sufficient stinginess, then he already plays only commercial games, well, for example, the same whist, yes, well, and on duty, of course, in the imperial entourage it was necessary to play, it was necessary, we have a wonderful briefcase, gavriil romanovich, that is, who, being the state secretary of catherine, here it is, he went with it to her for reports, the briefcase was filled with various papers, that is, which had to be reported to the empress, but in his years a briefcase was called a purse. i have such a suspicion that he not only, so to speak, carried business papers, but perhaps he carried money when they played cards with catherine, or maybe the same kavushki were transferred to the table during the game, yes, looking at this briefcase it is still unclear whether he brought money into the palace or took it out from them, yes altai is entertainment for every taste, first you make a clap, and then like this. about strike you need

to hug him very tightly and like this hurray, in omsk there are guys who lift a stone of 250 kg, this is the oldest zubor, 22 years old, 90 million years ago there was a sea here, today there is also a sea here sea, sea of ​​beauty, first one went, come on, one, one, i don't understand anything, just row, let's go. premiere is on saturday on the first one, what a night, i can't, i can't sleep, such a moonlight, it's as if i'm still cherishing my lost youth in my soul, well, katya, do you like it? very much, and this is milokhin, kvn. alumni meeting, on saturday on the first one. no need

to say that everything is fine in russia, it's an insult to the feelings of those who left. you are watching precious stories about card games and famous players. and here, of course, we will remember, therefore, our famous and beloved by all of us people who were also passionate admirers of card games , fans of this particular pastime. well, as usual, we start with the cannon. yes, pushkin is our everything, who said about himself: "i would rather die than not play." well, it must be said that alexander sergeevich is a passionate person. there is a story when the fifth chapter of evgeny anegin was put as a bet, but not it, of course, but a fee. alexander sergeevich was paid very well, 25 rubles. in ossignations per line. but nevertheless, luck was on his side and... he not only

won, yes, but actually, so to speak, he remained in the black, well, when the fifth chapter was 25 rubles, we hadn’t paid yet, yes , perhaps, yes, well, after all, alexander sergeevich was a poet, a professional, after the captain’s daughter, i think he said that it turns out that you can feed your belly with your own pen , well, and cards were not a source of income for him, it was only an expense.

and he was also a big fan of card games, especially in his youth, when i read the complete collection of works, his diaries, and we can say that tolstoy was the first blogger, yes, he kept a diary since he was 18, and a diary is kept so that someone would read it. i was, of course, very surprised by his relationships with women, his relationship with the game, and how he constantly fought, how he constantly overcame, how he found time to write, this one...

where he already wanted to retire, it turns out in sevastopol, imagine, yes, sevastopol, shelling, he has money to start a magazine, money that he received from the sale of an old house in yasnaya polyana, and he loses this money, yes, that is, such a situation, well, and the last loss was exactly, in my opinion, 1862, when he was abroad, so he had to borrow money from turgenev to return, and after that, like , he cut it off, that’s exactly when he introduced katkov, these cossacks, that he would present the manuscript, took the money to pay off the card debt, and of course, his literary heroes, they also generally all play cards, well, this is again a sign of secular rules of upbringing, it would be strange if literary heroes did not play cards, we would be very surprised, by the way,

vladimirov told me about pravna that in their family vint is a card game, well, this is for our information, but we have another wonderful player dostoevsky. was not a wealthy person, unlike lev nikolayevich, so for him this idea of ​​a million is the idea of ​​freedom, so his interest in roulette is an interest in the opportunity to improve his material affairs, which were quite bad, and of course, this is like for a creative person an opportunity to test fate, his famous letters of canni snitka. where he basically describes the situation that i got so many florins, and i lost everything, this is an endless series, that is, contemporaries would have called fyodor mikhailovich a very toxic person, yes, because he caused

a lot of trouble for his wife, yes, well, and the work of the player, yes, it is essentially autobiographical, there are very good types of players, the attitude to the game is shown, which is found in those who... visit the gambling hall, there is an active, objective, all writers and pushkin, and tolstoy, and dostoevsky tried to find some kind of system in the game, they tried, but they couldn't find it, because this system simply doesn't exist, you have to trust chance, well, and somehow not get excited, but it was very difficult to do, but we also have ivan andreevich krylov, who is also an absolutely wonderful player, the most famous, and just like... and gavriil romanovich derzhavin, he was not a very wealthy man in his youth and simply earned his living by playing cards, he apparently played very well, and he was a regular visitor to the english club, the english club even put

bust of krylov, when they moved it to the new building, they also moved it to the place where, supposedly, grandfather krylov was sitting and dozing, by the way, this famous... grandfather krylov, we always call him andreevich in a diminutive and affectionate way, this was invented by prince petr anich vyazevsky, he gave him such a definition, i was very amused when i discovered this in vyazimsky's notes. but we also have nikolai alekseevich nekrasov. nikolai alekseevich, of course, was a specific person in the sense that he developed in himself a certain strategy, well, when i met chernyshevsky, he was frank. he said that i play gambling, i can’t do anything about it , i’m lucky in commercial games, if i only played them, then i would always be in the black, but i’m drawn to gambling, so i leave, let’s say, 20,000 rubles for gambling, as if it were someone else’s money,

then accordingly i bet them, if i lose, then as if it were money not from my budget, so it’s known... that with large government officials he played so as to please them a little, lose, or take them into a share, evil tongues said about this, yes, that this is such a cunning way, so to speak, to butter them up, in order to continue publishing the contemporary. nikolai alekseevich, on the one hand, he is a singer of the people's grief, on the other hand, a person who leads such a broad, demonstrative.

independent life, goes, therefore, to balls, visits all sorts of dubious establishments,

plays cards, but then, at the insistence of his st. petersburg relatives, as far as i understand myself, he was removed from st. petersburg, brought to moscow more public educational institutions, he was never listed, although naturally, he was superbly educated, and professors of the moscow university, read him lectures at home, and daddy was gone, that means ... you can't find a penny for cards, here he has wonderful notebooks that give

such apt characteristics, but only if you think about it, yes, a man of the pushkin era, who also experienced the era of alexander ii, in general, a man who left a lot of evidence about the card game, saying that the card game is our touchstone and measure of morality, and of human qualities. here is a literary anecdote that prince b, yes, he died, and i already, he says, noticed some kind of disorder in his body, that you noticed, something about business in the presence, no, he signed papers and listened to them non-stop, but made such mistakes in the message that there was already clearly some kind of disorder in his mechanism, here about lermontov there are interesting, then, memories, especially of my behavior. in the hussar regiment, that is, not even his behavior, and the behavior of a hussar regiment, that is,

card games were very common there, homeric drinking parties with dancing, with women, with cards, and lermontov always took part, but he took part simply to take part, being, well, so to speak, a member of the community, yes, if he played cards, he put in small amounts of money, and no more than he could, although he was a wealthy young man, mikhail yuryevich lermontov.

was storged, alexander i, invited her to dance called the countess, well, really, as in the same lermontov work tambovskaya treasurer, when everything is already lost, to put already to lose already a wife, therefore here yes, some meanings in this work, apparently there are some echoes, but we have more, so to speak, such a tragic story, although also very romantic, connected with ...

there was no, and lebev spent 3 years in prison, though there, it means, to the cells he was expelled piano, and he wrote a wonderful ballet, the magic flute, and known to everyone and everyone. the novel the nightingale, verstovsky's joke is known, look, nothing is lost to russian talent it's scary, even in prison he seems to work such miracles, well, and alyabev's answer is known, tell verstovsky that there are plenty of free cells near me, you are watching precious stories about card games about

famous players, we know that cards are always a duel, in general, always a duel, and here... there are many stories connected with cards, these were shot alone, shot in pairs, according to the results of card games, the most common dueling pistols, lipazh kyukhireytor, in my opinion, this is our reytor, yes, cards also imply rules for us, some accessories, we all know card tables, yes, that means, here is one of them played on red cloth, on burgundy cloth, but here is also money, chips and

when he was faced with the threat of being put on the debtors' board in the english club, here is a gypsy woman who was his confidant, yes, his beloved, she saved him, giving him all the gifts, all the diamonds to save him, and she became his wife, there was also a lot of originality in this, well, a briter,

a duollian, who had 11 duels and 11 children who died his. and he noted that we even, but the man is certainly remarkable, a man who knew how, as he himself said, to correct the mistakes of fortune, that is, he played an unfair game, so he immediately warned his friends, don't sit down to play cards with me, because for me in this duel there are no close ones, no friends, i can beat you for sure, that's why he is such a remarkable man, who really lived a bright... interesting, albeit such a disorderly life. let's return to our cards, so we also had cards, well, different appointments, yes, there were annual cards, in the 18th century i saw cards, it’s wonderful there, when you lay them out and read them later, it means what awaits you, such wonderful love news, pleasant calls,

or a woman respectful in her qualities, that’s it, but just one charm, that’s how it is about... well, as such, as if she seemed to read destinies by them, but they say that besides this she also had other ways to feel the future, like maratusper with anjust, that means she also told napoleon that shameful exile, loneliness and painful death, but the most interesting thing for us is that our russian gentlemen,

kondratiya shreleev, came to see her, according to the memoirs, lenormand was very frightened of him... here are his hands, in combination with the cards, well, in general, he said that he would not die a natural death and not in a war, not in a duel, and also sergei ivanovich muravkov , the apostle, so, he also received such a prediction from her that he would be hanged, to which, so, he expressed great bewilderment, we are not in england, we do not have the death penalty in russia, both predictions came true, irileev and muravyov apostle sergei ivanovich, were hanged after the december speech, we know you believe in prediction, right? that's it, well, and we will remember the st. petersburg fortune teller, the famous one, alexandra filippova kirka, who also predicted to pushkin, griboyedov, and lermontov. there are educational maps such

as fires, well, tell me, then, here we have some more wonderful ones, we know that european eyewitnesses in all centuries were burned by people on princesses who came to russia, studied on maps and the russian language, russian. there are geographical maps shown, where our various provinces and districts are depicted, well , in general, these maps are remarkable, because

they were created on the basis of, so to speak, real maps, yes, therefore they were really used in the educational process, but we know that gribanov turned to maria fedna, the dowager empress, during the preparation with a request to provide: financial assistance, she provided it, and thanks to this they just came out in the twenty-thirties during this period, that is, thanks to her, but we know that the imperial family generally held monopoly on the production of cards, not a family, but a state, in 1819 the first factory in russia was founded, it was a factory for the production of playing cards, it was called the alexandrovskaya manufactory, it produced paper.

which, without sparing itself, feeds chicks, chicks feed on its flesh, this is precisely the charity that maria feodorovna was engaged in, opened hospitals, shelters, and this continued after, right up until the overthrow of the romanov dynasty, well, and for us, this pelican really remained on the ace of diamonds. true, this inscription disappeared later, but accordingly, here is a memory of this, therefore the state, it always

treats very reverently those areas where you can get some income, in 1800, in 1868 they abolished the monopoly on the sale of playing cards and could now sell everything, but only the state produced for the state and... close relatives in costumes of the famous russian ball of 1903, but this costume ball really made a huge impression,

photographs of this event have been preserved, yes, the german company developed the sketches, the printed cards were also at the russian state factory that produced playing cards. many of us had such decks, here is the king of hearts - this is, in fact, nicholas ii, this is the grand duke mikhail alexandrovich, considered the last emperor of all russia, the queen of clubs, the grand duchess elizabeth feodorovna, the queen of spades, a magnificent woman, zenaida nikolaevna, knyapova, countess, elston, now. forget us our story about them,

it was a podcast precious history, and today, with doctor of historical sciences vyacheslav shevtsov, we told you about the history of card games and the people who took part in them. hello, this is the badan podcast. chief resuscitator of the ministry of health of the russian federation. sergey, what are antibiotics? well, it's something against life, antibius, well, it's terrible, we are also alive, i thought that antibiotics are a medicine, no? well, that's absolutely right, yes, but there are simply two types of the animal world, prokaryotes and eukaryotes,

thank god we are eukaryotes. that is, with a nucleus, and those, which are without a nucleus, bacteria, the nucleus is what is inside us, this is our essence inside the cell, this is what is inside the cell, when without a nucleus, these are prokaryotes, bacteria, antibiotics are against them, although in general there are antibiotics and antitumors, but mainly they are against bacteria, who produces them, chemists made this, where do these substances come from, well, to begin with, actually, they were found in nature, this is a way for bacteria to coexist with each other - some bacteria produce antibiotics to drive out other bacteria from habitat niches, the struggle for uh food, for a place to live and so on, and what does medicine have to do with it, we also have microbes, on us, inside us, and antibiotics are inside us too, well, our bacteria also produce them, but strictly speaking, the most powerful antibiotics, of course, our bacteria do not produce, which live in us, basically... these are antibiotics

that are developed from bacteria living in the soil, accordingly they are found there, after that there are two options, to modify them partially chemically, well, the third way is to create antibiotics are generally artificial, similar to those found in nature, and these are factories, this is a microbiological industry or a chemical factory that makes this substance, this is some kind of molecule, yes, this is a molecule, are you a resuscitator? do you encounter antibiotics in your medical work? this is generally one of the main - points of attention, as a resuscitator, mine, because without antibiotics, modern resuscitation will die. we use antibiotics in several situations: the first is prophylactic antibiotic prescription. for example, a patient goes for a planned surgical operation, this is accompanied by a skin incision before

the surgical intervention, therefore. preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis exists as a reasonable measure to reduce potential, but this is specifically in hospitals, that is, antibiotics, as i understand it, are not taken prophylactically at home, no, this concerns a specific surgical intervention, and this antibiotic is administered there half an hour before the operation with the expectation that it will only act for a while surgical intervention, this is a single injection, this is a single or, in extreme cases, double injection during the operation , it is repeated again if. the operation is long, and if the antibiotic does not work, then what? and if one antibiotic does not work, then some inflammatory, purulent problems arise, then the antibiotic is changed, and if the second does not work, it is changed to a third, but it also takes a long time to sort through, unfortunately, now we cannot choose for a long time, because we live in the era of multiresistant bacteria, this

means that bacteria have multiple resistance to various groups of antibacterial drugs, so here is such a selection, as i said, it is of course not so blind, they just prescribed one, threw out another, it is selected based on the results of certain bacteriological studies, but nevertheless the number of antibiotics that we can use in our clinical practice is now very limited, and for some reason i understood it this way, you well there are a lot of microbes around us, but you also said that they communicate with each other with the help of antibiotics, just in general in general microbes have invented few antibiotics, four or five, microbes have invented many antibiotics, the topic of creating an antibiotic turned out to be very economically inexpedient, unfortunately, this topic was already heard before the pandemic, the idea of ​​what a pharmaceutical company that develops antibiotics, which is engaged in the search for an antibiotic, for example, a new one among soil microorganisms, for example,

or a chemical... by creating this antibiotic, it spends significant efforts the initial stage of searching or creating of this molecule. the next step is for the company to test this antibiotic for... effectiveness, for its possible side effects, for toxicity, and so on and so forth. this takes quite a lot of time and money, since modern options for bringing a drug to market carry a lot of restrictions, this is very reasonable, since this is a way to protect the patient from some unwanted side effects. everything must be studied in sufficient detail. and the moment when the company has finally gone through this thorny path, it has spent very much. much more than you and me, longer, longer, yes, in terms of time, i mean in the evolutionary sense, they appeared

much earlier, in fact, they are the main inhabitants of our extra-planet, and not you and me, as we think, although we call everyone kings there, in general, the kings are bacteria, in fact. in the process of reproduction, random mutations occur that create a field for potential resistance of one or two or several bacterial cells to a new antibiotic, that is, they bypass, they bypass

this option, well, for example, the antibiotic cannot penetrate the cell, there is a special penicillin-binding protein, for example in the cell, it should drag it into the cell this antibiotic, here it took this protein defect. it turned out to be a very valuable thing for bacteria from the point of view of evolution, because the antibiotic stops working, it’s not strange about the economy, but if you have people who can die, if you tried four antibiotics and nothing works, then this is the end, yes, it ’s probably obvious, it’s obvious that there are very there is a great interest among end consumers, families, and all of us in society, for antibiotics to work, what does economics have to do with it, and you understand, as a doctor, i generally treat economics as a kind of substance of a lower gradation, forgive me for being so harsh, because the patient's need is more important than money, but we are forced to take into account the fact that these antibiotics must appear on the market, so the company that

brings it to the market must spend this money, and accordingly, when the antibiotic after 2-3 years it stops functioning, it turns out that the money is thrown away, well, not to the wind, but in any case it’s not very.

four or five antibiotics of different potential groups that could be changed, if during the treatment the patient’s bacteria developed resistance to a specific one, what to understand, they become resistant during your work, that is, you make them resistant yourself, yes, that’s absolutely right, but i can’t give the patient a giant dose of an antibiotic, it will simply be a toxic thing, so i work with those doses that are for it is not toxic, in these conditions always... yes, there is a possibility, unfortunately, this is a biological law, that some bacterial cell will show resistance, wants to live, and will produce offspring that will be resistant to this antibiotic, another question is that if the patient is not very seriously ill, then he

begins to recover, he has enough strength to cope with the infection, well, relatively speaking, on his own, and there is no need to change the antibiotic, but in cases of severe patients, complex, well, here... covid patients, and they were on the art of ventilation of the lungs due to severe viral lung damage, they had an intubation tube through which bacteria entered from the external environment and we... do you really think that i will allow you

to destroy our family, my career, if anything, you will lose your son, these are very good, and the size is just yours 34, try them on, move them, i have a thirty-fifth, my leg fits, a hanger, dad, burya, dad, are you crazy,

i would like to listen to you for another four or five minutes, i'll make arrangements now, they will sing some more, guys, one more time, exactly, the premiere season, on sunday on the first, we watch the podcast baden badon, i am its host, konstantin severinov, we talk about antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with sergei vasilyevich tsarenko, the chief resuscitator.

remember the films from somewhere up to the thirties of the last century, when a person with lobar pneumonia lies there breathing heavily and his doctor uses some kind of camphor so that he doesn't die, the same story, we are actually moving towards it now, we haven't arrived yet, there is some kind of prognosis, here it is clear when this singularity will arise , will it arise, well, in general, different evaluative things, but it is not a decade.

but this means that they have these antibiotics, they simply mean that they consider it economically inexpedient to develop them, to develop, this means to look for new ones, to look for new ones, yes, for which there is no resistance, for which there is no resistance yet, but this is such a stupid infinity, but you will find what you described, this means that you will find a new one, but in 2-3 years you will have to introduce a new one again, yes, absolutely right, you just need to live in this bad infinity for some time, because you need to treat the sick with something, so new antibiotics are needed, and generally speaking, i have one favorite

science fiction novel, it's called the indomitable planet by harry harrison, you haven't had a chance to read it, no, but i'll write down some wonderful things later, so what's the point, the planet is inhabited by settlers, and, uh, the longer they live there, the harder it is for them to live, because they defend themselves from the planet, and the more they actively defend themselves against it, the more means the planet invents to get them out of there. and it makes sense that they settled in the wrong place, in general, they should move somewhere to the side, i don’t know, 40 kilometers is fine, no, for us in practical terms then from our point of view, well, we can’t...

she would also live and live, you understand, therefore the fact that she took and killed the patient and buried her in the cold ground, this is not good for... her, this is also evolutionarily wrong for her, that’s why, since a microorganism can be alive, but at the same time - not to single out pathogenicity factors that kill the macroorganism, that is, a person, then theoretically achievable, as it were, history, it is not fantasy, when a conditional pseudomonas aeruginosa gets along with a patient, they exist perfectly, he lives with it, walks safely, it with him... well , on our surface it is a skin bacterium, and in the lungs, as far as i understand, it is usually there, that is, in principle, we always have it, yes, in this sense we coexist with it anyway, which means that somehow we need to understand why in one moment it gets out of control and we start to strangle it with antibiotics, at that moment it, like an indomitable planet, produces an even more powerful means of attack,

as a result, everyone dies together, and she is the patient, well, that is, this is my personal relationship with my personal microbes, when i am treated they become u...

i study in a bacteriological laboratory and test for sensitivity to antibiotics, so i test i realized that these are he at this time is lying in your intensive care unit,

he should lie down for some time, but you understand from the essence of the explanation is that for some time it may not be there, it is severe, it is severe, it is getting worse. and there is such a rule, the later you prescribe effective antibiotics, the worse the results, well, it is also obvious that the bacteria did not get in the first time, only on the fourth time, yes, these are much worse chances, therefore , unfortunately, in this zone of uncertainty you have to work and well, and then it turns on, well, i would say, excuse me, common sense, common sense says that a patient admitted, for example, from home with a bacterial pneumonia, which most likely is from a large...