throughout the day at www.aljazeera.com. . . hello and welcome. hello and welcome. i'm phil torres, we'll talk i'm phil torres, we'll talk about about innovations that will innovations that will change laughs. change laughs. we'll look at hardware. we'll look at hardware. this is a show about science by this is a show about science by scin histories. scin histories. kyle hill is an engineer, and kyle hill is an engineer, and he's investigating head-to-head he's investigating head-to-head combat and cutting edge combat and cutting edge technology that can help to technology that can help to detect a concussion before detect a concussion before it's it's too late. too late. >> lindsay moran is an ex-c.i.a. >> lindsay moran is an ex-c.i.a. operative. operative. she was packaging that can one she was packaging that can one day replace day replace

polysterene. polysterene. rachelle oldmixon specialises in rachelle oldmixon specialises in behaviours. behaviours. i'm i'm phil torres, i study insects phil torres, i study insects in peru. in peru. that's our team. that's our team. let's do some science. let's do some science. ♪ music ] ♪ music ] >> hi, guy, welcome back to >> hi, guy, welcome back to "techknow." "techknow." i'm phil torres, with rochelle, i'm phil torres, with rochelle, kyle and lindsay. kyle and lindsay. kyle, the nfl paid over kyle, the nfl paid over three-quarters of a million to three-quarters of a million to settle a lawsuit. settle a lawsuit. what was it about. what was it about. >> there's a focus on the >> there's a focus on the concussion problem. concussion problem. the nfl has thousands of place, the nfl has thousands of place, and millions of players in youth and millions of players in youth and challenge football. and challenge football. i went to virginia tech to look i went to virginia tech to look

at technology to test helmets at technology to test helmets and track hits on college and and track hits on college and youth players. youth players. let's take a look. let's take a look. . . homecoming in the homecoming in the heartland. heartland. this is cornhusker county. this is cornhusker county. nebraska university, the nebraska university, the epicentre of college football. epicentre of college football. >> first big win. >> first big win. >> along with the tradition of >> along with the tradition of football - come football - come the hits. the hits. cheer cheer cheer cheer >> big hits like this one in >> big hits like this one in front of our cameras. front of our cameras. no one knows how hard the hits no one knows how hard the hits can be better than blake can be better than blake lawrence. lawrence. former lion former lion backer for nebraska backer for nebraska korn huhs kerrs. korn huhs kerrs. >> if -- korn huhs kerrs. >> if -- korn huhs kerrs. if if you had to bang your head you had to bang your head into somebody and that was your into somebody and that was your

job, that's your best weapon. job, that's your best weapon. if they said, "go and run and if they said, "go and run and smash into the wall", i would do smash into the wall", i would do it for the sport. it for the sport. >> blake did it all his life. >> blake did it all his life. he started to question it after he started to question it after suffering three concussions. suffering three concussions. >> the third, which is the one >> the third, which is the one where i realised something was where i realised something was wrong, was here. wrong, was here. it was, "oh", and you start it was, "oh", and you start to to get dizzy. get dizzy. >> dizzy, foggy. >> dizzy, foggy. >> yes. >> yes. were. were. >> what's crazy is the coach >> what's crazy is the coach came up and said, "great job", i came up and said, "great job", i did my job and had to sacrifices did my job and had to sacrifices my brain to do it. my brain to do it. >> when a player gets a >> when a player gets a concussion blow, the brain moves concussion blow, the brain moves rapidly, the brain bouncing rapidly, the brain bouncing around in the skull. around in the skull. the nfl reports 50 players have the nfl reports 50 players have been sidelined been sidelined by concussions. by concussions. for young place, multiple it by

for young place, multiple it by 1,000. 1,000. each year more than 55,000 kids each year more than 55,000 kids end up in the emergency room for end up in the emergency room for football-related concussions. football-related concussions. local news coverage of local news coverage of catastrophic catastrophic head injuresies head injuresies have ramped up. have ramped up. >> the high school player >> the high school player collapsed during collapsed during football football practice and died. practice and died. >> football tragedy bringing >> football tragedy bringing together a small down, together a small down, early. early. >> what hits will land a player >> what hits will land a player in the hospital? rather than in the hospital? rather than the end zone. the end zone. how do you reduce a players' how do you reduce a players' risk of concussion? risk of concussion? stefan, stefan, dumer head of virginia tech's dumer head of virginia tech's biomedical department has been biomedical department has been much. much. >> the mission is not to end >> the mission is not to end football, but understand what is football, but understand what is better. better.

research? research? >> we can tell a college player, >> we can tell a college player, what exposure you have, if you what exposure you have, if you are a are a quarterbacker, lion quarterbacker, lion backer - we can tell you what backer - we can tell you what the exposure is. the exposure is. >> that impact simulated >> that impact simulated 100 gs 100 gs of of slartion on the -- slartion on the -- acceleration on the brain. acceleration on the brain. is. is. >> that's the kind of force you >> that's the kind of force you may experience in a serious car may experience in a serious car crash. crash. so right here on this diagram so right here on this diagram you can see the impacts that you can see the impacts that players are taking. players are taking. >> >> this is how professor this is how professor dumer dumer collects his detat collects his detat with hits, he with hits, he picks up the angle and picks up the angle and acceleration of the head any acceleration of the head any time a time a

player is hit. player is hit. >> so the system is showing >> so the system is showing real-time impacts? real-time impacts? >> basically within a >> basically within a couple couple of seconds of the impact it of seconds of the impact it comes into the antenna and we comes into the antenna and we can see live what happens to the can see live what happens to the players. players. >> you can plot this out through >> you can plot this out through a practice or on entire season. a practice or on entire season. >> we were one of the first >> we were one of the first teams to limit exposure and teams to limit exposure and practices. practices. we had data saying we are we had data saying we are getting really high exposure and getting really high exposure and practice. practice. the data allowed us to see that. the data allowed us to see that. >> in 2011 virginia tech teamed >> in 2011 virginia tech teamed up with youth leagues to up with youth leagues to research young players as well. research young players as well. >> i don't think anyone expected >> i don't think anyone expected the exposure numbers that we the exposure numbers that we found. found. from the first from the first grade to seven, grade to seven, 78-year-old teams, the average 78-year-old teams, the average impacts is 150 per season per impacts is 150 per season per player, some 80 times the player, some 80 times the acceleration acceleration

of gravity. of gravity. again? again? >> 10-year-old ryan is a young >> 10-year-old ryan is a young player virginia tech is player virginia tech is studying. studying. he suffered a head injury in a he suffered a head injury in a running deal. running deal. dr mark rogers, a team physician dr mark rogers, a team physician for the hoekies is giving a for the hoekies is giving a follow up exam. follow up exam. >> eight >> eight to 10-year-olds are to 10-year-olds are getting a lot of hits, some getting a lot of hits, some pretty good g-force. pretty good g-force. gs. gs. >> it's dangerous. >> it's dangerous. >> it's high. >> it's high. a lot of stuff generates a lot of stuff generates changes. changes. they are not doing a lot of head they are not doing a lot of head to head contacts or hitting to head contacts or hitting drills during the week. drills during the week. the fact that he may have had a the fact that he may have had a concussion - does to give you concussion - does to give you reservations about football. reservations about football. >> when your children get >> when your children get injured it makes you think. injured it makes you think. as long as you have programs as long as you have programs like this, where people are like this, where people are trying to help and making sure trying to help and making sure the kids stay as safe as the kids stay as safe as

approximately. approximately. i wouldn't hesitate putting the i wouldn't hesitate putting the play. play. that would be his decision. that would be his decision. >> professor dumis is trying to >> professor dumis is trying to make make the game safer. the game safer. create safer helmets. create safer helmets. >> front, side, back, top >> front, side, back, top impacts. impacts. for every for every test we multiply test we multiply that that by how many times the players by how many times the players sees that in a year. sees that in a year. everything comes together, everything comes together, giving you a star rating. giving you a star rating. the helmets absorb energy the helmets absorb energy better, lower acceleration, better, lower acceleration, lowering risk. lowering risk. >> you have what looks like a >> you have what looks like a helmet canon. helmet canon. what is this what is this modelling different modelling different from the other test? from the other test? >> we are going away from the >> we are going away from the single linear drop. single linear drop. we know every head impact has we know every head impact has linear rotation. linear rotation. you have energy input. you have energy input. this task - the head can rotate this task - the head can rotate and slide away. and slide away. >> >>

three, two, one, go. three, two, one, go. >> remember this >> remember this 100 g hit? 100 g hit? professor professor dumis has dumis has a 5-star a 5-star helmet reducing it bias much as helmet reducing it bias much as 50%, that's because the 50%, that's because the shell shell riskful. riskful. >> there are helmets that reduce >> there are helmets that reduce your risk. your risk. like 5-star cars reduce your like 5-star cars reduce your risk of dying in a car crash. risk of dying in a car crash. >> as for blake lawrence, the >> as for blake lawrence, the risks of the game that he had, risks of the game that he had, decision. decision. >> our head coach said, "your >> our head coach said, "your concussions are happening too concussions are happening too easily. easily. that summer, before my junior that summer, before my junior ner at nebraska, i told myself ner at nebraska, i told myself and my family and the coaches and my family and the coaches

and doctors if i had one more and doctors if i had one more concussion, no matter the concussion, no matter the circumstances, circumstances, i'd step away i'd step away from the sport of football. from the sport of football. it was easy to say, not it was easy to say, not do. do. >> looking at that peerks >> looking at that peerks watching it, i -- piece, just watching it, i -- piece, just watching it, i feel that gave me watching it, i feel that gave me a head ache. a head ache. >> rachelle, you have a >> rachelle, you have a background in neuroscience, what background in neuroscience, what damage are we looking at with a damage are we looking at with a big collision? big collision? >> that's interesting. >> that's interesting. there are thousands of there are thousands of researchers across the country researchers across the country trying to figure it out. trying to figure it out. some believe there's sheering some believe there's sheering happening at the ends of happening at the ends of neuropathways so the connections neuropathways so the connections between the different parts of between the different parts of the brain are weaker. the brain are weaker. peopler thinking that you get peopler thinking that you get tears in the tissue which would tears in the tissue which would weaken the structure and weaken the structure and function. function. there's the idea of bruising and there's the idea of bruising and temporary damage through temporary damage through swelling. swelling. there's a lot. there's a lot. >> there's a lot. >> there's a lot. >> yes. >> yes. and a lot of it is temporary. and a lot of it is temporary. but some of it, you but some of it, you

know, could know, could be serious. be serious. >> i want my kids to watch. >> i want my kids to watch. my 8-year-old want to play my 8-year-old want to play football. football. it's huge. it's huge. i've been trying to explain to i've been trying to explain to him the danger involved. him the danger involved. as a mum it's hard for me to as a mum it's hard for me to watch the shots of the impact. watch the shots of the impact. >> what will we see next? i >> what will we see next? i imagine it's an interesting hat imagine it's an interesting hat that you are putting on. that you are putting on. >> next i put on what i deemed >> next i put on what i deemed the science the science acto pus to look acto pus to look at -- octopus to look at my at -- octopus to look at my brain waves and get a look at brain waves and get a look at the root of what a concussion the root of what a concussion looks like. looks like. >> we want to hear what you >> we want to hear what you think about the stories. think about the stories. join the conversation by join the conversation by following us on twitter and following us on twitter and the stream is uniquely the stream is uniquely interactive television. interactive television. in fact, we depend on you, your in fact, we depend on you, your ideas, your concerns. ideas, your concerns. >> all these folks are making a >> all these folks are making a whole lot of money. whole lot of money. >> you are one of the voices of >> you are one of the voices of this show. this show. >> i think you've offended >> i think you've offended everyone with that kathy. everyone with that kathy. >> hold on, there's some room to >> hold on, there's some room to offend people, i'm here. offend people, i'm here. >> we have a right to know >> we have a right to know

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[ ♪ music ] [ ♪ music ] >> hi. >> hi. welcome back. welcome back. kyle, we are about to get more kyle, we are about to get more indepth on the concussion piece. indepth on the concussion piece. what do you have next for us? what do you have next for us? >> now we'll look at what >> now we'll look at what happens neurologically. happens neurologically. i put on 266 censors on my head i put on 266 censors on my head and took a hard test to and took a hard test to determine it. determine it. let's take a look. let's take a look. it's game day at memorial it's game day at memorial stadium, the huskers are taking stadium, the huskers are taking on illinois. on illinois. this stadium house is more than this stadium house is more than 90,000 plus fans, it's home to a 90,000 plus fans, it's home to a concussion. concussion. >> we have cutting-edge >> we have cutting-edge techniques in the facility where techniques in the facility where the athletes are training. the athletes are training. >> dennis is the director of the >> dennis is the director of the new center for brain, biology new center for brain, biology

and behaviour. and behaviour. >> why is it hard to figure out >> why is it hard to figure out what a cop what a cop kugs is? kugs is? >> now it's scribed in terms >> now it's scribed in terms of -- described in terms of of -- described in terms of simply torches head ache. simply torches head ache. sleep, memory functions. sleep, memory functions. we are unable to identify what we are unable to identify what the disruption is. the disruption is. >> i want to put the towel on >> i want to put the towel on the neck. the neck. >> this tap, a denser ray >> this tap, a denser ray inselfa la gram or dee is a inselfa la gram or dee is a piece of technology used to piece of technology used to unlock the mysteries. unlock the mysteries. >> i'll call this the science >> i'll call this the science acto pus. acto pus. >> the cap has >> the cap has 256 electrodes in 256 electrodes in it picking up on currents going it picking up on currents going over the scalp that are over the scalp that are generated from the brain. generated from the brain. the brain waves have information the brain waves have information about your about your memory processies, memory processies, decision making, speed of decision making, speed of processing, what different areas processing, what different areas are engaged to do anything. are engaged to do anything.

>> a bit more wetness than i >> a bit more wetness than i thought. thought. >> huss kerrs who volunteer to >> huss kerrs who volunteer to be a part of ramp be a part of ramp undergo an eet undergo an eet while doing a memory test. while doing a memory test. this one - i have to identify this one - i have to identify which letters in a sequence which letters in a sequence match match one two shots earlier. one two shots earlier. >> when it matches use button >> when it matches use button number one, when it doesn't, number one, when it doesn't, press four. press four. >> they are going fast. >> they are going fast. >> we think the cap is a >> we think the cap is a critical way of assessing critical way of assessing whether a concussion whether a concussion occurred. occurred. >> you are also >> you are also using brain using brain scans and other technologies. scans and other technologies. >> we can collect mri data, >> we can collect mri data, other data, mri gives us other data, mri gives us information about structure of information about structure of the brain and we can look at the brain and we can look at way. way. >> the images are from a >> the images are from a

football player without a football player without a concussion, and show changes in concussion, and show changes in brainwave brainwave activity as a player activity as a player distinguishes between a match distinguishes between a match and non-match. and non-match. look at the player who had a look at the player who had a concussion. concussion. there's there's no change. no change. >> they are virtually >> they are virtually identifiable. identifiable. >> why is that? >> why is that? >> the brain hasn't figured out >> the brain hasn't figured out that this number is identical to that this number is identical to that. that. at a minimum it's delayed. at a minimum it's delayed. these are people experiencing a these are people experiencing a head injury previously. head injury previously. they may have had this for a they may have had this for a year. year. after a year... after a year... >> you have a lingering effect. >> you have a lingering effect. >> the brain is not processing >> the brain is not processing it when it should have. it when it should have. >> luckily my test showed a >> luckily my test showed a regular change in brain regular change in brain activity. activity. >> your brain response is what >> your brain response is what individual. individual. >> that's good. >> that's good. >> we can give you a >> we can give you a certification on this. certification on this. >> a little form saying >> a little form saying

i'm not i'm not concuesed. concuesed. >> when you see the application, >> when you see the application, is it to have something like a is it to have something like a neural eeg on the sidelines that neural eeg on the sidelines that can help players in real can help players in real time? time? >> very much so. >> very much so. the hold-up right now is getting the hold-up right now is getting the analysis procedures down to the analysis procedures down to a point where practical, where a point where practical, where we can tell the coach, "this we can tell the coach, "this person clearly has a concussion, person clearly has a concussion, they should not go back into the they should not go back into the game." game." >> would a player an idea with >> would a player an idea with technology like this, when to technology like this, when to stop playing? stop playing? >> ultimately that's the hope, >> ultimately that's the hope, that we can provide the players that we can provide the players and coaches with information and coaches with information that can tell them, "okay, that can tell them, "okay, you're at a danger point, don't you're at a danger point, don't do this." do this." >> blake lawrence didn't have >> blake lawrence didn't have the the benefit of a diagnostic tool benefit of a diagnostic tool concussion. concussion. >> i spent an hour on the field

>> i spent an hour on the field by myself thinking, "shall i by myself thinking, "shall i tell anyone, shall i not." i've tell anyone, shall i not." i've always been a football player. always been a football player. after practice i walked past the after practice i walked past the trainers' door, like you would trainers' door, like you would in a film, stopped, backpedalled in a film, stopped, backpedalled and walked in and said, "i'm and walked in and said, "i'm done", i've suffered a done", i've suffered a concussion, my career is over. concussion, my career is over. i was emotional wreck i was emotional wreck >> would you say that you regret >> would you say that you regret your decision? your decision? >> i don't regret leaving >> i don't regret leaving football. football. i don't regret protecting i don't regret protecting myself. myself. i wanted to see a long future of i wanted to see a long future of health and happy innocence. health and happy innocence. i couldn't risk -- happiness. i couldn't risk -- happiness. i couldn't risk that. i couldn't risk that. >> blake is an entrepreneur >> blake is an entrepreneur running two businesses, running two businesses, something he probably wouldn't something he probably wouldn't have done if he got another have done if he got another concussion. concussion. he educates families about the he educates families about the risk of playing football. risk of playing football. >> football is a game. >> football is a game. if i could talk to if i could talk to every kid every kid putting on their helmet, "this putting on their helmet, "this

is a game. is a game. this is life. this is life. this is life. this is life. this is what i experience this is what i experience because i stepped away from because i stepped away from football." football." >> sure. >> sure. >> imagine if i didn't - why >> imagine if i didn't - why would i sacrifices my would i sacrifices my life for a life for a game. game. >> i don't think there's going >> i don't think there's going be a concussion helmet. be a concussion helmet. you can think of this like a car you can think of this like a car crash. crash. if you were the brain and the if you were the brain and the car is your skull. car is your skull. doesn't matter if the car is doesn't matter if the car is indesinstructible you, the indesinstructible you, the brain, will still fly forward brain, will still fly forward and hit the and hit the windshield. windshield. that's the concussion - the that's the concussion - the brain hitting the skull. brain hitting the skull. differently. differently. >> it can be applied to >> it can be applied to soldiers, i am sure a lot of soldiers, i am sure a lot of them get hits as well. them get hits as well. >> the labs i went to were >> the labs i went to were working with working with darpa, the darpa, the department of defense, because department of defense, because when you undergo a grenade blast when you undergo a grenade blast or something like that there's a or something like that there's a

shock wave that moves your brain shock wave that moves your brain like an nfl hit would. like an nfl hit would. >> you went upstate new york and >> you went upstate new york and covered a story that was covered a story that was different. different. what was it. what was it. >> i went and met >> i went and met two fun guys. two fun guys. two former students who are two former students who are using mushrooms to make this using mushrooms to make this revolutionary packaging revolutionary packaging material. material. >> we'll check out that story >> we'll check out that story when we come back. when we come back.

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[ ♪ music ] [ ♪ music ] . . hi, guys, welcome back to hi, guys, welcome back to "techknow." "techknow." i'm here with rochelle, kyle and i'm here with rochelle, kyle and lindsay, i'm phil torres. lindsay, i'm phil torres. >> this story is about how mush >> this story is about how mush rooms will save the world. rooms will save the world. >> yes, i went to two guys who >> yes, i went to two guys who had a company and figured out a had a company and figured out a way to make an alternative way to make an alternative packaging material out of packaging material out of biodegradeable materials and biodegradeable materials and mushrooms. mushrooms. let's check it out. let's check it out. >> every cubic inch of the soil >> every cubic inch of the soil is teaming with millions of is teaming with millions of inches of inches of mycilian. mycilian. >> a walk through the woods in >> a walk through the woods in green island new york is green island new york is pleasure. pleasure.

when you are with two barely when you are with two barely 30-year-old geniuses like gavin 30-year-old geniuses like gavin mcintyre and evan bair, you are mcintyre and evan bair, you are sure to stumble on something sure to stumble on something scientifically complex. scientifically complex. >> you see the >> you see the mycilion growing mycilion growing into the log. into the log. >> somehow it involves a >> somehow it involves a mushroom. mushroom. >> we are here at incoe baitive >> we are here at incoe baitive design, i'm a cofounder and design, i'm a cofounder and scientist at this biomaterial scientist at this biomaterial company, where we take local company, where we take local farm waste, mixing it with farm waste, mixing it with tissue from mushrooms and tissue from mushrooms and growing replacements for plastic growing replacements for plastic used in protective packaging. used in protective packaging. >> why is it important? what is >> why is it important? what is the problem with polysterene. the problem with polysterene. >> there's packaging, building >> there's packaging, building constructive, constructive,

tenses of millions tenses of millions of of dollars worth used. dollars worth used. they are not compatible with the they are not compatible with the earth's atmosphere. earth's atmosphere. >> we have all seen this. >> we have all seen this. every big product is packaged in every big product is packaged in this material. this material. these are made from these are made from unsustainable unsustainable petrochemicals and petrochemicals and can take up to a hundred years - can take up to a hundred years - maybe more - to biodegrade and maybe more - to biodegrade and leave the other. leave the other. we use agricultural waste, like we use agricultural waste, like corn husks as a resin. corn husks as a resin. we combine them, we grow it in a we combine them, we grow it in a mould to make a shape from mould to make a shape from everything from packaging. everything from packaging. >> a mushroom growing out of a >> a mushroom growing out of a tree is comprise the by tree is comprise the by mycilian. mycilian. if you look if you look you you find fibres you you find fibres that are growing through the that are growing through the soil of the environment and in soil of the environment and in trees. trees. that's gluing the mushrooms on that's gluing the mushrooms on to the side of the tree or the to the side of the tree or the forest floor. forest floor.

mushrooms. mushrooms. >> we never grow mushrooms, we >> we never grow mushrooms, we keep the mycilian in a keep the mycilian in a vegetative stage. vegetative stage. the concept was when i saw the concept was when i saw mysilian growing through wood mysilian growing through wood ships, ships, keeping them together. keeping them together. using waste didn't happen until using waste didn't happen until i teamed up with gavin. i teamed up with gavin. >> it takes seven days for a >> it takes seven days for a product to be grown. product to be grown. we are about to show you how it we are about to show you how it works in seconds. works in seconds. >> what is this. >> what is this. >> the waste is cleaned, light >> the waste is cleaned, light before adding the mycel. before adding the mycel. >> um. >> um. it's ipp cubated and it becomes it's ipp cubated and it becomes a solid white mass. a solid white mass. next it goes through a tromell, next it goes through a tromell, a machine that grind the waste. a machine that grind the waste. >> this is reminding me of >> this is reminding me of willie wonga and the chocolate willie wonga and the chocolate factory and factory and i'm afraid i'll be i'm afraid i'll be sucked up. sucked up.

>> this is mulched and stacked >> this is mulched and stacked into moulds. into moulds. the mycelian does what it does - the mycelian does what it does - gross. gross. all that is left is to paying it all that is left is to paying it at a low temperature of 200 to at a low temperature of 200 to growth. growth. >> freshly based funk us. >> freshly based funk us. so it can be sold to so it can be sold to corporations like dell computers corporations like dell computers and other fortune 500 companies. and other fortune 500 companies. >> here is what is cool. >> here is what is cool. i can take the material, bury it i can take the material, bury it in my yard and within a couple in my yard and within a couple of months it will biodegrade and of months it will biodegrade and add nutrients to the sail. add nutrients to the sail. >> echo veil is about to >> echo veil is about to manufacture plastic-free manufacture plastic-free products. products. the possibilityies go behind the possibilityies go behind protective packaging, and they protective packaging, and they are developing home insulation. are developing home insulation. >> do you guys feel you are >> do you guys feel you are having an impact on humanity? having an impact on humanity? >> we see it looking forward >> we see it looking forward senturies, we want to make sure senturies, we want to make sure the environment is available for

the environment is available for our grandchildren and our our grandchildren and our grandchildren's children. grandchildren's children. we are taking best use of the we are taking best use of the natural resources natural resources today. today. >> what else are they thinking >> what else are they thinking of using it for? of using it for? >> they have an >> they have an edisonian edisonian approach and have launched the approach and have launched the world's first mushroom world's first mushroom surfboards. surfboards. these are going be surfboards these are going be surfboards and instead of having a core and instead of having a core made out of petros chemical, it made out of petros chemical, it material. material. >> i love this piece. >> i love this piece. i had no idea that mushrooms i had no idea that mushrooms could do so much for us. could do so much for us. >> who knew? >> who knew? >> who knoou. >> who knoou. amazing stories, thank you for amazing stories, thank you for coming. coming. "techknow." "techknow." >> dive deep into these stories >> dive deep into these stories and go behind the scenes at and go behind the scenes at aljazeera.com/techno. aljazeera.com/techno. check...

san francisco about noon. >> south africans held cannedle lit vij ills, >> u.s. defense secretary chuck hagel got encouraging news after arriving in afghanistan. the security agreement between the two countries will be sd