how to return a person, but the most interesting thing is that the cosmonauts, those who are before us, knew everything, the difference was that when you were launched, there was already a ready-made system of reliable rescue, from gagarin to leonov and velyaev, 11 cosmonauts, their most difficult moment was at the start, god forbid, if it was a fire, but ejection was provided. ejection of the cosmonaut on a parachute descent, and how the parachute would behave during a burning start, no one knew, so korolev gave the order at the launch, not to make any design changes, and to go consistently with the build-up of the launch plan, this iron discipline allowed us to make the details very clearly, swelling, military acceptance and specific...

and he suggested making an order, appointing him chief designer, it was 1958, a very difficult year, when they set up the third stage in order to shoot it to the moon, then preparations for manned spaceflight, and the rockets fell one after another, all at 72, there 75 seconds, but they see that the flator, that is, there is... somewhere resonance, but where to find it

resonance, they couldn't find it, it's hard, finally, the specialists, this same keldesh in this matter has already taken up this matter, finally found the reasons, and how they got out of the situation, all they did was put a damper in the oxygen pipe, nothing at all, a curved pipe, immediately to the fuel transmission frequency, which was synchronous with the frequency of engine oscillations, and i was in the next room talking to what the doors were preparing their documents and what the decryption was there prepared to stick out somewhere there he was in so when we he came to us they called billing office our department came there then everything was open and then suddenly they ran in with a white coat everything. such people, what's wrong? suddenly,

close the door, immediately and after a while i go out, what happened, came into this room sat down on the sofa, like, semenov, get off the sofa, alexandrov tells me, oh, such a joker, what's wrong? korolev was just here, it turns out, he didn't have a heart attack, just a spasm from overexcitement and so on, so he worked until, you know, what's the matter, but the doctors who arrived... quickly understood, that here he has not a heart attack, but a nervous one, just a shock formed, so suddenly because of all the experiences, and he simply says, nothing, they helped him and went to the car, like this, that is, you see how he worked, that is , sergei pavlovich korolev gave himself completely, both physically and mentally, he experienced all these unsuccessful launches, but at the same time he was a brilliant designer and we were.

quality took, he did not pass responsibility to anyone, he took himself, when gagarin was launched, he pressed the most important button, which threw him out in case of a fire at the start, ejected, he took himself, did not even give the shooting kirillov, he decides this matter, to no one later, so that the link, you pressed the wrong button, he took himself this button, this also speaks of high responsibility, thank you very much for the interesting conversation , your great contribution. great cause, today my guests were nikolai leonidovich semenov, honored tester of space technology and marina andreevna malyutina, director of the russian state archive of scientific and technical documentation. well, brighter. potemkin tauric figure

undoubtedly the most famous, and at the same time not so famous, it happens, because the most remarkable monument, originality.

received later for the conquest of crimea, he is actually from the smolensk nobility, his father rose only to the rank of major, and died early, he was raised by his mother, but in general from the very beginning he was largely lucky, in any case he received his primary education at a school that existed in the german settlement, yagan litki, well, at that time he was, probably himself ... the main germanist, so to speak, in pedagogy russian, because he was invited, first he worked in the st. petersburg gymnasium, then he taught at moscow state university, and he even taught in the pazhevsky corps, so this, well , as indirectly, can testify to the fact that potemkin

had a very good primary education, then he entered moscow state university, in the first year he showed absolutely excellent knowledge, received a gold medal. a little later, he was introduced to empress elizabeth petrovna among the best students. however, after 3 years he was expelled for laziness and not as i understand, in modern times they would say for truancy, for non-attendance, at least the official wording was like that, yes, yes, yes, such and such. speaking about potemkin, we need to add to his characterization such obstinacy of character, which manifested itself from his youth and in particular. apparently, it is connected with his expulsion from the university, well, the official wording, as you absolutely correctly said, yes, for not being in classes, but modern researchers believe that - most likely there was a conflict, we are definitely not we know from the documents what kind of conflict, since the wording is standard, it's a template, simply and this is partly confirmed

by the fact that when he later inspected the university, one of the teachers was introduced to him, to whom potemkin remarked that, in fact, because of you, i was expelled, to which the teachers responded that , in fact, it was deserved then, so potemkin did not settle scores, on the contrary, he made sure that this teacher was not expelled from the university, for the fact that at one time, already then the most serene prince, he dared exclude, and even under his patronage the work of this teacher was published, in my opinion a teacher of mathematics, as for the further fate of potemkin, then at the same time, it was practiced then. entered the university and was enrolled in the regiment, and for quite a long time he served in absentia, this was accepted then and, moreover, not just served, he received ranks, for example, he

received a copral with the wording for excellent knowledge of the greek language, well, in today's times it sounds of course rather ridiculous, but i repeat, then it was accepted, that's it speaking, after he was expelled from the university, he began to serve already in the rank of sergeant major, and this is already a non-commissioned officer's rank, he was lucky further, because during the catherine coup, catherine paid attention to him and began to patronize him, everything that happened next, everything that happened next, well, this is to some extent and uh. his personal merits are indisputable and somewhere the patronage of catherine, but his career was developing very successfully, so in 1769 he volunteered for the turkish wars, in a number of distinguished himself brilliantly in battles, he had already finished these

wars with the rank of major general and with st. george for bravery of the third degree, that is, he had already proven himself. for example, that there is no reason to fear you , there is no one equal to you, and indeed,

in this sense, in terms of an assistant in state affairs, potemkin really could not be replaced. upon learning of potemkin's death, she writes: "oh my god, now i am my own true assistant, i have to train people for myself again." well, these words to train people for myself, they are of course may sound, so to speak, offensive to prince potemkin, but in fact, in general it is a fact, catherine saw this diamond in potemkin’s figure, and then cut it according to the parameters, according to the calculations that she needed, so it is not at all accidental that this couple, these two people went to the end together. potemkin was distinguished by a rather serious breadth of views, for example, he was quite well versed in church affairs, he was certainly a true believer, but

he treated religion in general quite calmly, the church quite calmly, in as one of the assistants to the chief prosecutor of the holy synod, he began his court career through the church line, although it was a strange idea, it seems he started in the horse guards units, he took part in the coup in them, oh, since the time of peter the great to jump from position to position. it was, but here it was fully deserved, since from his youth he was interested in church life, he was interested in spiritual matters, he knew the sacred texts well, and took part in the development of the secularization policy of catherine ii, not in the leading roles, of course, but was one of the conductors of this policy, here it is also necessary to add that, apparently, catherine's sympathy for potemkin, mutual sympathy arose during the time of the coup, he was one of the two people who led the horse guards, who were generally hesitant. their commander was a prince of german origin, quite loyal to peter, for which

he was later beaten and humiliated by the soldiers, so he, together with another comrade of his, of a higher rank, in my opinion, a lieutenant or sub-lieutenant, he led the horse guards, accordingly, to swear allegiance to catherine, accepted participation then in the campaign against peter ii and the holsteiners, yes, which then led to the arrest and abdication of peter ii. he also fought, as you quite rightly noted, bravely, and was noted by none other than field marshal general pyotr rumyantsev for his bravery, and later he and rumyantsev would have rather complicated relations, rumyantsev was somewhat envious of potemkin's rise, they had different views regarding the conduct, not the conduct, but the strategy of military operations, but this would be later, a brilliant characterization of him rumyantsev gave it precisely during these very military actions, when also... instantly soaring several ranks ahead, there several ranks in the rank table jumped already

a second time, potemkin, when he went to war as a major general, he generally showed himself to be quite worthy of this high rank, and despite the fact that at that time he did not have any intimate relations with catherine, she continued to look after him, continued to supervise him accordingly somehow, yes, he then just during the military campaign received the right to correspond with catherine, not only business. yes, that is, he addressed letters to her, and the correspondence itself was mutual, another thing is that we have no correspondence left from catherine's side, she burned letters, because at that time she was in a rather difficult situation, i will add that as far as the catherine era is concerned, of course there are very different stages, different periods, which we do not always take into account, we understand, well, if we talk about the very beginning, then... in foreign policy, because the main idea here was that it was necessary to create such an alliance

the northern powers, russia, england, prussia, against the southern powers, spain, france, austria, so to speak, this idea was not fully realized, but it still, in general, played a fairly important role, because it should be noted here that... firstly, for the first time since peter the great, in general, russia became the initiator of such a pan-european doctrine tried it.

because, strictly speaking, with all the changes in the various historical situation for russia, as if in priority, at some point one thing prevailed over the other moment another means there were three such pain points, that is, in the west it is poland, in the north it is sweden, in the south this is the crimean khanate. and from there a lot of troubles flowed, and continuously, so to speak, it was such, well , a very painful factor, actually, this was an idea to a large extent precisely potemkin, and it was the conquest of crimea, this idea was by no means a dreamer's,

he had a very extensive network of agents and the plan was quite clear... actually, part of a more extensive greek project, but if the crimean the project, it was a pragmatic project and well, clearly worked out, as far as the greek project is concerned, and there was a lot planned there, to expel the turks from europe, to liberate christians from muslim influence in general, to plant to create a greek empire

to plant on the throne of this greek empire.

in relation to it the crimean khanates, and this eastern barrier, france could overturn its allies either on austria in the event of some problems with austria, or accordingly against russia. louis xv generally expressed it this way: we must drive russians into the same forests swamps from which they so recklessly got out, that is, up until this point, and turkey was the main part of this barrier, the crimean khanate with such a spearhead, especially since it is necessary to understand that the crimean khanate is not only pure water.

potemkin believed that the threat from turkey could be eliminated only if crimea was under russian control. this is a historical podcast russia-west on the swings of history. we continue the conversation about the most serene prince grigory potemkin. russian-turkish the war of 1768-1774, which is sometimes called the first. turkish war, although in fact it was in the late 18th century not only not the first, but the fifth, yes, well, with the most important in fact russian-turkish war of the 18th century. the ottoman empire, under the influence of france, wanted to oust russia from the black sea regions up to the capture of astrakhan, in general the main point

of contradiction there was the war in poland, because the turks were very interested in polish politics at that time, in poland there was catherine's protege and her former lover, stanislav august ponitovsky, absolutely right, and against him was the so-called bar confederation. and turkey demanded that russia stop supporting ponitovsky and accept the terms of the bar confederation. russia refused, turkey started the war, with the support of france, with the support of austria, not direct military, but diplomatic, support. and such diplomatic incitement. if we talk about how the war went, then the first campaign of 1768-1769 was more of a defensive company, which did not bring success.

than a very important thing was done, little that it was a very unexpected blow, and also turkish trade in the mediterranean was paralyzed, turkey began to suffer economically, because the fleet did not leave there, yes, economically, quite a lot, the following year in the seventy-first year the dardanelles were blocked, and turkish trade in the black sea was finally undermined, in the same 1771 dolgorukov's army captured perekop, then occupied, actually, crimea, than the raids of the crimea, the crimean... tatars on russian territory were completed, that's it after that, accordingly, there were more raids, the last raid, by the way, was quite serious, because they drove away to polon, according to various estimates, several tens

of thousands of people. negotiations with turkey were conducted before that, but then the orlovs' star set, because orlov conducted the negotiations too rudely, and the peace negotiations ended in failure, and catherine ii and panin believed that it was essential to put pressure on turkey. it was not necessary, that russia was interested in a speedy end to the war, in concentrating forces, the war continued ended with this very hard-to-pronounce techu carnage peace, according to which crimea was declared, this is the most important result of the war, crimea was declared independent and in fact passed under the russian protectorate, and the russian fleet received the right of free passage through the dordanelles basin. in general, in the end these were fundamental. turkey was thrown back very strongly, and the turks, of course, did not resign themselves, the turks in every possible way ... russia sought to

constantly expand its borders under catherine, to expand the borders catherine treated cautiously and considered it necessary to take certain territories, both in the case of the partitions of poland and in the case of the crimean khanate, when the foreign policy situation was favorable to it. russia had undoubted arguments in favor of annexing these territories. in december 1782, after all these storms and this confusion in crimea, the empress sent potemkin a top secret rescript in which she declared her will to appropriate the peninsula and annex it to the russian empire. as soon as crimea was annexed in eighty-three, as soon as potemkin, after this long, complexly developed, again, operation with the movement of troops with...

it was a rather lavish trip, although it must be taken into account that in general at that time this was accepted, besides,

joseph ii accompanied her. well, the fact that some trash was swept under the carpet, this is obvious, this is a russian tradition, but of course, there were no potemkin villages, or there was what claimed that there, i don’t know, potemkin, having stolen funds for the construction of military ships, then he passed off merchant ships as military ones, all of this is a myth, and, as a rare

exception. he collected all the rumors that were in the capital about this trip, and he interpreted them, put them on the shelves, the very first publication was anonymous, in the hamburg magazine minerva, so there was a publication on this matter, and then there was such a pamphlet potemkinsky already signed by him, this book was.

that he was a favorite, so there were several such sources of these rumors, firstly, it was pavlovskaya's entourage, because each new the favorite in catherine's bedroom was perceived by them as a potential rival in the succession, so to speak, to the throne, secondly, these rumors were formed in the circle of all these favorites, retired favorites of the one

who was in... was - at the moment, so to speak, and so on, in the circle of these favorites they also could not stand potemkin and were also very jealous of this, finally, from the masonic environment, who believed that catherine, the empire was rotting from the head, catherine was the source of the most diverse sins, they also bred various, so to speak, rumors, regarding the west's reaction to the conquest of crimea, she wrote: i look at europe's envy quite calmly, let them chatter, but we are doing the job, this is ekaterina, and we continue, today grigory potemkin is in the center of our attention, so that we do not concentrate all our attention on potemkin alone, otherwise sometimes it seems that huge processes are led only by some great personalities, it must be said that in the development

of crimea he certainly played a very big role as a leader, as a strategist, in spite of here this myth about potemkin villages, which are refuted by most modern historians, including the author of potemkin's biography in the zhzl series, the famous olga eliseeva, an outstanding specialist in the ekaterinburg era. an important point is that the enormous energy, the resettlement energy of the russian and ukrainian peasantry, played a role in the development of novorossiya. by the way, novorossiya, this very word, was invented by ekaterina.

after all, there were not only forced resettlements of peasants, but, for example, when the old believers were persecuted in the central russia wanted to move to crimea, then posemkin allowed them there, in fact, freedom of religion, little is known.

cities are founded, cities do not arise in the dark, kherson, yekaterinoslav, alexandrov, berislav, nikolaev, pavlograd, constantinograd, melitopol, mariupol and a little on the other hand, yes, nakhichevan, this is under the control of this region potemkin, with his direct participation. accompanied the empress during this famous journey of his in 1787, describes: we saw almost finished a fortress and barracks for 80,000 people, an admiralty with all the accessories, an arsenal containing up to 600 guns, two warships, one frigate equipped

for launching, public buildings erected in different places, several churches of beautiful architecture, and finally a whole city already trading with 2 houses and shops full of greek, constantinople and french goods, in the kherson harbor stood up to 200 merchant ships in nikolaev, which was laid down in 1789, after 3 years already 3,300 souls of the population, although in at the beginning of 147 residents, that is, these figures, dry, dry statistics, give an idea of ​​the pace of development of the region, of the importance that both catherine herself and potemkin himself gave to this region, and at the same time it gives an idea of ​​the enormous energy of the russian people, there is often this myth, yes, the laziness of the russian people, this vanka on the stove there and so on, this was a huge movement of people to develop new territories, when deserted areas are being developed, against this background, you cited all these facts and figures, they

really make an impression, it sounds completely ridiculous, all this , this myth, well, how does it mean that the enterprising potemkin showed naive sovereigns. not a stupid woman, we understand all this perfectly well, she could easily figure it all out, but potemkin already had plenty of squealers who could well have looked behind the scenery, but we don’t have such evidence, of course, but there is evidence not only from russians, but

from foreigners, well, here is the english diplomat, alan fitts-herbert, he accompanied catherine during her trip to crimea, reported to london, again he reported to london, he wrote what he saw, and not what...

that way, uh, social

tension is vented from central russia. about foreign colonists. we all know about the influx of foreigners under peter i. yes, the second influx, the massive one, was precisely catherine ii. not anna ivanovna, when, according to klyuchevsky, the germans poured into russia like rubbish from a leaky sack. this aphorism of klyuchevsky is quite reliable in this case. under catherine, this resettlement policy, which was supported potemkin. it is interesting to note, maybe you and i. someday - we will take this topic: information wars, yes, because, actually, the first blows from western europe, informational ones against peter the great, began with exactly the same thing, with announcements about inviting foreign specialists, and against this they used informational, so to speak, attacks, every time this happened.

a widespread sin, yes, very much, to catherine, too, especially in the beginning, more like a man, she was even forced justify herself to him that she had not accepted his feelings earlier, in general, there is much more that could be discussed, but we have concentrated on that part of potemkin's legacy that refutes the myths spread about him, based, what is also important to say, on the latest research, which, fortunately, is being published, i think, will continue to be published in the future. this was the historical podcast

russia-west on the swings of history, we talked today about the most serene prince potemkin. with you was peter romanov. and sergei solovyov, study history with us. all episodes of the podcast russia and the west on the swings of history can be viewed on the channel one website. hello, in the program sunday time about the events of this day of the outgoing week. freedom came when i put up the flag, when i watched.

new regions of a large country, donbass uralov. time of heroes, at the front, in the rear.

these garbage dumps specifically operate in this way on the territory of the russian federation, specifically providing access to pedophiles, drug addicts, terrorists. you need to know this.

the commander of the malkova group, he is only 19, and he has already entered history, the history of our victories, no joke, the commander of the assault group of the fifth tank brigade raised the first russian flag over ugledar, in a multi-story building, which first had to be cleared with a fight, we did not find the door, we could not open the door, the exit to

the roof, but we found a small hole where we could crawl through, but after all this i could not crawl into this hole.

they loaded it, i sat behind the wheel, so to speak, and mikhvod explained, everything turned around, took out five wounded, two seriously, three medium, in honor of them, the brave fighters from buryatia, transbaikalia, khabarovsk krai, primorye, kamchatka, sakhalin, the banner of the eastern military district is now flying over ugledar. deputy commander of the vostok group, roman grekov, promises that everyone who took part in the storming of the city. will be presented with state awards, everyone distinguished themselves, both those who planned this operation, and of course, those who implemented it, i would especially like to note the courage and heroism of our soldiers , officers, motorized riflemen, marines, servicemen of special branches of the armed forces, all

completed the task perfectly, it was a tough nut to crack during 2 years of military operations, here the enemy equipped here... the lines of the position, but many were shalonized both on the entrances to the city, and directly in the residential buildings, here there are underground communications, everything had to be taken by fighting, by storm, here, but the surprise of the actions was achieved, which ensured success, they, the scouts of the ninety-fifth regiment of the 51st army, native donetsk residents, were involved in this victory. the battle for ugledar began. when the dpr was not yet part of russia, and now with the far eastern fighters they are installing a single state flag for all here, they remember how they approached the city, through minefields, along the paths that the enemy... fled, they themselves made paths, eh, naturally, not by storm, wisely, they took landing after landing, they gnawed out

, so to speak, a place for themselves for a further bridgehead. since the beginning of this week, ugledar has been filled with russian symbols, tricolors and victory flags in different areas of the city. the final triumph of the russian spirit was our anthem on the piano, which, as if it was precisely for this reason that it survived among the ruins. the capture of ugledar was another brilliantly played game by our military, and its significance was enormous. the so -called ugledar balcony, the city itself and its environs, loomed as a permanent threat over our group covering mariupol. from here, ukrainian artillery could reach volnovakha. the railway to the south from donetsk was also under attack. moreover, the four-lane donetsk-mariupol highway, which is key for the region, was under fire for a long distance. the enemy in ugledar prevented our troops from advancing north to marinka. and for the ukrainian armed forces, in turn , the ugledar balcony became a springboard for last year's attack in the vremyevsk direction in an attempt to break through to the azov sea. in

general, it was critically important to bring down this balcony. bloody battles for ugledar lasted more than two years, but the real window of opportunity for the russian army appeared, in fact, only in september of this year. the city was quickly taken in pincers. ours became the clearing to the west of ugledar, as well as the water and the third south donbass mine to the northeast. having established fire control over the last road along which they could retreat.

but then kiev launched a campaign against the kursk region, pulling significant forces there, including from the ugledar direction. the second mechanized brigade, one might say, was left practically alone in this direction, because, for example, the 123rd territorial defense simply did not, it fled from there, and these also fled in the end, without receiving an order to retreat, why there was no such order, well, this is a purely political question, a question for the leadership in general.

and i would also be the two hundredth, and who to believe more, to the ukrainian armed forces soldier saved by our fighters or to zelensky, who, commenting, noticed...