it was this role, as they say now, of the second plan, that made ghetto famous, it's not gold, saw shura, saw, directors loved to invite gert to episodes, his appearance alone in the frame could decorate any film. one young man, convicted of theft, was taken on bail, and now honestly works in a pasta factory. not only puppets spoke with zenov gert's voice, he voiced foreign actors.

its continuation, to perform the main parts of famous operas on world theater stages and receive such an award, there is a chance for participants of the international vocal competition, founded by people's artist of russia khiblo and gerzmava. applications are currently being accepted, the main review of young talents will take place in january at the stanislavsky and mirovich danchenko musical theatre. olga pautova heard the voices of the new generation. hands are shaking, knees are trembling. so everything

comes up, you can't breathe, as if deep, but the music starts playing, that's it, as soon as she starts singing a fragment from rimsky-korsakov's opera the snow maiden, all the worries and experiences melt away, like the first snow, pure and the powerful voice of elizaveta pakhomova immediately fills the entire space of the rehearsal hall and takes you somewhere into a fairy tale. i love it, the scene of tanya snegurochka is, in general, it seems to me, the role of every soprano's dream, to melt, to love and to melt. elizaveta chose this scene for her application for the competition by the famous ober singer hibla gerzmava. last year she already tried her hand, but then she failed to show her best. in a year , elizaveta has gone from a choir artist to a soloist of the stanislavsky danchenko theater, weaves in the party of marfa from... and now

i am determined to fight only for victory, i wanted to somehow reach the end, because last time i did not pass to the third round, i decided that i need to reach the end, i still want to receive a laureate, to finish to the end. khibla gerzmava held her first music competition a year ago, opera dieva and the first winner of the grand prix among vocalists at one of the most prestigious reviews, the tchaikovsky competition.

not being my teacher, but khipla livarsovna became mine, she truly became mine mentor. olga maslova, one of the winners of the last competition, immediately after her victory she debuted as ialanta on the big stage.

hello, this is the baden badon podcast and i am its host konstantin severinov. today our guest is denis lagunov, academician of the russian academy of sciences, deputy director of the gomaleya institute and one of the main developers of the sputnik vaccine, and today we will talk about vaccines. hello, denis. hello, konstantin. share your thoughts on why it seemed would, after more than 100 years of widespread

use of vaccines in medical practice, so many doubts about the advisability of their use. is there any answer to this question? in fact, the question is complex. first.

prevent as a result of vaccination, but is not prevented, what diseases are we talking about, in this case, oh, this is primarily included in the ncp, measles, rubella, mumps, that's all that is included in the national vaccination calendar, these are the main diseases, which, accordingly, are leaders in the number death after infection, now there is also a purely psychological problem with vaccines, we always vaccinate a healthy person, and we always treat a sick person, so when a person is sick and seeks help, especially if he is seriously ill, practically any methods of intervention are acceptable when we vaccinate, yes in the sense that the person accepts them, yes, of course, when we vaccinate a person, even if he is sick, he is not sick with the same covid or flu, he thinks that he is healthy, if it works out

some, even if there is one in a million case, and approximately modern vaccines, severe side effects, that is , really very low levels, then even in such a case there arises... in fact , public resonance question about vaccination, therefore we treat the sick, vaccinate the healthy, and this is in fact such a guarantee of constant expression about vaccines, well, plus there is still no culture of vaccination of adult society, what does this mean, well, we always vaccinate quite as if with good readiness we vaccinate our own children, not a pity, yes, at the same time, as soon as the speech concerns itself, it immediately becomes scary, it is scary to remove a tooth, it is scary to vaccinate.

there is the concept of immunosun, aging of the immune system, accordingly, an update is required against a number of pathogens of the immune response, that is, boosting its strengthening, that is, streptococcal infection. how and whether it is necessary to fight against, in general, not a very positive perception in society in the broad sense of vaccinations and such a feeling that what we are already in the 20th century, we are all developing and so on and so forth something like that, but it seems that the population's tolerance to this is falling, but if these are not some kind of internet effects, i just want to say that any development of vaccines in this sense was always accompanied by negativity, if you look at the cartoons of pasteur's vaccines, he was the first

vaccine against rabies, yes, the first vaccine was against rabies, if you look at the cartoons of smallpox vaccines, here is the first one, yes, there is a smallpox vaccination, that the jenner vaccine, then in fact this always met with a reaction from society, people were even chained in chains in england, then there were different times, different morals, they vaccinated against smallpox by force, it’s hard to imagine that now, and it was the state police. quickly, it can’t be, but in fact , in particular, your vaccine was made a very funny statement, because well

, now we’re looking at cars, yes, that is , cars there at the end of the 19th century and cars at the beginning of the 21st century, they are very different, so the vaccine technologies that pasteur used, koch, i don’t know, the great founding fathers there, they are actually absolutely antediluvian, they were dangerous, but they also brought more? of course, they brought more benefit, this is absolutely certain, even such poorly purified vaccines. at the moment, the regulator of any country in the world, simply by allowing nucleic acid, local proteins, will not allow any such vaccine, that is, everything that is being developed before the new, everything that is being developed again, goes through a huge number of purification stages, for example, about our vaccine, even if we talk, then we, you mean sputnik, yes, then we had. several stages filtration, tangential filtration, two chromatographies, tangential filtration again, two sterile filtrations, that

is, in fact, such a quantity, this is actually the main cost of the sputnik vaccine - this is a purification system, that is why it is like this, it seemed to me that there were critics who said that it was done so quickly that it could not have been done well, that is, rather, there was criticism, no, this is technology, konstantin, you and i must understand that this is the question and the essence of technological platforms, that the very the technological platform was developed for 40 years, well, you know, at your institute, at our institute in the world, we naturally do not distinguish ourselves as some separate institute, separate from the world, no, i mean as a scientific platform, over 40 years there were about 400 clinical trial protocols, then there was the application for the cybola fever in africa, there were more than 1000 people who received the vaccine, several thousand people received ours, so in fact, to say that... that the technological platform of viruses is not checked, pretty funny, well plus it is also a pathogen that exists in humans,

initially for millions of years with monoviruses, and there are no somatic diseases that would be associated, certainly for you, i will just remind you that adenovirus is a component of the sputnik vaccine, it is not pathogenic in itself, it is found in many people naturally, and this adenovirus was modified so that it does not... it had two areas removed, one area that is responsible for the initiation of reproduction, well, genome replication, these are areas one, and the other the area that is responsible for interaction with the immune system is e3, so it is such an inert carrier of an initially not very severe human pathogen, that is, which has completely lost the ability to reproduce in a person, that is, initially in a person it does not induce any somatic diseases.

history, soviet vaccines, many were, for example, generally otuned and you understand that to test an otuned vaccine, this is otuned, this is when it remains weakened, this is residual

pathogenicity and there were examples including with influenza vaccines, when strains of this kind arose, they returned, there was a reversion. to the wild pathogenic phenotype, genotype, this is the vaccine of the old generations, it can cause the very disease against which yes, well, in particular, the influenza vaccine, modern influenza vaccines, they have already learned to avoid this, they made subunit vaccines, and the live vaccine, there are certain cold-adapted mutants, mutations that do not allow reproduction at normal human temperature bodies, that is, now modern vaccines are much safer than what was this is a podcast banden baden, i am its host konstantin severinov, my guest is denis lagunov, one of the main developers of the russian vaccine sputnik, and we discuss vaccination in general, the development of new vaccines about the benefits of potential risks of vaccination. so could you evaluate in your opinion, i understand

that you are one of the developers, probably interested, but how many doses? the effect was in a woman in my opinion it was somehow connected yes with the situation with a blood clot yes with thrombus formation, the case was, in my opinion , non-lethal, non-lethal, that is, it was

one report per million, that is, if we compare with any other vaccines, including that same one per million, then it will turn out to be approximately absolutely the same, well, the only thing is that we have incomparably fewer myocordites, that's why the vaccine is simply incomparable with the tamk vaccine, therefore, modern vaccines per million are.

not to break down into different vaccines, let 's not do this, but let's imagine that there were 100 people, 100 million were vaccinated, what do you think, what effect with from the point of view of saved lives, this is very easy to answer, this question, which in fact lies on the surface, you just need to break it down into three parts again, protection from infection, protection from hospitalization, protection from deaths, death, probably, after all, yes, that's right, absolutely right, everything else can be added in one way or another, but hospitalizations are not particularly morbidity, people just don't seek help, yes... and in terms of mortality you can calmly look, and here moscow conducted a very good, correct study, because what can actually be for when there were clinical trials, it was different no, no, it's already even a turn, i'm going to tell you about all of moscow, there were approximately 5 million 200 people unvaccinated, not covered, and approximately 5-300 vaccinated,

and moscow assessed, covid-associated deaths, because well, a person is hospitalized, he can die from an injury. and most often died from thrombosis, well, and some vascular complications, or from bacterial complications, then a diagnosis of covid is not always made, that is, if he died there on ev, there a month after that they do not make a diagnosis that covid was 19, yes, therefore if we evaluate covid and covid -associated deaths in this group, well in both in both groups, then we will get the following figures, about 100,000 people died in the unvaccinated group. about 6,000 more than 10 times yes died in the vaccinated group and in fact we need to take into account. everything is even more complicated, in fact we need to take into account that no matter how uniform the vaccination of the population was, it did not work out, that is, to introduce coefficients, no, well, it seems to me that 99.00 versus 6.00 on

the same sample of people, these are telling numbers, yes, they are certainly telling, i just tried to complicate it, they were published somewhere, i honestly didn’t know about this, no, it was on the moscow website that anastasia vladimirovna rakova spoke with these stories when she was preparing, she, accordingly, well, since the data is not ours, it is the department’s data, accordingly. history, although not quite, but you probably use a single-virus platform to create new vaccines, what kind of vaccines are these, each of them will also need to be with to make such efforts to get it recognized. well, in any case , efforts will be needed, i am absolutely sure of it, the only thing is that if there is an even higher mortality rate, not 1-2%, well, i would like that, you know, there is this disease x, for example,

you are not working on disease x, well, this is a hypothetical concept, a hypothetical disease, which in some of these mind games is assumed to have a mortality rate 20 times higher or how much 10%, 20%, yes, yes, that is absolutely right, it is used for modeling, and well, besides that theoretical... possibility, because the epidemic, no one could predict the coronavirus epidemic until it happened, you worked so quickly, everyone is grateful to you for that, but you can work on a vaccine against a pathogen that does not yet exist, you need to work on vaccines against pathogens that already exist, because when we talk about coronavirus, even covid-19, it already existed, in fact, today we can do what we can to create vaccine preserves, just what does that mean?

and their mechanism will be different for bacterial drugs, but it is available for bacterial pathogens, the adenovirus platform is less suitable than for viral ones, so there are rather subunit technologies, there are technologies, but why bacteria are fundamentally different from viruses, that is, why antibiotics cannot solve the problems of bacterial infections, and let xenologists do it, no, well, antibiotics partially of course solve the problems of bacterial infections, but not all, there are bacteria that initially.

deliberate, it doesn't matter if it's a carry-over, we're just being led, if it's deliberate, we shouldn't be ready, well, besides, if we 're talking about platform solutions, they allow, being tested for

safety, in everything, to quickly change, accordingly, the filling, quickly change the genes to make a vaccine against that pathogen that is not included in any lists, therefore, but it will still need to be researched, to prove its effectiveness, and this or you think that the path is paved . in no case, thanks for the question, that's all should be brought to at least the second phase of clinical trials, what does this mean, this means the entire preclinical, including primates, that is, safety plus effectiveness on primates, and safety, naturally, on other species of animals and then the clinical, which reaches, we are convinced that the vaccine is safe and effective, we enter the first, second phase, such a high degree of readiness of the vaccine, we can preserve, in my opinion, why can we preserve, because imagine, a list of 30 pathogens, we need to conduct 30 phase three studies with you, and you can do this in your center, no one in the world can do this, because you are the third phase - this is in endemic

conditions. the first group of pathogenicity - these are our collaborative studies the first is more dangerous, the first is the most dangerous according to our classification the russian first is the most dangerous according to the european american fourth is the most dangerous well, so as not to confuse yes, the most dangerous and all these studies are conducted in collaboration with the ministry of defense, that is this is definitely not happening in moscow, not in the center of moscow, in canada, in certain territories, yes of course, but it is actually prohibited, there is just a special decree. in moscow

, in particular, it is prohibited for the first pathogenicity group to work in the city, within the city limits, so this is happening tens or hundreds of kilometers from moscow. this is the baden baden podcast, i am its host konstantin severinov, and today we are discussing vaccination, that is, you have 30, well, let's assume that there are 30, well , let's say, 30 pathogens that are. well representatives of some large group of related viruses, not related, well no, each of them is, a representative, and you for each, and you for each of these, for each of these groups you more or less understand what needs to be done, just as in the case of coronaviruses, one of which was sar-2, in this sense you are ready for most known viruses of course you are ready

yes, but not for all, moreover, when you... say good words to the government or the president, you just need to give credit, they played a key role, without them, well, how could it have been to implement such an amazing, that is, you and are you a hero of russia or not, no, no, well, still a hero, because when i thought about this, well, so detachedly, after all, as a country we are lagging behind quite a lot, well, in the field of biomedical research, some part of it, yes, we are lagging behind, of course, but at the same time, somehow , miraculously, in our country

we managed to make work. who will be the first to say, here are those who first declared, in fact, the same thing happened, remember, there was about, i don’t know, hundreds of vaccine candidates appeared after, but everything that appeared after, despite the fact that it worked, never took off again, that is, it was needed like a spoon in time for dinner, that is, it was necessary to work very quickly, to work ahead of the curve, and this immediately channeled the attention of society , attention, respectively, of governments, attention there, well, in general, everything was focused

precisely on this development. therefore , it seems to me that this is rather connected with this, and the fact that in our country, in fact, infectious pathology has never been forgotten, but well, we went through different periods, the same the nineties, when everything was not in the best condition, personnel and so on and so forth, the last years in the country, i will repeat once again that investments in this area were absolutely sufficient and significant, this area was definitely not forgotten when i say that we were developing a vaccine against b... and before that we participated in the fight against ebola, this is participation directly in our country, and we made a vaccine then, so in fact the attention did not go anywhere, well, definitely from the beginning of the 2000s and here, well, especially considering that we continue to exist and there is a school and creation of vaccines, the fact that in general in society the level of sentiment against vaccines is so high, this is of course a bit of a scandalous

situation, but after all, well, as you said, that it always happens, well, there is a rumor there about the case with measles, which is this is this is this is just an effort of anti-vaccines and anti-vaxxers of course, what? this is some kind of new vaccine, no, of course, measles is more of a vaccine, it is the best, kindest, old proven vaccine, of course, here the only thing people don't understand is that measles is much more contagious, that is, if there is a coefficient yes the coefficient there is 0, yes , that is the calculated one for covid there is 2 s to, well when 3 s to, that is, there is a certain range of this coefficient, that is, one person can infect there 2 s to then... 18 incredibly infected person can infect, while he is 1218, well, imagine how much there, if you count in percentages, then if you come into contact with someone infected with measles, then you will be infected in 95% of cases, but those of

us who are vaccinated, they turn out to be resistant for life, what is this situation? yes, with measles there is a big positive in this, measles has 1218 due to the fact that it is very contagious, it is provided precisely due to another recipe. really are there, well, inactivating, that is , it is possible to induce immunity for life, because the interface as antibodies with an antigen is so rigid with high affinity, but with covid it is not so, with covid it is completely in the case of measles, which is now rumored to be more than covid, that is, the fact that there is an outbreak, is it because the measles virus has changed or... because vaccines don't work, why is this happening at all? no, initially, it's because people didn't have enough coverage, that is, in order to block the spread of measles in the population, it was necessary to maintain 90%. there were a whole bunch of very smart, cunning people who said, i'm not

talking about our country, about all the countries in which outbreaks have occurred , outbreaks of measles are happening now in ukraine, in other countries, it appears, well, either the government pays attention less attention, or accordingly the population begins... be cunning, here is this favorite story that i did not vaccinate my child and he did not get sick, you understand that i did not vaccinate, he did not get sick due to other children, other children were vaccinated, you provided a ninety percent immune layer, then in such a situation there is no place for the spread of measles, and now measles is on the national schedule, yes, of course, it has always been, this means that it is in some sense inevitable, or either the fact that something is on the national calendar does not mean that the child needs to be vaccinated? if he does not have a medical exemption, he must be vaccinated against measles, so everything that is on the national vaccination calendar is mandatory vaccinations, that is, i must do it, but i may not do it, this is exactly what led to that situation with measles, and of course, as soon as you have a window of opportunity for the virus,

imagine, you give it purely evolutionary space, mutations naturally occur, then how did this happen, for example with covid, it's very clear, well yes, it was all there, but with measles it can be the same, that is, in fact, if if measles is enough.

and if god forbid something new happens, that is, here is the calendar, the national vaccination calendar, it is something that has already been cast in bronze, it has existed all the time, or is there some movement, no, of course, there is on the basis. absolutely everything is the same scheme, yes clinical trials, clinical trials, against what to make a vaccine, of course, as soon as it is decided it is just as simple, as with covid, genetic monitoring, you identify a variant that becomes dominant, re-adapt the vaccine to this variant, use it for vaccination, here in your professional life, how often do changes occur, changes in the national vaccination calendar occur, practically do not happen, practically do not happen, that is, there...

there are very good responses to the polysaccharides of the same pneumococci, there is hemophilus infringes, other pathogens, that is, it is being refined, new ones appear in it vaccines, vaccines that are old yes...

that is, it seems that everything has remained as it was, and it is really better to get vaccinated,

it is imperative to get vaccinated, and today we have already started talking about safety, probabilities, that is, any vaccine preparation is not a vitamin, yes, there are, accordingly , these one case in a million, by the way, why does it happen, because you and i know the syndromes of gainabor, transverse melit, other complications, they are all associated with immunity, immunity is a very serious thing and sometimes, sometimes in one case in a million he makes a mistake. he starts doing things that are not very good in general, but this is really a very big rarity, that is, if we take the additional cost of the vaccination program, then approximately one case in a million is added there of some autoimmune complications to those cases that are normal in the population, for example, normally in the population there are from two to 20 cases per million, plus one, if you conduct a mass vaccination program, then what is there according to statistics, this is really a very small the increase is related to the action. if we look at the lethality from the same.