keep on fighting... ...it's so seldom you get that access to the other side. >> faultlines: on the front lines with the taliban then an america tonight: special edition, only on al jazeera america >> this is al jazeera america. i'm del wal walters live in new york. 6 million people have enrolled in obamacare, the healthcare.gov website down for a few ours overnight but is now up and running. the white house said it's all part of routine maintenance. search crews are searching for drier weather as recovery efforts continue in washington state. the number of people killed in the mudslides rising 21 but the number of missing dropping from 90 to 30. tensions flaring over a disputed ocean boundary finding 500 artillery rounds in the

yellow season and south korea firing rounds of their own. pakistan's former chief and president musharraf is charged with treason for unlawfully suspending the constitution and imposing emergency rule back in 2007. the former president denies any of those charges. and former israeli prime minister olmert has been found guilty of bribery when he served as jerusalem's mayor back in 2009. as a reminder, you can check us out all day long by going to www.aljazeera.com. >> a flee former president jimmy cart for end worldwide violence against women. he'll join us.

and an attempt in congress to attempt action on immigration. reform would save hundreds of billions of dollars. plus would high schoolers be healthier and better students if the school day started later? and are over protective parents really making kids safer? here's more on what is ahead. >> his new book. >> the abuse of females is the most unadressed human rights violation on earth. >> the time has come to pass immigration reform. we demand the speak for bring it to the floor. >> people are not educated in how to use the internet. these people need a little extra time. >> another deadline made lenient, what the hell is this, a joke?

go we begin with a call to action with a call from former president jimmy carter. the depravation and abuse of women and girls. a false interpretation of religious text almost exclusiv exclusively of powerful male leaders. he points the finger at the u.s. with the growing intolerance of warfare has also played a role as violence encourages more violence. i'm going to talk to president carter about issues raised in his book and other situations in the world that are now facing president obama. i'm honored to be sitting with the nobel peace prize winner jimmy carter. his new book. "a call to action: women,

religion." >> thank you. >> you redefine what it means to be president of the united states. you're the only one to win the nobel peace price after leaving the white house. you hav you've now written almost two dozen books. how in the world do you find the energy to do all that? >> well, as a matter of fact this is my 28th book. >> i apologize. >> the carter center has an active nature in 79 different countries. since i left the white house that's what we've been doing. we've gotten to know the people in all kinds of nations, particularly the third world countries where women and girl especially are abused. but people they can do something about it now have 23 recommendations in the book that can solve some of these problems, really those in the rich world, particularly the united states, as you mentioned a lot of problems occur in the poorest

countries, also here in the united states. for instance, slavery. the slavery that exists now is much greater than it ever was during the 19th century. there's about $32 billion worth of human trafficking every year. the state department has required to report on this annually. they reported last year that 800,000 people were sold across international borders per year. and 80% of those sold are girls for sex purposes. >> thousands of them into the united states. >> 100,000 in the united states, not all of them were sold across borders. but the number one place is in atlanta because we have the largest airport on earth, and also because a lot of our passengers on the airplanes come from a third world, from the

southern part of the world where the girls can be bought cheaper. you can buy a pimp or brothel owner can buy a girl through the atlanta airport for about $1,000 if she comes from africa, southern asia or latin america. >> we have all sorts of social media response from people who want to ask you questions. we'll ask you that now. you saw what happened in houston, more than 100 likely illegal immigrants all locked in a house. a terrible situation. a viewer, heather, asked how can we fight trafficking in the u.s.? >> well, i think the united states has to take the leadership on entire world basis. there is--i'm talking about girls and women because as i say girls comprise 80% of people sold into slavery. there is an international

convention on the end of discrimination against women. cedaw. and the united states has refused to ratify this treaty, this convention that exists because we don't want anything to do with the united nations in the very conservative senate. there is another one called the law against violence against women. the international version of that requires every country tabulate not only their own crimes but try to decrease the criminality of actions against women and girls, and also all prisoners and slaves whether men or women. those are the things that happen. another thing that is terrible in the united states is that the worst place for sexual abuse in america two of our greatest institutions. one is universities. >> where we're seeing an emdemocrattic of sexual assault. >> one out of four girls enrolled at american universe are raped or sexually abused

while in college. only 60% of those rapes are reported. one sixth as much is reported in the civilian environment. >> and the other institution is the military. >> the other is the military. >> you were a navy officer and commander in chief. >> there is a parallel problem because the commander officer doesn't want to admit that in his chain of command in his company or battalion that a lot of sexual abuse takes place. he discourages the women from reporting it when they are assaulted. the same thing with college presidents and dean's who don't want to parade a bad name to the university of georgia or harvard university, university of chicago, and so forth. >> were you upset of what happened in the senate where they rejected the bill that would take the reporting of sexual assault out of the chain of command. >> i really was upset. there was a horrible case of a midshipman

which i attended. the "washington post" attended it for three days while she was interrogated. the football players ' lawyer was interrogated for 21 hours for three days. the judge made her testify on saturday as well. they asked her horrendous questions. how many times have you kissed a boy. what kind of underwear were you wearing. have you ever had sex relations academy. how wide do you open your mouth when you give oral sex to a boy. those questions from asked, that sends a the signal all over the military if you're a woman and you're abused don't make a charge officially against your rapist. >> undoubtedly this is a tremendous issue across the world, and you say that it's the biggest worldwide issue, worldwide challenge. >> that is unaddressed. >> that's unaddressed. but in a world where we're

facing nuclear proliferation, wars, terrorism, why do you think it is that biggest challenge? >> let's look at the number of people that die. we know 35 million people were killed in the we could world war, right, and the states and the civil war in america. 600,000 people were killed. at this moment there are 160 million girls who are missing because they've been killed by their parents. either at birth they strangle their baby because it's a girl and they need to have boys. or because they now have sonograms and they can detect the sex of the fetus, but it's in embryo stage and they can abort that child because it's female. almost an entire generation of

girls are missing from the earth because they were girls. >> it's a chapter in your book that is one of the most power ones because you address that issue there. >> it's not known because people don't care. in china and india they limit the size of families. if a family doesn't have social security, they want to have boys so they can support them in the old age. if they can have a max of one or two children they want to have a boy. there is a movie called "it's a girl" premiered in november. a famous movie. there is a woman in there from india who said not with any shame that she strangled eight daughters when they were born as infants. this kind of thing goes on around the world, and the united states i think needs to take the leadership role in stopping this mandatory prostitution, and to take action that could correct some of these problems. >> you're deeply religious but you're very critical about the role of religion when it comes to women and girls. >> well, i'm a christian, and

there is no place in the bible that takes the actions or words of jesus christ that puts women in secondary position. as a matter of fact jesus was a champion of women's rights, and he made women a higher status than ever had been in history before him. but there are some verses you can detect extract from the bible. in the old testament or new testament, some writings of paul you could interpret it one way or another whether you want to have women inferior . >> it's men interpreting this. >> well, it is. until the third century women played a strong role in all christian churches even the catholic church. as paul points out there are 25 leaders in the 16th chapter of act, and half of them are women at very high levels. in the universities at higher

level in the southern baptist convention if a woman is a teacher in a seminary, and there are very few left, they can't teach boys in the classroom. >> you and mrs. carter left the southern baptist convention because of the position on women. you've been critical of the catholic church, but you've communicated with pope francis. >> i have. i think he is a great leader, and i have hopes for him. i visited pope john paul ii, and i found almost complete inflexion ability. i didn't pursue it in an uncomfortable way, but i wrote pope francis a letter describing some of the issues in my book and asked help with them to help prevent and minimize the abuse of women and girls. i didn't ask him to change the position on catholic priests. he wrote a very nice letter back. he said he was convinced that the future role of women in the catholic church needed to be

strengthened, and i noticed last week he appointed a committee of eight people to minimize or decrease the abuse of children by priests. and four of those eight were women. which is a very wonderful thing to do. >> i want to get to a couple of current affairs questions. we're seeing this terrible controversy in crimea, the russian now have tens of thousands of troops on the border with ukraine. what should president obama, the united states, and the european union do to stand up to this aggression from vladimir putin. >> i don't think that has any possibility that putin wouldn't take crimea. this was a forgone conclusion and nothing that the united states, europe, or anyone could have done to have prevented that. russia has always considered crimea to be part of it, and most of the crimean people agreed with that. but that needs to be stop.

we don't need to equivocate of eastern ukraine. i have the same challenge to face when i was president. >> inning. >> during christmas week of 1979 the soviets moved massive number of troops into afghanistan, and they up ad afghanistan, and i had to stop them from going further. i did everything i could. i withdrew my ambassador from moscow. i declared an embargo against them, and i discussed not going to the olympics, and i began to give weapons to freedom fighters in afghanistan secretly. we used all russian-made weapons so that they couldn't accuse-- >> should we support ukraine militarily? >> yes, i do believe we should. and i also announced to brezhnev on public television that if he

moved out of afghanistan we would respond mill taylor. and not spare any weapons we had at our disposal, and he never did. as you know the freedom fighters were ultimately successful and under gorbachev they withdrew from afghanistan. i think we need to make sure that putin does not go into eastern ukraine militarily. >> we were talking about president obama, and all of your other ] assessors have consulted you in one way or another, and i know you said that president obama has not. >> well, i'm not criticizing president obama. i've been out of office for 35 years, and it's natural for a president to consult other presidents if he wants to who have been more recently in the white house. i think that george w. bush and bill clinton have been there just before him. i don't think its reasonable for president obama to go back 35 years and resurrect an old democrat who was there.

>> what about the criticism that you're too independent. part of the problem is that you don't take guidance too well, you don't play very well with official washington. >> but i'm always very careful to protect the integrity and respect for the president. i never have been gone out into the world without tacid permission from the president and a few presidents have asked me not to go. president bush asked me to not go to a place because either it was too dangerous or they had plans there that i was not aware of. but if i could help, the carter center has had a policy since i founded it of going into countries that were sensitive and we don't have any restraints or restriction of whom we meet. so we can meet with leaders with whom the u.s. government has no relationship and no communication.

on occasion the u.s. government will call on me as i go into north korea, cuba, and i meet with some of the palestinian factions, as i go into sudan and go into nepal and meet with the maoists they ask me to ask questions and bring back answers. >> final question for you, you've been critical of edward snowdon. you believe he broke the law with some of the revelations he made with the nsa, but at the same time you thought it was important that some of this was brought to light. >> i do. >> you said that you're concerned that your emails are being looked at by the nsa and that when you've had sensitive topics that you do hand-written letters. the head of the nsa say they are not looking at your emails. that's a relief. >> well, that's a relief to know. i remember when head of nsa--one of them said that they didn't monitor american, they didn't record american telephone calls and it turned out later that

he wasn't telling the truth. i don't have anything to conceal but there are times that i don't want some of my private messages read. there is no doubt that nsa has actually recorded every telephone call and every e-mail message in the united states. they don't read the text but they know what message has occurred, they know what transmission has taken place. if they want to later on they could get permission from a very dominated fisa court to look at certain things. but when i was president i faced exactly the same problem because i was concerned after watergate and that sort of thing that intelligence sometimes abused people. i know that the fbi did abuse martin luther king. we had a law that absolutely prevented any american

intelligence agency from spying on even one american communication unless they got a court order ahead of time certifying that it was a threat to american security. that prevailed until after 9/11, and then that law was liberalized, and i think the law was changed quite a lot. in my opinion when the congress changed it, the intelligence committee knew what was in the bill, but others did not have access to those secrets. the laws were passed, and i think nsa and others have exceeded the grant of freedom that congress gave them, and exceeded their ininstitution into the private affairs of americans, yes. >> the book is called "call to action: women, religion, violence and power." thank you fo, and i hope you vit

primetime news. >> i'm john seigenthaler in new york. >> stories that impact the world, affect the nation and touch your life. >> it's like a brawl here in the waters around monterey. >> only on al jazeera america.

>> switching topics to the immigration debate in an effort by house democrats to force a vote. democrats have introduced what

is called the discharge petition that could force that vote if at least 218 congressmen sign the petition and given that there are only 199 the house democrats, the chances of that happening are unlikely. given solid opposition in the g.o.p. house leadership to a comprehensive reform bill. still supporters staged a rally on the capitol steps wednesday and heard joe garcia of florida kale the --call the speaker of the house to take action. >> we need speaker boehner to bring this to a vote on the floor. we've got the votes. we've got the law in my years of working on the hill i've never seen any bill that had such cross support from the chamber of congress to unions across the spectrum. >> for more we're joined in washington, d.c. good to have you, congressman. why go for this discharge petition right now.

you have house republicans facing primaries and within those primaries a vote in favor of a democratic immigration bill could hurt their careers. why not wait until later in the year. >> it won't hurt their careers. the ones that want to vote no can vote no on the bill. it's a simple proposition where they can vote yes or vote no. every two years we run. we run for election where people vote yes or no for us. this is not a republican caucus. it is the u.s. congress, the u.s. house representative. we put it for a vote. the one who is want to support it vote yes. those who want to walk away and not vote, they can do that. the one who is want to vote know, they can do that. just put it up for a vote. that's all we're asking. they can vote no for whatever execution they can vote no. >> does this show your

constituent that is you're committed to immigration reform while you put republicans between a rock and a hard place. >> the rules of procedures call for us to bring it up for a vote. it's a procedural vote so we can show that we're doing everything we can to put it up for a vote. quite honestly, i think it will be difficult. yes it is. you hit it right on the nail. there are 200 democrats. we need 218. anyone who dares to short this will be told by their republican leadership not to do it, so it will be very hard. but we're hoping that tonight sometime soon it will probably be after the election the way it looks right now that they will put it out for a vote. it's a simple excuse. they can vote know but at least put it up for a vote.

>> do you think all 199 democrats will support it? >> i think it will be less than that. i think 119 democrats will vote yes on it, support it, but again it's just like we saw last time. the last time we had immigration reform it will be a bipartisan approach where you have democrats and republicans doing the right thing. last time in 1986 it was a republican president named ronald reagan. it was a democratic congress that voted yes and got it compromised to get it done. all we're trying to do is just put it up for a vote. we can make changes. we can add amendments. we can compromise and find a reasonable, rational common sense immigration reform. it's not going to go away, guys. it's not going to go away. >> but then would you be okay with the piecemeal approach that some house republicans want instead of a comprehensive bill?

>> of course, of course, in fact, i think i was the first democrat that says i would be willing as a compromise to look at legalization. i support a pathway to citizenship. i brought it up to some republicans who say, look, if you're afraid of a pathway to citizenship why don't we do legalization. the way i say let's compromise if you look at everyone who is here. not everyone wants to become an u.s. citizen right away. >> but on the other hand nancy pelosi, the head of the democrats in the house has said that this there is either a special path to citizenship or nothing. >> well again she has got to do that. she's our leader, but i got to do what i think is right for my district. my district is highly hispanic. i talk to a lot of folks, and some of them are willing to set the legalization. again, there are many ways to address this. it would an compromise. it's not going to be 100% the way democrats want it. and certainly it's not going to

be the way some republicans want it. it's a compromise just like our u.s. constitution. our u.s. constitution was built on compromise, and i'm willing to come up with a sensible compromise. >> we heard congressman joe garcia from florida say there was broad support for immigration reform. when roll call in support of speaker boehner's principles, they can't even support what their leaders are putting out, what is the chance that they will support what the democrats are putting out. >> a little twist to that. i saw that ro roll call. some republicans say they'll wait for the last minute because they don't want to publicize their vote. some of them are willing to wait until the last minute and vote

on it and take that vote at that particular time. i think it's probably a little higher than 19, probably not much but i think its higher than 19. again, again i emphasize we won't know where we are until we get at least a chance to vote on it up or down, but at least let's take a vote. anybody who wants to vote no, you can go ahead and do that, but at least give us an opportunity to vote. >> you know a few months ago the thought was that a lot of republicans in the house would support something, and things have certainly changed. i want to bring up a couple of developments. paul ryan, one of the top republicans on the hill told the u.s. hispanic chamber of come officers on wednesday, this is a quote. to me it's not a question of if we fix our broken immigration laws. it's really a question. when. and the congressional budget office came out this week saying that the immigration bill that

house democrats put out would cut $900 billion off the next 20 years. when you've got support like that from paul ryan and all this money that the congressional budget office is saying that you would save if you passed immigration reform, a question i've got to ask are supporters of reform just not doing a very good job of selling this bill? >> no, i think the supporters of immigration reform are doing the best they can. but there is are many who have a small amount of hispanic in their constituents. paul ryan, he gets it. and to help reduce the deficit and help to grow our economy, ryan might want to do it.

paul might want to do it, but if the republican leadership doesn't put there, we'll never know who is willing to do it. but he's right. we'll get to it, but again we need that vote. >> congressman quellar. we're happy to have you with us. thank you. >> thank you so much. >> as muslim extremist gropes continue to foster violence throughout the world, thinkers werfrom all across the globe, the mission, quote to, form an united form to scourge extremist ideologies that have afflicted muslims for decades. joining us the author of

. good to have you back on the show. great to have you about this conference. why hasn't this happened before. >> first if i macon grad late you and al jazeera america for covering this. this is an important event that took place inside the muslim country. it was a conference without the presence of western cameras. not to demean western cameras. my point is this was not playing to the gallery. it was a sincere, heartfelt, overdue conversation among muslims that had to happen. i think the emirates have given neutral makeup of the country, therefore hosted without interference, they said they would not interfere and they did not interfere. i think that's what was required

to allow muslims and those from other backgrounds to come along and discuss this on a daily basis. >> you think that's the problem there wasn't an environment for which that could happen until now? >> the environment is one element. the key aspect is the screening the convening of this event. a prominent 78-year-old mulls muslim scholar, he has the convening power of calling muslim religious leaders of different denominations to address the theological and political under pinnings of the al-qaeda narrative. the theology, the politics, and it was basically him and his personality and his access point with many of these leading scholars who are their own students. so it was him as a driver, and

the atmosphere made available to him in the emirates. >> you were reluctant when you first thought of going until you saw that it was the person who was convening. he has described a civil war of ideas. is there really a conversation going on between the more moderate majority and the extremists? >> there is a conversation, but that conversation needs to be widening. many of these people most of these countries such as pakistan, egypt, phenomenally important personalities with tens of millions of followers were there. so when they go back to their countries, address their largeouts whether it's friday mosque prayers or through their auspices they have the outreach . at future events we should go ahead and invite dialogue and

debate and convince opposing side because let's face it, these gentlemen, the 250 plus combined represent the majority of the muslims. and i saw this happen repeatedly, have the theological and philosophical tools to under pin, to undermine an win this argument. and this is what is required at this juncture. >> have them go back to where they come from and get this message out. you wrote that the prophet mohammed wrote, and you said al-qaeda is a direct result of misinterpreting muslim scripture and exploiting politics. >> yes this, is a mixture of the conspiracy theories , these are

genuinely political grievances. but what do they want to do about them, justify killing innocent people in the process in order to pursue what they call their rights, their legitimate rights. at the event they said well, you extremists claim to believe in the prophet muhammad. look at what he was doing. he was signing treaties, and they were saying we don't clause. did he that. he undermine his prophecy and definition of god in order to bring about peace and security which was the first right. once that was secured other things could be discussed. well, al-qaeda and supporters support to undermine and not understand properly is that if they're claiming to follow the prophet muhammad, indeed, his own grandson, who was a legitimate heir to the

calaphate who gave that up and said he would rather have peace and security than political authority. this takes us back to the source of islam to show that it's peace and security that matters more than insuring our political rights. >> an important conference and important message. i hope the word gets out and i hope something good comes of this for the whole world's sake. >> scared as hell... >> as american troops prepare to leave afghanistan get a first hand look at what life is really like under the taliban. >> we're going to be taken to a place, where they're going to make plans for an attack. >> the only thing i know is, that they say they're not going to withdraw. >> then, immediately after, an america tonight special edition for more inside and analysis. >> why did you decide to go... >> it's extremly important for the western audience to know why these people keep on fighting...

...it's so seldom you get that access to the other side. >> faultlines: on the front lines with the taliban then an america tonight: special edition, only on al jazeera america

>> you wer if you didn't sign up for obamacare by monday you would face tax penalties. not any more. now if you said you had issues signing up or you come under exemptions you'll likely have another two weeks to enroll. of course washington has split along party lines. >> he has put enough loopholes into the law already the administration is now resorting to an honor system to enforce it. what the hell is this, a joke? >> the joke i say to my dear friend john boehner is him, for having more than 60 votes over

there to terminate obamacare. we're at a point where it does appear to be extremely disingenuous that they oppose anything that's good about obamacare. >> zoo what does this really mean for americans and for healthcare? andy reuben from nyu medical center. andrew, good to have you back. let's separate the reality and rhetoric. the reality is that if you haven't signed up you've got a reprieve. >> well, if you didn't--if you signed up and you had a problem you had a reprieve. if you just didn't sign up and you made no attempt to sign up you haven't gotten a reprieve. you had to make an attempt. there are ways to check this. a lot of people are still waiting for pending applications. applications that are lost. there is a way for them to track this and see. >> but pretty much if you've gone online and made an attempt.

>> you're going to get two weeks. >> you work in hospital administration. there have been delays after delays in the implementation of this law. what has it meant on your end? >> candidly as a provider organization we've been ready for this for a long time. we're talking the insurance revision of this, not payment reform but people accessing our system. at nyu we take some of the plans, we don't take some of the plans. >> more than 53% of americans are still opposing this plan. fewer than 40% are supporting it. on the healthcare side have all these delays and everything that has happened, has it changed the ought attitude from the hospitals and the doctors? >> i think hospital administration, providers, they're split like everyone else is split. you're seeing healthcare providers experiencing the same

thing. people are frustrated by this even if you weren't 100% behind it you were prepared for it, and thee delays and this roll out has caused a lot of frustration for people who believed in the law. >> and the confusion is crazy. the kaiser foundation came out with a new poll that said 60% of americans who were uninsured did not know about the deadline and many had no plans to sign up. as we're near the end where do we stand? are most of the people, are too many of the people i should probably say the sick and the elderly, and not enough of the young people, is that going to lead to higher premiums. >> it's astonishing that people still don't understand what is in this law, what's good about it and what's not good about it. remember, there are a lot of people. right now the numbers are 5 million and i suspect they'll go up significantly. there are a lot of people who

have health shines no --health insurance who didn't have health insurance. but there were certainly more elderly americans signing up, and they're more likely to get sick sooner o or sicker americans signing up or people who couldn't get insurance because of pre-existing conditions. if not enough sign up, premiums will skyrocket. i think, i suspect there has been a big push the last few days in getting younger americans to sign up. i wouldn't be surprised to see those numbers up tick. when we went into this, 30 million americans were uninsured, now we have 5 million. there is a long way to go. >> thank you for trying to so many money stories sound complicated. but don't worry. i'm here to take the fear out of finance. every night on my show i break down the confusing financial speak and make it real.

>> what's been wisdom that protective parents help their kids. the over protected kid looks at whether our efforts to take better care of our children has made a positive difference. hanna rosen wrote this article. i know, and most parents know that most kids now have less freedom than we did ourselves. your essay brings home the point of the dramatic change of kids who walk to school by themselves. >> when i looked at the numbers i was amazed.

when i was a kid 80% of third graders went to school by themselves. but now almost none do. we all know if you sent a third grader to school by themselves, other parents would think you're police. it's amazing how childhood culture has transformed. >> and how quickly it has changed. it's not just about how protective we are always hovering as helicopter parents, but many more women work, but both far men and women are spending far more time with our kids than our parents did with us. you would think that that is a good thing but you think it might not be. >> i think we've gone too far. the pre-occupation with safety means we don't let our children take any risk or being independent in anyway, and it's hard to grow up that way. it might be safe when you're little, but when you have to go out in the world you don't know how to deal with failure, with

something bad happening, with being sad. that's one of the complaints that you hear from the millennials, and you see where the roots of it are. >> you talk about all these actions we've taken to keep our kids safe from transforming playgrounds to not letting them roam for freely. it's only led to a minimal increase to children safety. >> that's the problem. we're in an era of stranger dangerrer . we've been there for a couple of decades. if you let your child walk down the street they'll be abducted. that type of abduction is rare just as rare it is in the 70s, although it gets blown up in the media and brings terror in our hearts yet we've erected a whole parenting culture and set of habits even though it's not any more common. i want parents to stop for a minute and question their assumptions about what is dangerous. >> you also look at injuries in playgrounds and playgrounds have been dramatically transformed,

and the drop in playground injuries is not that significant. but one thing that does come to mind, if more kids did walk to school now as opposed to given to how dramatic the drop has been don't you think that we might see the numbers jump, that there might be more stranger danger? >> you mean that strangers might come and abduct? no, it's not like that. those are freak crimes. if you look at what happened in breeze of abduction it's basically because of divorce. you're much more likely to be abducted by your father who is divorcing your mother than by a stranger. it's just a rare occurrence. we can't accept it, oh, the world must be dangerous. but if we got in our heads that public space is dangerous, and the only safe place is in your house and supervised by the parents. that is having an affect on childhood. >> why has it gotten so bad?

is it local news that is scaring us? >> i think because the world has become a different place. not a more dangerous place but different. it a lot more mothers work, and there has been a lot more divorces since the 70's. that sense of network and community has disintegrated over the years, but we've reacted to that with a panic. that makes it worse. you tell yours kids not to talk to strangers. that ensures that you're not going to have a neighborhood feeling in your neighborhood because your kids have been told that every adult around them is scary. >> let's talk about consequences. you write that kids have a born instinct to take risks but when they don't it creates fear. you wrote that our fear of being harmed can lead to fearful children and more psychopat psychopathology. that's a pretty substantial statement. >> yes, kids inch their way. they master things and feel like something is dangerous.

if you think of something literal like heights. they go beyond their capacity, and the thing that they're doing is not actually dangerous but it feels dangerous and the great triumph is in conquering that. if you don't ever get the experience of going through those stages, you remain pretty fearful. that's the problem. you think its dangerous he better not try it. that brings on the neuroticism. >> you also bring up its leading to what some believe is a decline in creativity. what do we do? you describe an adventure playground in england called "the land" that let's kids take risks in what looked like an old dump. i confess when i was a kid we would go to a dump and play in there. you let them go, play in different things and do things that might not really be that dangerous but that makes them feel like they're taking risks. >> i think its more of what we do.

i don't want to go back to the 70's. i think its nice that we have close relationships with our children, and a lot of people felt neglected in the 70s, but i think it's about recon receiving what makes a good parent. what makes a good parent is not someone who is constantly protecting their child but someone who is creating opportunities for their child to explore or to know themselves. >> that's a really thought provoking article that brings up all sorts of interesting issues.

his takes guts... >> should schools let kids sleep in for better grades and better health? new research from the university of minnesota found that high schools with later start times have healthier and happy students. we go to the kyle walstrom examining the impact of later start times for high school students. she's also a former school administrator and principal. doctor, good of you to join us. you looked at 9,000 students across the range of backgrounds, ethnicities in schools that changed their start times, and you ended up finding all sorts of benefits. >> that's true. what we found was pretty remarkable. we were also looking at their academic performance as well their health. the academy findings were such that we found improved grades in their first and third hour of

classes. that would be their core subject of english, matthew, social studies and science. and we were finding that they were doing better on standardized tests such as as the a.c.t. and we found improved attendance and decreased tardiness. the academic findings were very robust. >> you found all sorts of health benefits? >> right, and that was pretty important part of our study. this was funded by the cdc, the center of decease control and prevention. they were curious about the health benefits of a later start. we found significantly less depression, significantly less drugs cigarette and alcohol use for any student getting eight or more hours of sleep every night, and brand new information that we hadn't had before was the reduction of car crashes. the car crashes in two of the five districts we studied had reductions of 65% to 70% reduction in the number of

crashes that happened during the school year by these high school-age drivers. >> dramatic difference. and you also found-- >> yes. >> that only a third of teens who start school at 7:30 get at least eight hours of sleep, and that by moving the start time to 8:55, that you actually doubled that. the problem is that we now know that biologically teens are naturally inclined to go to sleep later? >> yes, you know, it's interesting the medical research that has been done since late in the early 1990's on teenage in particular revealed that teenagers have a different sleep-wake cycle than adult it's or pre-teenagers. it's tied to adolescents and the on set of puberty is when the sleep phase shift occurs in all human teens around the world. it isn't a cultural phenomenon. replication studies have been done in asia, the middle east and south he america. every human teenager has this sleep phase shift where they're

not able to fall asleep much before 11:00 when melatonin is secreted and the brain feels sleepy. and it continues strong until 8:00 in the morning. it's this 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. sleep phase that all teenagers experience. when students are starting at 7:00 or 7:15 that's really interpreting their sleep and their maximal development of their brain. >> if you push the start time back, i'm thinking back as to when i was a teenager, my inclination would be well, okay, i have to wake up later i'll just go to bed later. >> well, a lot of parents and other school administrators were concerned about that. and when i was doing the study in minneapolis public schools, in the years of '97 to 2002, that was a five-year span of time we did look at that and there were no kids that were staying up later. if the body is ready for sleep at 11:00 on a school night, they're falling asleep.

the kids in a five-year period of time we documented that they had an hour more of sleep every school night. they did not slay up later. >> an issue that people have raised with making the school that they start later is it will conflict with extracurricular sports, clubs, and limit the ability of kids who need to work. >> of the 9,000 kids we surveyed only 11% worked for job for pay. 11% of that 9,000 it did have jobs. however, the study that we've done in the past we talked to employers, and employers basically really don't need their student employees until 4:00 or 5:00 p.m. because they need extra help during rush hour, during the drive home for other people coming in and stopping in. the convenient stores, the mall, so on. the employers didn't have any problem with school dismissing at 3:30, 3:50 as opposed to 2:00, the previous time.

>> the brookings institute put out a paper a couple of years ago arguing for later start times, secretary of education arnie duncan said he supports the later start times. why haven't we seen more schools do it? >> well, you know, it's a very interesting question because schools in america are very concerned and believe in the local control concept. american schools from founded on that. so to have an uniform policy for all starting time of schools i think would be counterproductive, number one, and number two, when a school district considers making the change, they're changing the forms of what is normal in that community. when do buses run? when do parents leave for work, daycare, all those issues are part of the decision. it is not an easy decision that school districts make. >> the study really raises a lot of interesting questions. fascinating study. doctor

wahlstrom thank you. if you hav want to learn more go to www.aljazeera.com/consider this. >> welcome to al jazeera america. i'm del walters. these are the stories that we're following for you. glitches on the last day to sign up for affordable care act. plus the rain stopping for now making it easier for workers at the deadly mudslide in washington state. and coming out slinging on new rules of collisions.