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. >> yes, there's very, very good evidence that it's not transmitted by airborne transmission. if you like at what is going on in the countries in west africa, it's the kind of behaviour, understandably, because it's customary of how people take care of the sick family in the moment, as well as bodies of people who die of the disease,

touching the body and contaminating yourself with the bodily fluids. that's why it's propagating in the west african countries. the only which the disease, the virus is spread, is by direct contact with fluids, body fluids such as blood, faeces and vomit when someone is sick and you are trying to take care of them. >> i know the nih was part of getting zmapp to the workers, a cocktail of anti-bioddies that block the contact. how does it work. >> the mih was not directly involved, it was involved in the research associated with developing this particular antibody. but the answer to your question, how does the antibody work, it's a cocktail of three separate antibodies that the body makes, that actually can block or fight

infection, if you want to put it in lay terms. usually aind bodies are -- antibodies are made by being exposed or vak sipated. these were -- vaccinated. these were artificially induced, made, and when administered to the individuals appeared to have an effect that was a positive effect. we can't giptively -- definitively prove it. there's only one or two patients. when you have one or two patients, it's difficult to relet the improvement -- relate the improvement in the patient with the use of the antibody. >> you can't know exactly how well it's working. to sigh it's experimental is almost an understatement. it had been tested on a few monkeys when they were treated after infection. dr brantly received it more than a week after he got sick. do we have a sense of how important the timing it?

>> we don't. but obviously when you have someone that is sick and you administer something to them, you administer it to them as soon as you can. with so little experience - this is only the second person in whom the antibodies have been administered. it is in the early stage, and the supply of the antibodies is small. the company that makes the antibody has in their possession about three treatment courses. it's impractical to think in terms of it having an impact on a number of people infected. >> how quickly can production be ramped up to see whether it can help to see whether these people are suffering? >> unfortunately, not quickly. i have heard again - had is second hand from the company, that it would take a few months to make a moderate number of treatment courses. it's not something that is in the stage of being mass produced by any means. >> and i know you are working on a vaccine, and you believe that

there are early encouraging results. >> yes. the vaccine has been quite successful in a monkey model and we are getting ready to go into phase one, human trials in volunteers in the washington bethesda maryland area. that will start in the middle to end of september. that will probably occur at the end of january. if it's successful in that, it is safe, and induces a response that you predict will be protected we'll expand and go into wider studies, and produce something used in people, mostly health care workers putting themselves at risk when they take care of patients with ebola. >> such a scary disease with a my mortality rate. and i everywhere, i am sure, are

rooting for you to have success in your efforts. dr anthony from nih. thank you. time to see what is trending on the web with harmeli aregawi. >> a first-ever restaurant for the deaf. it's a unique dining experience. named sirnings the toronto-based eatery employees an almost entirely deaf wait staff and encourages staff to order and interact using signs. they offer a cheat sheet for the menu and basic praises, how are you, nice to meet you, everything is great. the owner was inspired after struggling to communicate request a deaf customer at his previous restaurant job where he was a manager. he says it provide people in the deaf community an opportunity to work in the industry that they wouldn't otherwise be able to work in. this is one of 50 waiters, and it's his first full-time job. with the help of an interpreter

he describes the experience. >> it's wonderful. i'm excited to be here. it's a deaf environment, where hearing people come in and experience our world, and our culture. it's amazing. really amazing. it's a challenge for me, but a great challenge. >> signs is not the first restaurant that caters for the deaf community. san francisco's restaurant has deaf openers and staff, but the concept is rare. it's a beautiful story. >> what a great idea. >> straight ahead, an american general murdered by an african soldier on a military base. violence scars countries from afghanistan to libya. what do they have in common? also, how did a 5-year-old boy become a mayor in minnesota, and who would take the office away from a little boy. >> and major arrest, in

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[ ♪ music ] large parts of the muslim world were seared by the flames of conflict tuesday. from kabul to tripoli, terrorists and well-armed groups threatened struggling governments. u.s. army major howard green was killed and dozens of others wounded when an afghan troop filed on the group. a german general was among the

bounded. near sinda, tens of thousands of members of the aseedy sect say fighters from islamic state, formerly i.s.i.l. committed atrocities when it captured the down. in the lebanese town of arsal. fighters in the al nusra sent lebanese fleeing for safety. in tripoli, libya, fighting and planes drove the parliament out of the capital so it could elect the leader in the eastern port of tub ruck. >> for more on the fire scorching the middle east i'm joined by douglas oliphant serving as director at the security council for bush and obama, and an army officer. he's a senior national security fellow at the new america foundation. good to have you with us. we have an american general killed in afghanistan, the islamic state group claiming territory in iraq.

fighting that came over the syrian border. they were having a civil war. that move into lebanon. libyan militias forcing the parliament to move outside the capital. conflicts everywhere. in that broad area. how - what kind of commonalties do they have? >> it wasn't a good day. >> i think we can divide it into two camps. the center and the periphery. in the center we have the threat presented by the islamic state, i.s.i.s. or i.s.i.l. the islamic state in iraq or syria and lebanon, that continues to expand its control. i think a very broad-handed way to think about it is they weren't able to push south towards baghdad, and so they turned to the north and pushed up into the kurdish controlled areas where some of the aseedy citizens are.

it's hard to keep track of. got a hold of the small minority group that lived under kurdish control, that committed atrocities. groups you are pushing towards lebanon to the west. >> if you go then to what is happening in libya and afghanistan. is this all - all these struggling states and extremism involved in all of them. >> i think on the periphery we see less islamic extremism. it's there. the taliban can be painted as extremists. we have the active chapter in libya. the conflicts are more tribal. certainly in the case of libya. you have various factions, and to call this as something driven by extremism would be to whitewash over all the various factions and politics that are going on in libya.

like wise in afghanistan. multiple factions. we don't know what motivated the shooter of general green and the other soldiers today, but we have not heard a claim of responsibility by the taliban. they are usually good about getting out in front of it. i suspect they are not behind this one. the u.s. has been involved to some extent. we left iraq, planning on leaving afghanistan, we had limited involvement in libya and syria, the source of what is happening in lebanon, too. should america be playing a more active role in bringing the conflict under control of. >> i think america can play an active role diplomatically, invest more resources and time and executive attention from the white house, but this is a far cry for calling for a return of troops to iraq, or a - you know, a - draw a - a slowing of the draw down in afghanistan. these are not situations where

necessarily u.s. military forces are helping. >> highest ranking officer. what is it saying about the effort there, and our allies that our attacks were on, was it one of these things that we can't do anything about? >> it's something that we are not good about doing something about. this does seem to be a high ranking combat casualty that the united states is experiencing. since i believe that general casey's father, major general casey in vietnam. it's still not clear what is driving this. what we thing drives most of these attacks is perversely cultural insensitivity, and a sensitivity - heightened

sensitivity to cultural lights or calling into question one's mann hood. most attacks have little to do with anything larger, political or islamism, or anything like that. >> do you think the islamic state group can be stopped? >> the islamic state can be stopped. certainly if we get enough allies in the region it can be stopped. the beauty of the regional politics is it's in everyone's interests to stop the islamic state. it's in iran's interests. saudi arabia's interest to stop the united states, in united states's interest. there's the makings of the right coalition to thank the islamic state. everywhere has to realise how important it is to do this and put second and third-tier issues aside. we can go back to fighting over those later. the concern is the move into lebanon. >> final question about libya.

the parliament can't meet in the capital. the fighting there is diffused between all sorts of different militias, both islamic and non-islamic. people that want more of a return to muammar gaddafi days. is that an intractable situation? >> i'm not sure if it's intractable. it's immensely complicated. it's very difficult to see a way forward here. if this were just one thing, if it were just, you know, the former gaddafi loyalists, that may be something that could be solved. if it was the islamist we may be able to find a way to placate that situation. because it's to many different centers, it makes it very, very difficult to find a way forward. >> doug oliphant, good to see you. thank you very much. >> thank you so much. >> thanks in large part to the conflict we discussed. the world witnessed the greatest displacement of religious

movements. the latest report on religious freedom found 75% of people in the world live in countries that don't respect religious freedom. secretary of state john kerry singled out the fighters. those in syria and iraq were non-sunni muslims. >> just the other week i.s.i.l. declared that any remaining christians in mosul must convert, pay a tax or be executed on the spot. >> for more we are joined for our studio in washington by stefan falstein, serving as the secretary of state in human rights and labour. good to have you with us. that is a grim report card on the state of religious freedoms, you single out countries, going from east asia, china, north korea, soviet republics, middle east and africa. the map shows the worst

offender. the next are russia, afghanistan, turkey, cuba. >> you say in the report it's the worst situation in recent memory, how bad are things compared to 10 years ago? >> well thank you for the question. thank you for having me on. with the 2013 report, religious violations in countries are among the worst performers, in places like north korea, iran, syria. we saw rising incidences in new conflict emerge, places like the central african republic, continuing turmoil in the middle east, leading to a whole and larger significance when it comes to rising tide in a worst trend line when it comes to religious freedom. what is different, and we haven't quantified this, but what we'll want to report and what is important it the trend line for last year was bad. >> one of the big concerns in

the report is in much of the middle east, the christian presence is becoming - the report says a shadow of its former shelf. hundreds of thousands fled syria, and that civil war. the arab spring brought a lot of time utility use times. where do you see the worst of it in the middle east? >> well, i think looking where the ongoing conflict is centered, looking at syria and iraq in particular, and some of the surrounding countries there. that's where we see a large amount and where we have the greatest alarm where it comes to religious freedom. i think you are right. when you look at the persecution of the minorities, including the christian minority community, there's grave abuses. in terms of what these communities based, not only for hundreds of years, but longer. we are looking at communities

that peacefully coexisted in harmony for decades, and all of a sudden with the onslaught of new violence and chaos, we are seeing them displaced and removed from their homes and communities, and into unknown and dangerous situations. >> they have lived in peace, in some cases for millennia. they are coming out of iraq, with the islamic state jihadist. they have gone after shiite muslims and their shrines, killing members of the sect. this is labelled not just iraq, but the issue in general is a top priority for the obama administration. what is being done? >> that's correct. first of all, there's two way that is we have tried to approach the issue. on the one hand we provide f assistance. providing for those, whether

it's in iraq, syria or neighbouring countries, it means making sure they have access to water, food, nutrition, shelter. that's phase one. making sure that the communities are able to continue on. step two is the longer and harder part. it's trying to figure out what is an approach and salesian to dealing with the displacement and conflict we are seeing, stemming from i.s.i.l., that is causing deep-rooted unsettling - causing the deconstruction and whole-sale removal of the communities. >> that would be a challenge. the secretary of state noted that 75% of world's people live in countries that don't respect religious approval. including countries that the united states is friends with, like hungary, france, greece and

saudi arabia. how are we doing op working with those countries, those friends when it comes to religious freedom? >> when it comes to the issue of anti-semitism, that is something that we may have highlighted in the report. we have seen worry some friends in places in countries in europe, some of which you have mentioned, and to us that represents something that is alarming. in recent polls, they have been undertaken in different countries in europe. upwards of 66 to 76% of jewish communities, they felt more threatened and under duress than they have in the past several years. what that means to us is that we need to find constructive ways to approach the issue. we have a special envoy to combat anti-semitism. our mandate is to travel to 15 different countries, many of them friends, many in europe.

they are engaged in dialogue with jewish committee leaders, government counterparts and society to say what are constructive ways to alleviate the issues, and how can we break the trend line. >> it's a shame we are seeing it happen in the 21st century. appreciate your time. coming up, the man that allegedly supplied a-rod and others with drugs. the scandal that faced baseball. a 5-year-old mayor - a curious story in politics in data dive next.

today's data dye looks at age and -- dive looks at age and politics. 5-year-old bobby had a good run as the mayor of minnesota. his 2-year rein is over.

they pulled the mayors name out of a hat. they just picked a 16-year-old to take over of the some states require mayors to be 18. there has been a handful of guys that met the aim requirement and won, mostly in towns with less than 2,000 residents. the u.s. constitution has age minimums for federal office holders, 25 for the house, 30 for the senate and presidency. the framers reasoned the senate needed "a greater extent of examination it stability of character. >> the senate did not outlines pay attention to the constitution, because birth records were not reliable. in 1818 tennessee elected john henry to the office, 28, the youngest senator in history. others served before they were 30. in 1934 west virginia sent rush

holt to the senate. age mattered more, and he had to wait six months before turning 30. joe biden was the youngest senator, taking office just after turning 30. john was the oldest, 100 when he died. ronald regan was the oldest president. 77. teddy roosevelt was the youngest president. 42 when he tack over. john f kennedy was the youngest elected, 43, beating bill clinton and yew lis sis grant. president obama turned 53 on monday. happy birthday. coming up. major rests in the drug scandal that had alex rodriguez suspended from baseball. appear @jvéong.

>> "on the edge eighteen" coming september only on al jazeera america

is major league baseball biogenesis scandal about to go into extra innings. anthony bosch, director of the south florida biogenesis clinic turned himself into the deo. they are facing charges of conspiracy to distribute testosterone to athletes. it happens a year to the day that bud selig handed down the toughest round of suspensions. he helped to broiffed selig -- provide selig the information to take access. could evidence give the league fresh evidence to use against more players. let's bring in. the co-author of blood sport,

alex rodriguez, bio-zen sis and the quest to end baseball's era. the deo said it's not targetting athletes, in this case going after the distributor. sources say the evidence names as many as seven players not uncovered in the investigation. could we see another round of the scandal hitting baseball. >> i figure it's impossible. just as was the ace in major league baseball's operation to suspend the clients connected to biogenesis last year, tony bosch agreed to cooperate with prosecutors. he's worked out a deal to plead guilty. obviously they have reams of documents from the clinic to use as evidence. if, indeed, there are players that didn't come up in major league baseball's case, certainly the names will come out in discovery, as the case goes forward. and i think major league baseball wouldn't have a choice

but to suspend them like they did with alex rodriguez and the other players. >> what about the mixed signals from major league baseball. how much does it care about players using performance enhancing drugs you mentioned that alex rodriguez was using testosterone in 2006, with permission, which was one of his best years as a player. >> it's a result of the terrible scandals. you mention the alex rodriguez ex-'em shop, and that was part of the league worked out with the players union. he was able to present evidence to a doctor. they had a medical condition. baseball has to look at the policy going forward. testosterone is a drug you don't

want players taking unless there's a need for it. i think it's fair to say with response to biogenesis and the policy in place, especially in comparison to other pro leagues, major league baseball takes performance hancing drugs seriously. >> you mentioned balco, and time being served in prison. he says that he still thinks it is very easy to take performance enhancing drus, and failing a major league baseball test means he failed on iq test. >> tony said something similar when he sat with '60 minutes", comparing it to taking candy from a baby. they have self-interest in promoting themselves as a drug genius. some of tony bosch's clients failed the test. clearly he was able to evade it.

alex rodriguez never failed a test. what is important is the famous report after the scandal put together bit the senator, the testing will never be enough. they'll find their way around, and that's why they need a plan in place. they can come in with the team. if you believe tony bosch. none of the guys failed him. they were able to get the evidence to suspend them. that will be a blueprint going forward. >> isn't it important for a serious policy, to send a message. aside from a-rod, they are all back in the field, some voted into the all star game, a few are mvp contenders. it feels like the league is not making a strong argument against this problem. it's a great point. the incentive is there tore guys

willing to take the risk. if you look at the finances. alex signed a record-breaking $275 million deal the same year he was allowed to use testosterone. a 100 million extent was signed when one failed a test. one inspected, comeback, had a great play-off, and had a record contract from the st. louis cardinals in the off season. until the league adds financial dis-ipp sentive, it's not a powerful enough statement for the guys, who are willing to take the risk being dragged through the mud if they are caught. they'll keep trying. >> pleasure to have you back on the show. good to see you. >> that's all for now, coming up wednesday on "consider this". have you heard of menopause, now

we bring you man-o-pause. you can find us on twitter and aj "consider this". see you next time. hi everyone this, is al jazeera america. i'm john siegenthaler in new york. under fire. an inside are attack in afghanistan claims the life of a 2-star u.s. general. cyber heist - a russian crime ring pulse off an internet -- pulls off an internet job. and someone that walked away from an airline