many years, yes, yes, everywhere, as i know, wherever you are, she is next to you, yes, this is the person who knows how to wait, of course i was lucky, and the life of a military man, of course, and any other,

probably, person depends on a combat girlfriend, on a family, always at ... a man's soul is calm, and a person is able to use his maximum, his potential - for the sake of the homeland, for the sake of his profession, then, when in the rear everything is successful, calm, then a person feels comfortable, and his effectiveness 100 times better when a person doubts or needs something, i was lucky from this point of view. and i directed all my knowledge, skills, abilities only to the execution of a special task, because i was confident for my body. you have worked many times with special forces, with group a, with whom we have known each other for many years, you must agree, these are amazing people, that is, these are completely separate people, about whom one can write and talk endlessly, the tasks

that you performed, these were tasks that differed from simple combat - it was very nice that we trained with each other, discussed, interacted and the parties in the complex the elite participates in the operation and this inspired both of them, and preparation for the upcoming tasks we therefore we carried out very daring, very complex tasks, we were pleased to take risks,

knowing that we would not let each other down at any stage of ... special tasks, the daring are lucky, so we were often lucky, success and luck accompanied us, therefore with each combat sortie our confidence in each other grew, and we certainly carried out more than one a dozen of the most difficult, unique tasks certainly received professional pleasure from this. may i ask, well, here is the most difficult task that comes to your mind from your memories, the most risky case, and how... you got out is generally unknown, well, we always got out confidently, reliably, without receiving any damage and without losing our friends comrades, this is achieved with the help of... with the help of careful development and preparation of the operation in the preparation of the operation all reconnaissance, all information, all training, all participate in advance before the start of the operation

all combat coordination, when we conducted comprehensive reconnaissance, intelligence, intelligence data were used, and in order to deceive the cunning terrorists, because they also used sophisticated methods, carried out their operations, terrorist attacks, prepared for their sorties, we played along with them, having most of the information, we carried out a multi-stage preparatory part, so we remember, we destroyed one of the terrorist gangs high in the mountains, after which, as a rule, one or two wounded remain, who then report one or another loss, but terrorists quickly...

a terrorist operation, where quite a lot of innocent children suffered, unfortunately, you were there, and we were there, now this terrorist attack is still one of the most

severe and sacrificial, inexplicable from the point of view of cruelty e terrorist attacks in my life, well, we talked many times with one of the officers of group a with alexey filatov, who was there to move to a higher level of weapons and technical capabilities of our aviation, we, with the help of our domestic design

school, using all our developments, made night vision goggles, guided missile weapons, made light aircraft, attack aircraft like finist, as well as light helicopters, equipped ships for border protection of sea borders with light helicopters like k if it is not a secret, the aviation of the fsb of russia, which began with the aviation of the border troops, is mainly helicopters, or this, i am not talking about the movements of protected persons and so on services, i am talking about the maximum use of combat equipment in the air. aviation has a large fleet of aircraft and in the state aviation we are. after the ministry of defense one of the largest operators of state aviation in the interests of the state, and 80% of the fleet of aircraft

are helicopters. listen, teacher, do you have students besides me? well, i served in the aviation of the special services for about 40 years, literally from the position of the castle maskey, 4 years after graduating from the school i was already an instructor, of course. i checked and gave permissions to young pilots, during this time a lot, i believe that i brought up students, i remember one situation when in the interests climate surveys on the globe we found a mountain in mongolia, which is located in a bowl-shaped manner, precipitation accumulated there for many 100 years, here an international expedition took a section of ice. from this ice floe, and for this i flew there myself, landings had to be made at an altitude of more than 4 km, i took with

me a local pilot who... has been flying in the mountains for a long time, when scientists had already collected a ton of ice, it was necessary to take not only scientists from this site, but also a ton of cargo, i asked him, can you take it yourself? he said: no, if, he says, i had been trained for this earlier, i would have taken it, but now he is talking to you, i remember, i took the ice, the scientists, i took a young... pilot from the left seat, well, not a young experienced pilot, but he looked into my eyes with great gratitude, learned from me, and in the end he came up and said: "if i had met you earlier, i could have done it myself." therefore, of course, afghanistan and my young years gave me the opportunity in the right place, at the right age, at the right time to learn how to pilot a helicopter in the mountains, it helped

for me during my entire service so. in chechnya there are mountains, so in afghanistan there are mountains, therefore piloting helicopters in the mountains is the most difficult thing, and of course, i have trained many students, and i managed to land even on the top of elbrus. tell me, to what extent, well, i know this, you just carried out a certain flight in pairs in places where it is generally impossible to fly, you were in antarctica, but i was lucky enough to visit both the north pole and the south pole in the same helicopter. we were at the north pole. i was with you and i am proud these two times, and antarctica is impossible there, the weather changes, constantly, the winds change direction, ascending, descending currents. antarctica is certainly the southern hemisphere and everything that happens in the northern hemisphere, everything is the other way around, we have summer, there it is winter, we have winter, there it is summer, certainly, our northern hemisphere, i think we are lucky, we have the warm gulf stream current

and that we even in...

were coming to an end, it was necessary for the leading polar powers to reconsider the order of further use of our continents poles, and the poles are quite strategically important objects in ensuring the security of a large territory of our state, including, therefore, our state delegation had the goal of showing that russia is still a great polar power, our delegation...

could visit this point at any time convenient for it, visited the north pole, showed the whole world that russia is still a great polar power. nikolai fyotovich, i will ask a question, it is not idle. the fact is that you, and those who taught me gave me the sky, opened for me one word or one concept, which god sees completely differently from everything. crew, there can be a multi-member crew, these are aircraft, where one member is certainly of a higher level aircraft, where one pilot is considered not to cope, so on our helicopter there are three,

four. or even five crew members, this is the aircraft commander, the right pilot, the flight technician, the flight engineer, and there is also a flight operator and a flight gunner, in combat conditions up to five people. certainly, the crew - this is a special unit, a single unit, which consists of different specialists, different people, different positions, different levels of training, but they have one task, and one victory, and if the crew is defeated, then they all meet the ground together, and their last flight ends together, so there is an old expression ... for an airplane it makes no difference who pilots it, a cadet or a general, so everyone in the crew is equal, the fate of each of the crew members depends on each, so a special brotherhood arises in the crew, so the ship's commander must be able to unite

the crew, prepare it, and the maximum potential of each crew member must be summed up, then the crew gets combat coordination, and such a crew is a real combat unit, it is very nice that the friendship that arises in the crew is extended not in flight, but on the ground, then it continues throughout life, therefore you and i , too, as members of one crew, we understand what we are capable of both in the air, on the ground, and in life, therefore a crew tested in battle will never let itself down in peaceful conditions, and have you ever had cases when one of the crew members understands that he is not one of them, i... i said, not a stranger, but simply not one of them, and he leaves. i have had many cases, psychologically, uh, you have to understand, each crew member, each person in each different situation. for example, in afghanistan

, a crew died, it was made up of two instructors, both an instructor, the ship's commander, and an instructor navigator, but when performing a given task, where the crew died, the navigator was not... needed and he remained on the ground, that's when the crew died, and the navigator accidentally survived, this is major slepov, aleksey ivanovich, he was my squadron navigator, he came up to me and said: i should have died, i accidentally survived, how can i live on, how can i look you in the eye, i say: aleksey ivanovich, you are not guilty of anything, it so happened that you are not to blame for the death of the crew, he says, but i'm afraid to fly there, i say, aleksey iva! it's good that you admitted to me that you are afraid to fly there, but we need your experience to train young crews at the base, so that the young lieutenants you trained can continue

carried out the tasks that are there on the battlefield, and he agreed and trained more than one crew that successfully carried out combat missions. there was another case when in chechnya... with active resistance from terrorists , our helicopters often broke through, a crew member was wounded, one of the pilots came up to me and said: well, i'm afraid to fly when they shoot at us, i can't do anything with myself, i'm paralyzed, i can't fulfill my duties, i'm not responsible for my actions, but i want to fly, and i say, in peaceful conditions you you are not afraid to fly, no, i am afraid only when there is fire from the ground on the crew, on the helicopter, i feel a sense of fear, and i also listened to such a pilot, created for him the conditions in which he can

perform his duties to the maximum, he still flies, transports serious people, serious companies, and i am very grateful for the fact that a trusting feeling arises among pilots. where a person says what he is capable of and what he cannot do, when the commander clearly knows what each of the team is capable of, then he and manages to unite a good flight unit. i specifically left one question to finish our conversation today, you have told me this several times, but no one knows about it at all, so i ask you to answer without any embarrassment. your call sign, my call sign maestro, i have nothing more to add, i am glad to see you today, you are going to lek, god grant that you will pass it finally, sit on the left cup take hold of your favorite pen, we say goodbye to you evenly, until

next time we meet in the podcast of the first channel there was a conversation with a lieutenant general, a hero russia, nikolai fyotovich gavrilov, an outstanding pilot, whose call sign is maestro. with you is the podcast shvedena's cat and i am its host grigory tarasevich, editor-in-chief of the magazine schrodinger's cat, and we talk about ourselves about life from the point of view of science. our guest today is egor musin, candidate of biological sciences, research fellow at the institute of theoretical and experimental biophysics of the russian academy of sciences, popularizer of biology, teacher, and in general a wonderful person complex protein. creature. hello, egor. hello, thank you for inviting me. and today

we will take on the unthinkable. we will try to present all, all, all biology in these half an hour and a bit. i understand that the task is not entirely correct, but many of those who are listening to us now, watching, it seems to me that this is necessary, because well, at school they taught us this biology, we passed tests , passed all sorts of tests, well, from a large. in terms of the number of facts left, well, maybe something remained, of course, but the main thing, maybe it is not understood, namely, who are we? let's try to talk, egor, about who we are you from the point of view of all big biology, look, you and i are two protein bodies, yes, absolutely right, let's look at my day as a protein body, let's go back to the drains, where did everything come from, i woke up in the morning because the sun was shining through the window, today was a clear day, it seemed to me, when did our ancestors

learn to distinguish light from darkness? this is a very good question, in fact, apparently since time immemorial: the planets rotate, the change of day and night occurs in the light, on the contrary, in the absence of light it happens differently, with different chemical reactions flow at different speeds, for example, ultraviolet light, it is quite destructive for organic matter, for chemistry, respectively, and at night it is not there, it would be nice to distinguish where day is, where night is. the temperature where the sun shines, warms up better, where the sun shines warms up better, there will also be photosynthetic organisms that can be fed, respectively, all there, on the contrary, light will float, therefore we can say that sensitivity to light as such appeared long before the nervous system, somewhere there in the primary oceans from ancient bacteria we can already distinguish those who react to light, that is, if the question of how to distinguish light from darkness is not put in an ethical... in a religious sense, in a biological sense - this is some billions of years

ago, right? apparently, the very formation of life is already tied to illumination, because, for example, an interesting thing, our genetic code consists of four letters, yes, four nitrogenous bases, synthesize, well, by analogy with them we can quite a large number, here scientists think, and why exactly these four, so exactly these four letters, which are built into the dna of any living creature on the planet, are most resistant to ultraviolet radiation, they best dissipate ultraviolet radiation. heat instead of being destroyed, apparently we can say that they were formed, this is the primary life, our set, somewhere where there was an ultraviolet filter, where there was normal lighting, and accordingly there was such a need to filter out everything that was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation, well, look, there are many around us electromagnetic waves, of various lengths, frequencies, and so on, why exactly the color that we see and distinguish, and not others, such as infrared, some kind of radio wave? yes, this is a very good question, in fact, different

biological objects see a little differently, what we see exactly the way we see is far from a universal thing, for example, among other mammals - almost no one sees red light, they see only with their two typical cones, we see in full the picture of some kind for a dog, a cat, this world it will be turquoise-yellowish, rather, it is our three-color vision that arose not so long ago evolutionarily, because it was necessary, the fact is that mammals, after the dinosaurs ordered a long life, are predominantly small nocturnal burrowing animals, and after that, until now, all mammals are predominantly nocturnal and they generally do not need light, they are guided by sound, by smell, and so on, but among all of them, it was man who first began to colonize these daytime spaces to use vision to a greater extent than the sense of smell, so yes , our olfactory centers have fallen a little, we smell...

i looked at the sun, but fortunately we have learned to distinguish, this gave us a good evolutionary boost. well, okay, i saw a clear day, a blue sky, here comes the most important thing that happens to a person during. i need to get out from under the blanket, and i don’t want to get out from under the blanket, probably because i’m warm-blooded, in fact, in principle, we shouldn’t want to get out somewhere into an environment that’s unpleasant for us and... more one of our most important, probably evolutionary acquisitions is energy efficiency or energy saving. we always strive to occupy what is now called the comfort zone, and it is customary to treat this badly, but in reality this is exactly what we have been striving for evolutionarily all this time. it is difficult for us to explain to ourselves why i should

get up and do something if literally at the present moment it does not bring me food, nourishment, etc. we go to work simply realizing that... they pay in the end months and we need it, it’s quite problematic to explain it to ourselves biologically, get up and go to the refrigerator, i can still imagine how in a living organism, why would i need it, by the way, to go and do something that is not connected with survival here now, we shouldn’t like it, why don’t we like it, yes, because everyone who liked to just work for some reason has already died out, but still - how important is warm-bloodedness for us? could a person, with his intellectual greatness, appear from non-thermocrop creatures, when the world was just beginning to colonize the continents in depth, basically all were amphibians, there was a division into two fairly large groups, those who would one day become reptiles, later birds, and

those who would become sinopsids and later us mammals, these two groups are just diopsids and synopsids, the name, in fact, is not so complicated what. these holes they have no fundamental reflection, much more important is how these two groups solved the problems associated with the exit to land, they differently relate to temperature and moisture conservation. let's imagine this situation: you take a lizard in your arms and you are kicked out into the cold in winter, you are cold, uncomfortable, yes, we begin to shiver. we generate heat, in half an hour they will let us back into the house, we have a runny nose, we are angry, but we are alive, we were able to cope with this, at this moment, what about the lizard, it slowly freezes , does not move, dies, it will no longer be alive when it goes back into the warmth, while another situation, we arrive somewhere warm

place, and the temperature outside is 30°, 30° - this is actually colder than it is inside me, it's 36, but i'm still hot, i'm sweating, i'm dying, i'm forced to... spend a colossal amount of moisture just to keep myself going, well, this is called homeostasis, at this moment the lizard has peak activity, it reaches a completely different level of energy consumption, it warms up from the sun, it runs completely calmly, does not waste moisture, this is precisely the key root of the differences, we, as warm-blooded mammals, sharpened, well, more for cool and humid, and those who, whom we call reptiles, they are more for hot and...

animals are also a rather slippery question, because we are very smart, yes, but among mammals in general there are also quite primitive from the point of view of intelligence, stupid, we will call them that, animals, some there, a field mouse, at the same time , birds that went along the diapsitis branch, there are also extremely smart ones, for example, some corvids, they solve puzzles at the level of three-year-old children, which cannot be handled most mammals, the level of intelligence and brain development is... apparently unpredictable, it is formed in different groups, depending on the need for its formation, because it seems to us that the brain, intelligence, is very important, but by and large for most animals it would only interfere - what level of intelligence is necessary in order to survive, you need to be a little smarter than what you...