living beings are hedonists, they want something tasty, they want it often, well, who would throw socks, no one would throw them, yes, no one, what kind of creature, look, i don’t know, a horse won’t refuse an apple, a dog won’t refuse cheese, a person will almost never refuse sweets, there are such lucky ones who don’t need sweets, they even say: no-no, no, just not sweets, but in general, yeah , probably the majority still love sweets and... as we understand, sweets are what contribute to weight gain, and the gain of body fat, and this is destructive, vos - this is the world health organization, recognized the 21st century as the century of obesity, an epidemic of obesity, well, in fact, it's a pandemic, yes, they have already counted one 1 billion people with obesity, yes, not even with excess weight, with obesity, and obesity is a huge amount of excess weight on one person, yes, due to adipose tissue. and 2 billion people with

excess body weight, that's a whole billion already with obesity, that is, every eighth, this is a lot, sweet e on the way to weight gain - this is just the easiest, the most slippery and the fastest way, and naturally the idea arose, how to replace sugar and its derivatives with something tasty, sweet, but safe, not so high in calories. i think that people have been racking their brains over this for a long time, for example, fructose, we once had - scientists and doctors had the idea that for diabetics the safest sweet is everything that is on fructose, and whole shelves of such in stores, waffles on fructose, marmalade on the same kind of natural, it is contained in fruits, and fruits are healthy, yes, a logical chain here obviously, yes, firstly, people are very afraid of so-called chemistry. if you can

eat something natural, then for most people it will always be preferable to something chemical, so fructose very often led us around by the nose, as they say, and this helped to spread diabetes more than if without it, because fructose is actually not as simple as it may seem, not even simple at all, not simple at all, well in the middle of the last century, a chemist accidentally, doing a certain job... then researching and producing certain chemical substances, as they say, well, that's the legend anyway, licked his finger, didn't wash his hands well, and suddenly discovered such a sweet taste, so sweet-sweet, that right here, that's what's called the best sugar. that's supposedly where this story began, and then the main place of action of all this was in america, when the first sugar substitute first appeared, here it is... the world will never

be the same, now sugar substitutes will help a person not to experience restrictions, and these are restrictions in food, restrictions in food, and this is a direct, so to speak, direction towards eating disorders will help a person not to get fat, yeah, but imagine some texas. sugar cane producers, it's a huge amount of money, a huge market, suddenly they are told: we no longer need your services, yes, i can imagine what a revolution there was, and we know the subsequent events: this very aspartame that appeared, a sugar substitute, a sugar substitute, they began to scam them, that's the word, scientific studies appeared that suddenly proved that aspartame...

which somehow won half of the market, and people really grabbed onto this hope, like a life preserver, that it causes cancer, to prove, like that, to prove, yeah, yeah, to prove, supposedly causes, supposedly, yeah, thank you, and naturally, there was a stir, everyone was scared, everyone who used aspartan started looking for all possible types of diseases, especially such formidable ones as cancer, and after some time it turned out that, unfortunately, these statements were false, the studies were unreliable, fortunately, fortunately these studies unfortunately that this is possible at all, yes, that such falsification, that's misleading people, because you understand that there is money behind this, yeah, so, unfortunately, yes, then, as they say, the situation played out, but the aftertaste remained. people still say

that oh, sugar substitutes, god forbid, this is chemistry, what a horror, i'd rather eat honey, for example, yes, we have great respect for bees and honey producers, but this is still a completely unsafe replacement for the same sugar or some confectionery products, because what is our favorite fructose, well, probably, it is better to eat sugar, no, it is better of course not to turn into biorobots and never say anything sweet again, no, for a person this is a very serious source of pleasure, and life is certainly difficult, yes, a lot of stress, yes banal... changes like a light bulb, yes, physiology is arranged, a person must record, say, illumination through the visual analyzer, under this our hormonal background changes and how to go to bed on time, get up on time, but we still do not do this, our body in

constant stress, and you need to somehow compensate for this stress, it's very bad when food becomes such a basic, well, figuratively speaking , a sedative, it's very bad, but as an element... such an important pleasure, it's better to leave food, it's better to leave, thank you, thank you zukhrasharip, in reasonable quantities, so let's show our viewers a table that's educational, interesting, putting everything in its place. so, the first gradation by origin: natural, what most of us strive for, synthetic. i'd like to say right away, for example, let's take erythrol, it's either xylitol or sorbitol, we often come across xylitol, sorbitol, when we chew gum, it doesn't sound very natural, i must say that xylitol, that sorbitol, and now we'll take something else natural, isomalt is especially scary,

so these are all substances that are natural, but they are also produced in factories, in plants, just like what. there are a lot of questions, for example, we constantly publish materials in season, how to distinguish good honey, hell means just honey, why because yes, because honey is completely calmly, as they say, it's diluted, you can, that 's what, yes, i agree, so, we see that

there are a lot of natural sugar substitutes, fewer synthetic ones, but this is how we have it indicated, now there is a huge number of synthetic sugar substitutes. well, we are the most popular here, yes, these are the most popular and, let's say, very often, again, if we talk about this kind of biased attitude towards synthetics and naturals, then the same sucrolose is allowed for use by pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children, that is, i always say that it was necessary go through all seven circles of hell to prove such safety, while i would like to make a reservation. that not so long ago , publications appeared in fairly authoritative scientific journals about the fact that sucrolose is not so safe, the headlines were so bright, that's what they call, you can't pass by, yes, but when you carefully read the article itself,

then in general you come to the conclusion that nothing has changed, nothing has changed, nothing has been proven , it is still possible for infants and pregnant women, yes, we know, we know this trick, yes. they used medicinal, and then as regenerating, that is, a healing agent, and honey also has an antiseptic property, that is, as if disinfecting, here you go, a quarter or half a teaspoon slowly

dissolve, then honey will be completely beneficial and no harm, we described the origin, by caloric content, by caloric content, there are sugar substitutes that you need at all. a little bit of their caloric content is much higher than sugar itself, like 300 times, yes, our favorite stevia is 300 times more caloric, no-no-no, this is by the degree of sweetness 300 times, and by caloric content 300 times there is no such thing. exactly and in terms of caloric content it is again stevia, which has no caloric content, well practically, and there is the same honey, which is very caloric, here in terms of sweetness - yes, intense, as it is written here, these are those that you need very little, yes, literally several, several molecules there, and there are those that are equal to sugar or plus or minus similar. yes, yes, this is a podcast deception of substances, we are talking about

sugar substitutes, my name is olesya nosova and with me is zukhra pavlova. well and now about details, yes, artificial, natural, well , here, probably, it is difficult to make a mistake, yes, everyone understands that fructose is still a natural syrup substitute, and we have it in all fruits and berries, but not only, we also have vegetables with fructose, right? the expression i have never eaten anything sweeter than carrots, that is, we mean that our carrots are sweet, tomatoes, tomatoes, now they sell wonderful sweet tomatoes, small, but a lot, yes, yes, small, but a lot, very tasty, syrups, very, very often i hear patients say, doctor, i gave up a long time ago from sugar, but i add natural syrups everywhere, agave. maple syrup, this is our favorite kind of innovation, especially about 10 years ago, pancakes or pancakes with

maple syrup, it even sounded somehow, well, somehow, well, yes, it is not from here, yes, it is attractive, and so it seems that syrups are safe, safe, safe and even healthy, in fact, no, not at all, we will get to the calorie content later and you will see how high in calories they are, lactose. lactose is exactly what someone cannot digest, yes, because a person lacks the enzyme that digests milk sugar, we even have lactose-free milk, not because it is high in calories, but because a person cannot digest this milk sugar. xylitol, sorbitol. xylitol is , first of all, xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, these are sugar substitutes that belong to alcohols, that is, they are not carbohydrates in their pure form, they are alcohols. but it sounds promising, yes, by the way, yes, here, here, a worthy replacement

for alcohol, sperty, so, xylitol is produced, you won't believe it, from wood, processing wood, getting closer and closer to alcohols, yes, yes, here, and erythrol, you know what an interesting name it has, it has such a pleasant, melon sugar, melon sugar, so erythrol, melon sugar is not produced from melon at all, but from corn, yes, with intrigue, intrigue, yes, by the way, when they learned to produce fructo from corn, it became so cheap, the cost price of products with fructose is so low that some, we very often see how - people buy, well, almost by the ton, some kind of wafers, yes, like that inexpensive, it's all on fructose, that's when it started one of.

we constantly use, by the way, alcohol, it's a component of many products that we have, it's in berries, it's in fruits, for example, there's sarbit in apples, in apricots and so on and so forth, here's xylitol sarbit, as i already said, they're used in chewing gum, that is, they also help... sometimes

they're used as a means of improving intestinal motility, helping to normalize stool, but if abused, it can lead to problems, so with xelite with orbit carefully, choleretic and here contributes to such things: coconut cane sugar, also very often you can hear from ... people, it is a worthy alternative to regular sugar, it is safer, it is healthier and so on and so forth, i do not know why, maybe from the names or from the foreign origin of this. these carbohydrates are credited with some healing properties and safety, this is not true at all, they are high in calories, they contribute to an increase in insulin and subsequent events, well, in general these are the sugar substitutes that are not really that much of a sugar substitute, they are just other sugars, they are just other sugars, but not all of them, of course, yes, because there is something in there, i am talking about cane

sugar, that is for sure, yes, or syrups, well yes, yes, that is how it is, and... now, as for artificial ones, here is aspartame - this is, so to speak, the founder, figuratively speaking, yes, of this movement, and neotame, one of the latest sugar substitutes, is a modified aspartame, its improved formula, therefore here something completely new, something not completely new, well, and my favorite sucrolose, because in my opinion, it is one of the very best sugar substitutes, first of all... because it tastes very, very close to just regular sugar, but only highly concentrated, moreover, it does not undergo changes, like, for example, aspartame when heated, we can use it in some of our culinary actions, everything will be fine with this, and m, of course, its concentration is so

high in its sweetness that despite its caloric content, it is required very, very much. than in cold, hot tea, then stevia is felt worse, i know that in hot tea, if you drink that is, cooled tea, it is always sweeter than hot, this is of course very interesting, i agree, come on, since you mentioned stevia, we will say that we share it ... it is firstly natural, yes, a natural sugar substitute, it is also called honey grass, it grows in asia imeri, now it is a straight crimean story, stevia, ours, domestic, native, ours, good, continuous the benefits of it are solid, yes, and stevia is different from stevioside, sometimes they think that

these are completely different things, no, it is a derivative, it is just that stevia has such a herbaceous, he says, very wonderful things, why should we not neglect them, those sugar substitutes that we love and appreciate, they have practically zero calories, yes, but not only, let's say we love, and where is my favorite sucrolose, here it is in the second yes 268 kilocalories, 268 kilocalories, well, on the na per 100 g, how much is needed, but adding two drops

of sucrolose, yeah, you already... most likely you it will be a gift, because it is very sweet, super-sweet, not as super-sweet as neotan, but it will be later there, let's say, yes, when we talk about the sweetness coefficient, but here we can also mention that due to the high sweetness, sucrolose is required literally in drops, that's what a significant difference, let's say, maple syrup is 260, agave syrup is as much as 350, and moreover ... in order to eat, let's say, a pancake with maple syrup, you won't have those two drops, you when you generally yourself you'll gurgle, a good word, because you 'll want every piece of this pancake, yes or this pancake, and dip it in this, not a word more, the next one, here or here by the way

invert syrup or isomalt. by the way, such interesting substances are also like analogues of the originals, chemical inverted ones, just yes, even the word itself, they just chemically changed, let's say, the angle of rotation, and it seems that this is a completely different substance, no, it's the same thing, only a little chemically changed, its sweetness coefficient may change or something else some things, but in essence it's the same, pay attention, erythrol, that same alcohol yes... since sarbitol has more than retrol, therefore alcohol is different from alcohol, well yes, well here we see fructose, yes, fructose is that same, therefore safe,

sweetness, fructose, zuhra, let 's dot all the i's about fructose, why don't you like fructose, because you know how destructive it is to humans, what fructo leads to, i always bring bears for... in general, somehow it is close to us in our country, the brown bear, that's when we we see a bear cub getting ready for baking, a bear, he is already so pretty, plump, and he is so plump so that he will not eat all winter and spend this fattening, this fattening occurs to a large extent due to fructose, not all bears live on sakhalin and eat salmon with caviar there, but most of our bears here... i don’t know in the forests of some ryazan lipetsk region or moscow region, they eat fruits, berries, all sorts of roots, this is how we gain fat, that is, due to fructose, first of all,

fructose, and that's how our physiology works, no matter how much we eat, it all gets captured in the intestines, it all gets stored in the liver, for example, in the heat, you always want it, because it's impossible to stop and eat berries, what a delight, you know, well, well, i really want to do it. this is the emphasis, why fructose and glucose act differently in our body, and if we ate, let 's imagine, we drank only glucose, we have such a substance in the brain, not only in the brain, but in the brain it acts exactly like that: malonyl, enzyme a, it is not necessary to remember these complicated names, just if someone is interested, so that they know, this substance, when it decreases under the influence of fructose, it very strongly activates appetite in the subsequent very short period of time, and if ... only glucose, then on the contrary, it rises and appetite is suppressed, therefore, having eaten an apple, in an hour we will want to eat more, it looks

the same, sugar and fructose, they taste similar, but glucose and fructose are diametrically different, together, you say, they look the same, sugar and fructose, well yes, and again, i can even take my words back, if they are in chemical form, then they look the same. glucose and fructose also look the same, but they act differently, and glucose also suppresses hunger, and fructose ignites, ignites yes, therefore, having eaten an apple, we will eat more in the future than if without the apple, and it is also important to say that if you put fructose and glucose together, you get sugar, that is, here is a monosaccharide two disaccharide, i want to tell our viewers right away that in terms of calorie content there is a huge spread on the internet, we even sometimes add such not very comparable figures, yes there 382 and 400 coconut sugar - this is

one story, let's say 2400 yes huge, well here are very different data and there are no such scientific publications where all these sugar substitutes would be verified, brought to some standard, unfortunately this does not exist. oh, what did you do, ironed, so who, what will tie now, he tied his tie himself, with difficulty but you tie it yourself, today i am happy to congratulate my father, people's artist of russia, alexander mikhailov, on his eightieth birthday, i will never forget when he gathered his fellow countrymen, he says, guys, let's, he says, from our, our village verkhovskoye, let's make it so that we are not ashamed to take our friends. there is nothing more precious in life than a reliable person, faith, all women are reliable, you will make us hopeless, and then take care of us, this is the situation, lyudmila markina came up with it, when

she dances in front of you at the bar, so you don't you know, there's a lot cut out there, i say some words like that, my soul warms up, my shoulders drop, be grateful, yes, it's worth a lot, with love, only in this word, the further you live, the more you feel that there is nothing more beautiful than this. come on, come on, podcast lab, tomorrow on the first, you are the famous vladimir pozner, something like that, if you want to relax for free, then go to turkey, there in any village you will be a guest who will be fed and watered, for a turk there is nothing more important than family, so it was and so. brush 7, 8, 9, 10 it turns out that when my father enters the house, i will stand up and kiss his hand, and may my child not forget the tradition, women in the house

on...

and with you again is the podcast deception of substances and its regular hosts, the editor-in-chief of komsomolskaya pravda olesya nosova and i , an endocrinologist zukhra pavlova. and today we are talking about sugar substitutes. now, perhaps, it is high time to talk about the sweetness coefficient of these sugar substitutes. we have another table. yes, yes, this is my favorite table. it just shows that honey is never sugar substitute, because honey is approximately one and one in sweetness, the sweetness of sugar is one, yes, that is, honey is a little sweeter than sugar, that is, you cannot eat less of it in order to, so to speak, somehow replace sugar, you will eat the same amount of it, but only at the same time you will also get a crazy

appetite - 200, and its subsequent , as it were, descendant, let's call it that, neotame, 800, i can't even imagine how much neotame is needed so as not to cause such a reverse reflex, yes, therefore this very neotame, i can't really imagine how much of it need. drip, so that it is usable, asucolose, well yes, because what a delight, 600 times sweeter than sugar, that is very sweet, if you squabble, our favorite steviosit again, 200, 300 times sweeter than sugar, well, actually, everything except a cyclamate, which has a minimum such a minimum sweetness coefficient, everything else is just very much sweeter than sugar.

if you take our, well, let's say, sugar substitutes with a low sweetness index, then it is clear that well, well, let's say, you need to add a little more erythritol to get closer to sweets of sugar, and there are some things that are absolutely identical, coconut, maple sugar, it's all the same to sugar, but honey is slightly superior, syrup. more often, yes, they talk about honey, it's too sweet for me, yes, i 'll wash it down with water, at that moment i always say, well, don't spoil your product, yes, you want to enjoy it, get this - sweet taste, like with candy, when a person sits down to drink tea with candy, why can someone eat half a kilo there,

because candy. put it in, washed it down with boiling water, everything dissolved, the receptors didn't really have time to react, that's to react for one candy or even half, a candy in the mouth, sucked, tasted, enjoyed, and then tea, then it will be good, good, zuhra, does it mean that sweet drinks, on sugar substitutes, in which there are zero calories, they are ... the same, but which contain sugar, or or so it is generally impossible to say that sweet drinks can be somehow useful, there is such a double story here, it confuses me, when a person gets used to sweet drinks, then he does not want to drink water, yeah, it is not tasty for him, this like i don't know, salted or some other product, boiled potatoes, let's say unsalted, unsalted will always be

less tasty than... salted, so sweet drinks are such a tricky thing that will then discourage you from drinking just water, it won't be tasty, but you need to drink water, well, yes. so i would urge our viewers to gradate a little, well, let's say, if a person has a high sensitivity to bitterness, and he seems to like coffee, but he can only drink it with sugar, here you can add, well, i don't know that the same steviazit, no need for halftones here or there, if only one drop on the soldier's rue, you know, the big ones brew it like... such twists, well, there a drop of atam is enough, well, that is, if something like that, then yes , but when we drink delicious tea, really delicious, with some herbs, how can we feel the taste of tea if it is sweetened

very much, you won't feel anything there except sugar, it's like a delicious, delicious cutlet, when with ketchup, zukhra, you don't leave any for... in general, no maneuvers, well that is, did i understand correctly that you can still have a little zero-calorie soda, but very rarely, so as not to stop loving water, no, i would not recommend anyone to drink soda at all, okay, fine, i give in, yes, here are some natural drinks, our wonderful ivan tea, well, it is an absolutely wonderful drink, it has a lot of useful things. and just good tea, both green and black, herbal teas, this is a whole culture, yes, and communication and drinking tea and so on, to your health, but we very often go to drink tea, so that eat, and eat something sweet, with

sandwiches, yes, yes, it would be okay if it were something sweet, cookies, cakes, candies, honey, that's what draws a person to sweets, we said yes, that this is a hedonistic story and a desire to get some kind of satisfaction. the body will not lead, will not give any calories, but there will be pleasure, so i would

treat sugar substitutes exactly like that, okay, good, understandable, but perhaps it would be appropriate now to say about fruit juices, okay, sweet drinks are not necessary at all. to start, but fruit juice, many they think it's healthy, oh, i would even say that for some time, for some period of time, freshly squeezed fruit juices were associated with some kind of well-being, well , yes, they really emphasized it, i drank freshly squeezed juice in the morning , fresh juice, yeah, yeah, and if you take a glass of orange juice, how many oranges are in it, two large ones, three medium ones, yeah, well, somewhere yeah, yeah, we don't eat it very much. can you imagine what a calorie-rich mess that is? well, i can't speak for everyone, but of course, yes, it's too much, too much, honestly , it's too much, we need to eat one at a time fruit, medium volume, or if there are some small fruits, well, i don’t know,

apricots, you can have two or three of them, and one medium apple, one medium orange, two or three tangerines, in the first half of the day, as a dessert, after breakfast, after lunch, only from one name, not in the sense of two or three apricots. plus three apples plus yes or or or, but to eat three oranges, you still have to try really hard, and what’s more, when we drink juices, it’s a liquid with a large amount of simple carbohydrates that are quickly absorbed, it will be big a surge of glucose in the blood, then a large release of insulin and such an anabolic process of fat formation took place, when you and i eat an orange or an apple, there is also - this plant fiber, dietary fiber, digestible, indigestible and the absorption of glucose, it is slower, fructose, glucose, well, that is, sugar in the blood rises more slowly, especially when it is also after a meal as a dessert,

so i don’t really like fruit juices, i really like fruits, although they contain fructose, which it seems like a sugar substitute, yes-yes-yes, i mean, let's start now. the beginning, yes, here zukhra, let's go back to the beginning, is the consumption of sugar substitutes still dangerous or not, does it lead to cancer, i'll tell you straight? no, there are no such, there is no such evidence, at the same time, if you eat a lot of the same fructose, accumulate excess fatty tissue, obesity, and abdominal or classic, constitutional, then inflammation develops in it, which in itself sharply increases the risk of cancer, and sugar substitutes, no matter how hard they try to impose this label oncogenic, no one could prove that this is really so. so i think that no matter how it sounds,

it is still more about a market share, and a big general, it is all, it is all the market, marketing and so on. zukhra, very interesting, thank you, it was a podcast deception of substances, with you was olesya nosova, editor-in-chief of komsomolskaya pravda and the famous endocrinologist zukhra pavlova. the parents named the hero of our conversation today aristocles in honor of his paternal grandfather, but either for his broad shoulders or chest, or for his broad forehead, or perhaps for his broad views, he was nicknamed accordingly, from the greek word platos, width with this name. he went down in history. hello, today we have gathered our thoughts

about the great ancient greek philosopher plato. hello, dear friends. hello. roman viktorovich svetlov, doctor of philosophy, professor of the st. petersburg state university. dmitry vladimirovich bugay, doctor of philosophy, professor of the moscow state university. i, vladimir ligoyda, we are starting our conversation. dear colleagues, you know, i would like to ask you this as a warm-up question: which of plato's texts do you personally turn to most often? roman viktorovich, let's start with you, well , to be honest, then probably the armchair of truth, parmenite, things constantly appear that i want to look at there, probably the most interesting text for working with students, it is very interesting from the point of view of different types. dialectics, dialectics, and i would say different kinds, yes, because it is possible to interpret

from the position of dialectics in the modern sense of the word, from the point of view of skeptical dialectics, everything that is presented in the hypotheses that make up the main part of the dialogue of the times, but i find even more interesting the introduction to its part, where , in my opinion, socrates is dedicated to philosophy. hmm, this interest, well, conditioned by teaching, it coincides with your personal interest, if there was a personal choice, you would also, yes, probably, i would also turn to it, despite the fact that our contemporaries and my idols are translating it, well, apparently, we need to wait, after some time we will turn to it, it is clear, dmitry vladimirovich, and you have some, well, i have a slightly different view here, although with parmenides, by the way, i began my research activity, i have my first publication on parmenides and i still turn to him, but for me, of course, the central dialogue of plato is the state, because the state is such a quintessence of everything - the social and personal existence of plato, that is, if we

we look at plato as a figure who in some sense is the center of ancient intellectual culture, this is of course the state, not because it contains a utopia, not so much for this reason, but rather because the state is plato's reaction, the reaction of a man who grew up among the aristocracy of athens. to the changes that took place in athenian society, yes, this is such a central work, as a work of social crisis, to which plato gives this answer, and which remained one way or another is in demand not only by ancient culture. well , let's talk about plato, about the significance of plato, i will allow myself, perhaps, a little hackneyed quote, but it seems to me that it still deserves attention. this is, of course, the english mathematician and philosopher.

that it represents a series of european philosophical tradition consists of notes to plato. i will not ask you about how much you can agree with whitehead, especially since he further, as you remember, explains this in the text and explains it differently. whitehead died in 1947. accordingly, he had in mind that tradition.

reads it the way we read it before, yeah, there are a lot of different options for reading plato, including in the personal existential sense, yes, i don’t want to evaluate it from the point of view of truth, i like this more, i like this less, but these are completely different assemblies of plato, which obviously show that we need him at a time when

european and russian thinking, including, well, as far as we are towards european we relate to thinking, it begins to reassemble itself, these turns of philosophy always emerge from...

it arose first of all this striving of thought for generalization, yes, what for some haider will become the curse of european thought, this very, as if metaphysics, which must be overcome, and for many currents of thought of the 19th-20th centuries, this is such a struggle with platonism, and again for very relevant currents in the political, social context, but nevertheless , even this struggle with plato, overcoming plato, it occurs in the field that...

here is european, russian culture, which in one way or another interacts with european culture, it sort of proceeds from those methodological scientific foundations that were set there primarily in the 19th, at the beginning of the 20th century, that is, i mean this historicism, the desire to look at history as a single process.