>> 140 world leaders will take the podium. >> get the full story. >> there is real disunity in the security council. >> about issues that impact your world. >> infectious diseases are a major threat to health. >> "the week ahead". sunday 8:30 eastern. only on al jazeera america. . >> fear a day after the deadly attack on a satirical newspaper. also a new report questions the effectiveness of obama care in saving workers money on health care is a culture of secrecy in government hurting our democracy? hello, i'm antonio mora, welcome to "consider this". those stories and more straight ahead. . >> france is mourning. manhunt. >> reports say the two brothers

were seen at a small town. >> there'll be a lot of questions. >>. >> calls for the defense of freedom of expression. >> free speech in the u.s. is not absolute. divide over freedom of expression, and what constitutes legitimate debate. >> what are the lords of secrecy? >> the people with the power to create secrets under american law. >> the government has too many unnecessary secrets. >> they use the power to enhance their own position. >> as new numbers show the rises pocket expenses. the costs are crippling the middle class. >> have you made a decision recording the 2016 raise. >> i will not run for the senate in 2016 we begin with a massive manhunt in france. authorities narrowed the search to northern france after the two brothers believed responsible for the massacre at the "charlie

hebdo" robbed a gas station 50 miles north of france on thursday, before fleeing again, reportedly on foot, into a wooded area. one of the brothers, 34-year-old said kouachi received terrorist training from al qaeda in yemen. his 32-year-old brother cherif kouachi was featured in a documentary as an aspiring rapper, and spent time in a french prison on terrorism charges. both brothers have been on the u.s. fly-list for years. we'll have more on the terrorism and counterterrorism. the fiery debate this has sparked on freedom of speech, first. it was treated after the attack: it wasn't just extremists who expressed that opinion. an op ed in the 'financial times' said:

both received a fierce backlash online. where is the line between religious sensitivity and freedom of expression. let's bridge in nina burly, an award-winning investigate if journalist who wrote about the subject in news week with a piece entitled "after "charlie hebdo", moderate islam must speak out", by phoenix, dr zudi, the president of the islamic for u democracy, and an author. it is good to have you both with us. i'll start with you doctor, there has been many - not just muslims - who have expressed the feeling that you provoke extremists, what do you expect? is that blaming the victims. ? are these people trying to have it both ways saying what do you

expect if you publish something offensive, but on the other hand, the murder is wrong? >> there's no doubt it's hypocritical. the test of a free society is the fact that as the new york times piece mentioned, blass femy is the test of a society, and it's that speech that incites violence that tests the limits of whether you live in a liberal society. as a muslim. i do not want a society that treats us with kid gloves. you can have broad way criticizing mormonism, and others, but don't do it against muslims, they'll be violent. i want to be treated equally, and i want to belong to a faith that is treated in a way that is the 21st century. when we make excuses saying they are inciting it, you are saying the religion that prophet mohammed taught, is people come

and go, we have a lot of reform form to do and we have to age we have a problem. >> -- acknowledge we have a problem. >> you wrote extremism can't exist with western ideals and moderates must speak out. many have. what would you say to moderate muslims, who repudiate the murder, but say they can't stand with the french satirical that responsibilities. >> well, what i would say to them first is right here. pen mightier than the sword. there are hundreds of thousands of muslims if not millions, voting with their feet getting in votes, spilling boats to sinking in the mediterranean to get to the shores of society in

which words not violence are used to settle differences. that's the first thing. moderate muslims need to feel supported that, you know, we are paying attention. the poor people in bacar, the people in mosul under the grip of these goons. i hope that they are able to understand that there are people who are writing about them, and who are speaking for them, and who are speaking out against this really fascistic mentality. so free speech is something that i think moderate muslims want. and i think that it's just a matter of enough people like the doctor, and others coming forward and having the courage to speak out against the small system.

>> the point, there are so many muslim voting with their feet, leaving countries where there's extremism and coming to the west. are the extremists, in fact, is that the objective that they are forcing people to pick a side by saying religious beliefs trump beliefs that are secular? >> there's no doubt one of the goals of terrorists, and remember one of the people killed at this magazine was a muslim, a copy editor. the police officers killed point blank was muslims, they want to make it uncomfortable for muslims to live in the society by seeing they have a divide between the western modernity and the islamic state. many muslims proved in revolution 2.0, that they don't want the brother hood, islamist running government, the islamists dominating and telling them what is and is not blahs femy. mursi compared it to being

criticism of islam - if we make it about terror, it is a symptom. under the iceberg is a bigger problem, which is the fuel of the control of speech where government becomes - this is why the forum responded on the separation of state. unless you put an end to all islamic states, you will not be able to defeat the fuel with which blass femy laws get an inspifration. -- inspiration. secular states, and muslim as a secular muslim that loves my faith, i fight against the islam-o-patriots, saying i would want to die for america, not an islamic state that believes in jihad. my jihad is personal between me and god. >> something you pointed out, that you talked about as being a vicious circle is extremists

want to insight anger in europe because then there could be a backlash against muslims, and could lead to more troops. >> clearly that is the goal. there's so much simmering anger. you know, the countries, the european countries are under economic tres now, and that -- economic stress now, and that pits the lower class against the lower class. you have a situation that is right for a backlash, and, of course, that will occur here that's what the people want. one hopes people will come together and not respond in that way. there were a couple of attacks already. i think listening to the doctor, i think, you know, everybody should - once again, let's tone down the rhetoric, let's tone down the conversation and remember you know, these are a

small minority, a large group of billions of people that believe in a certain religion, and they are not all coming after cartoonists with kalashnikovs. >> a lot of people op both sides are not toning it down. let's listen to something bill marr said wednesday night. >> hundreds of millions of them support an attack like this, they applaud an attack like this. they say "we don't approve of violence, but when you make fun of the profit all bets are off." maher is exaggerating greatly, but is this not the danger. a civilisation and the muslim world will be condoned. what is the responsibility of hundreds of millions of muslims that rejected the violence. >> the responsibility is to give behind denial and recognise there's a fuel for radicalism.

the newspaper, the magazine was being sued by islamist groups in france, groups that wanted to sue them to put them in gaol for defaming the koran, islam. that's the slippery asleep where you have mill taned saying "i'll show them", and they kill them in a terrorist act. underneath this is the need to reform. saying we need to come to terms with modernity. the western standard is brandenburg versus ohio, unless someone calls for the death and murder of an individual, the rest is free speech. muslims need to have large movements in which to condemn major islamic groups, that are speech. >> either you have freedom of speech for you don't. the doctor mentioned in the new york "the times" op-ed if a large enough groups of someones is willing to kill you for

saying something, then it's something that almost needs to be said, otherwise the violence have veto power over liberal civilisation, when that scenario obtains, it's not really a liberal civilisation any more. i am sure you agree with that point. a final word? >> well said. the way i ended my piece yesterday is there are many, many men and women in the world who will never ever have power, and that is why it's so important to have the ability to speak truth to power, and laughing at power is a human right. >> nina burly, dr zudi josser, good of you both to share your thoughts with us. for more we are joined by paris by founder of terror risk, a consulting firm focussing on political and security risk. she's an analyst on islamism and terrorism for the ministry section of foreign affairs.

here we are joined by robin mcfadden, former assistant director of intelligence services, where he investigated the u.s.s. "cole" bombing. good to have you both was. anne, you're a former colleague of one of the police officers killed during the attack on "charlie hebdo". so i'd like to start by extending my condolences on the loss of a friend. there. >> yes, we should. >> at the newspaper. it was a known target. cherif kouachi had been convicted on terror-related charges - he was well-known to police, raising a real concern of how they were able to conceal the plot and pull it off. >> yes. you're right. i think the target was - let's

say it was no more a priority, so that can explain why there was a gap in the situation, in the system. the same thing for sheriff. he had to recall in the intelligence and the justice legal system. he was arrested and spent time in prison, what was involved in iraqi - i mean iraqi people to be sent - i mean, volunteer to be sent to iraq network during the beginning much 2000. >> this was a case where countless warnings had been given, so many thought this was something that - you know, it wasn't a question of if, but when an attack like this could happen. is part of the issue that france

faces, that people that may have terrorist intentions can move easily from normal immigrant underground. >> well you know, it's not easy at all. as you can see, there's a raising - i mean, phenomena in europe and in france also. i mean, it's - we are - we have, really, to review our strategy approach of fighting against terrorists. it's not only - it's not like before, and our strategy is not well adapted to the evolution of this - the threats. >> talking about defense, robert, the head of the center for the analysis of terrorism in france, basically there's no way of monitoring these people once they leave prison by this guy. if there's no way of

monitoring people whom we know, those that have been active in terrorism accusation, how week is worldwide intelligence to follow the people. >> first, it's good to be here, and condolences for our colleagues in france for the terrible tragedy yesterday. what it speaks to is capacity, and practicalities of following every lead and suspect who has convicted once out of prison. not impossible, and an extraordinary challenge that happens every day. one of the aspects here, and i would speak about france in the sense that it has a significant ethnic minority within the country - 10% or more of the population looking at the united

states, trust between the community and law enforcement, because the key ingredient in mitigating and finding out about something like a small cell is usually a tip from the public. whether it's a cohort, family member, someone that worships or in the same house of worship. >> we have heard so much about the n.s.a. and the power of surveillance, and clearly in this case - i know france has effective intelligence groups. >> certainly does. >> and security operation, that they weren't able to detect a guy who was known and follow him. i know attorney general eric holder is going over to focus on a conference talking about foreign fighters. france, as mentioned, has a large muslim population, and the post nationals that have gone to fight with i.s.i.l., syria and iraq. that brings up the issue of is europe's problem our problem?

is france's problem our problem, because those foreign fighters come easily because of a waiver, visas for europeans. >> complex topic. the short answer is no. you see, france has things that are unique to france and more of a contrast to north america. you mentioned the foreign fighters. by our estimates, 700 as of the spring, and closer to 1,000 now. in the united states we don't have anywhere near the number. >> let's talk about the numbers - the report in france on terrorists, the back bone for tougher anti-terrorism legislation passed in november. it found the number of french individuals who posed a threat soared by 58% last year to more than 1200. as we talked about, france has the higher number of nationals joining i.s.i.l. in iraq and syria. is there a feeling in france that the problem is getting more and more out of control? >>

it doesn't mean that it's not completely not under control. i mean, it's a complex issue, because you know there is also - it's not a question of islam or communities or whatever. it's a question of exclusion. we have created - i mean, everybody has a part of responsibility. and those people, they are not like ignorance, a lot of them - they feel that they have a problem of identity in their own societies, they feel that they are not part of our society. what is happening now in france - there is, you know, warring and there are many people gathered in the street, showing that we - the freedom of

expression and so on. i feel the occasion, the opportunity for france to ask itself a key question, what is our identity, who are we? and i know that the british have done that justar the attack in 2005, and they have addressed that issue globally at a national level. and i hope this time we will - we try to understand what is wrong in our society. >> the integration problem has been worse in france than it has been in the united states. now we are seeing these attacks on soft targets in australia, france, arguably, in canada - there it was on parliament hill, so it may not have been a soft target. this involved the military style attack, and it was unique in

that these guys seem to want to get away, wanted to do what they did, and get away. as jeh johnson, homeland security secretary said, has the complex? >> well, in a very - the shortest of answers, yes, absolutely. what you have here - the interpret lone wolf is in the lexicon about an individual that may or may not be linked to a group that acts out violently. we have the term wolf pack, which may apply to what's in france. what is consistent though, and more important than group affiliation or identity is the toxic ideology. the ideology that is the motivator. there may be influence by the exer stations of the islamic state or al qaeda. for those not inside the drop to act out. what you have is a common

thread, that extremist ideology which is black and white and says this is our way, the only way. if you don't live by what we do, you'll face violence. you have that kind of strain that is filling the vowed for a lot of young me in both the combatant areas, north-east nigeria, yemen and places like that, but the disaffected and lost soles whether in united states or a higher percentage in a place like france. >> and in this interconnected world it's hard to fight that. robert, good to see you, and thank you for joining us from paris, anne. >> thank you now for more stories from around the world we begin in in north-eastern nigeria, where people are fleeing after boko haram reportedly burnt some 16 villages to the ground, killing

at least 100, and leaving 2,000 unaccounted for. local officials say roads are covered in bodies after the day's long sault, which began when the terrorist group overran a military group. concerns are growing that boko haram will disrupt the upcoming presidential election set for february 14th next to the u.s. - bone-chilling temperatures and biting winds numb the eastern part of the country. two were killed after white out caused a pile-up in western peninsula. windchills dipped below 47. with these temperatures, you may as well head to mars. mars weather tweeted this - it will be colder than mars' "curiosity" location in gale counter throughout the u.s. and canada next to grid iron where the investigation into the handling of domestic abuse declared that

the league, roger goodell had not seen the elevator incident before the public did. the release of that video led to the n.f.l. making rice's suspension intelligent. the report by robert muller, commissioned by the league blamed the n.f.l. for relying too much on the krill justice system, not being too aggressive with its own investigation. we end on capitol hill, where barbara boxer announced she'll retire before the end of her term in 2016. she announced the skills with her grond son, which is hillary clinton's nephew. is caught many offguard, including tom nelson. >> your reaction to senator box's retirement. >> she called me wanting to talk to me personally. dinner. >> that is some of what is happening around the world.

why the cost of obama care has come workers feeling the squeeze. we look at the effects is government secrecy hurting our democracy, a look at the lords of secrecy. and harmeli aregawi is tackling the top stories on the web. >> the courts ruling on forcing people to under go chemotherapy. the court's ruling coming up. let us know what you think: [[vo]] rock star astronaut chris hadfield. >>everything i've done has been fun stuff. [[vo]] mind-blowing discoveries & >>it's on the edge of impossible. [[vo]] terrifying near-death experiences & >>if it had been higher, it'd hit us. [[vo]] and an exciting future that's closer than you think. >>go from being an air traveller to being a space traveller. >>you see it as the future. >>i see it as inevitable. [[vo]] every monday, join us for exclusive, revealing and surprising talks with the most interesting people of our time.

about 57% of people under 65 in the u.s. get health insurance through employers, more than 150 million people. as the cost benefit analysis of obama care is clearer, u.s. workers may not get much of a benefit.

in fact, the new report shows over the last tech aid premiums and deduct abilities grew faster in every state. in some cases what workers paid for insurance soared 175%. harvard professors who championed the affordable care act are baulking. the faculty of college of arts and sciences said they were tantamount to a pay cut. who is benefitting from obama care? joining us from san francisco to talk about the report and what too expect going forward is james robertson, professor of health economics at the university of california is the burkely. good to have you -- berkeley. good to have you back an the show. i want to start with harvard and its enrolment guide. it says the university has to respond to the trend of rising health care costs, including

some driven by health care reform. these professors are realising that employers are passing on more costs to the employees. >> with respect to the costs at harvard, the people need to get with the programme. they are people with unbelievably rich benefits and have been consuming health care as if it were free, which it's not. we are going have sustainable control of health care costs if everybody, particularly people like university professors recognise that they are spending real money, and not the money of someone else. my sympathy for my colleagues at harvard is limited. >> premiums still are going up far faster than general inflation or salaries, premiums and deductibles for workers, costing 10% of their salaries across the country. is it worse than expected? >> you

know, obama care is not what is going on. what the affordable care act is about is extending insurance to those that don't have insurance. 15 million have insurance, previously they did not have insurance. these are people with no jobs, or transient jobs. they are net beneficiaries, there's no doubt that they are winners. obviously those premiums are subsidised. someone has to pay for that and the rest of us are paying for that. the employers that offered generous insurance coverage, such assist my own at the university of california are feeling stressed because they see the premiums going up. it's mainly due to new technologies, medical technologies that are expensive, good, but expensive, and are shifting it to employees, through premiums and co-payments and deductibles. the drop in

uninsured americans is 4.2 percentage points lower than obama care, so that's millions who have insurance. some good news is the rate of employee premium and deductible growth has grown a bit. it's slowed down and slowed to 2.1%, between 2010-2013 it was 5.1%. 2003, 2010. how much is attributable to obama care. how much is recession. >> i don't think care is the main driver. if i may say so. the second major cause is the increase in consumer cost. people are paying more pocket and are becoming more careful with what they by and when they by it. -- guy it. there's intelligent and

unintelligent cost sharing. intelligent cost sharing is the requirements that say you are going pay more if you use treatments that are unproven or ineffective or care that is more expensive or higher price than you need given the alternatives. you should pay more. on the other hand unintelligent cost sharing is if you use necessary care, and where you are chooseing cost effective providers, that's what we need to get rid of. >> if you did a cost benefit analysis, factoring in increased fees and taxes, which are not just people making 250 grand, are more people benefitting than those who are not? >> i think that the vast majority in the middle are benefitting, they have richer

benefits, people didn't know the benefits. working poor are better off. people are paying more taxes than we were before, and that is - i don't know how to explain it. it's part of being in a civilized society. i don't want to have uninsured children in america. >> prover james robinson, good to have you on the show, hope to see you soon time to see what is trending on the web. >> connecticut warned that they can force a person to undergo chemotherapy. the 17-year-old was diagnosed with hoch kins lymphoma. she refused chemotherapy, believing it would have organ damage and infertility and said she'd rather explore alternative treatments, doctors say without chemotherapy she will die. with it she has an 80% chaps of survival.

cassandra's lawyer and mother said even though she's not 18, she's mature enough to make decisions about her health care. the court disagreement upholding an original ruling saying: cassandra's mother called the decision a mistake. >> i wouldn't want my daughter to die. she doesn't want to die. she should have a chose and an option of what treatment she wants for the cancer. how she wants to treat it, where she wants to get treated and with that said she doesn't want poisons put in her body. our viewers say:

cassandra's temporarily in protective custody. the state stepped in after doctors report cassandra's mother for missed appointments and arguments about her daughter's diagnosis. let us know what you think about the case. tweet me at hermella tv. >> it's a difficult case. has secrecy and the american government gone too far. is it hurting the democracy. >> you know how they say that everybody has a purpose in life? well, at one time, i felt that selling cocaine was my purpose. >> we was starvin', just lookin' for a way to succeed. >> the first time i seen rock cocaine was 1980.

>> the murder rate was sky-high. >> south of the 10 freeway, was kind of a "no-man's land". >> you know, we're selling it for the blacks. i said, you go into these neighborhoods, there's no cops you can sell it where you want and when they start killing each other, nobody cares. >> i was going through like a million dollars worth of drugs just about every day. >> that's like gold! >> we can make a fortune! >> he was maybe the biggest guy in l.a. >> freeway rick was getting his dope from a very big operator. i think we're into something that's bigger than us. something we really can't deal with. >> they had been trafficking on behalf of the united states government. >> she could prove what she was saying. >> [rapping] crack in the system. >> [rapping] this is los angeles.

secrecy is pure. in a democracy like ours where

citizens have power, according to my next guest it's restrict by the laws of secrecy. top policy makers try to control what the public are allowed to know about the government. for more, i'm joined by scott hore pin. the author of "lords of secrecy ". great to have you with us. >> great to be with you. >> we barely have a seen a war since world war ii. in that context, is it normal to think that secrecy and the national security apparatus would be stronger and possibly has that been necessary? >> it's predictable that it would become stronger. predictable since world war ii, when we knew the country was regearing to go into a period where there's a need for a

standing army, navy and intelligence apparatus. it's not surprising. what is surprising is that after the cold war when the experts thought we'd ratchet back on the secrecy and open with a better informed public and more public happened. >> 9/11 and terrorism came. before we get to today. let's go back a little bit in time, and you write about un project that illustrates your three sis, which is a project that withheld the information, about what we knew about the soviets and their programme. the national security apparatus held it away from president harry truman. >> that's right and harry truman was a great critic of secrecy in the american government. and the concern was whether there was a tendency to stove pipe intelligence with the use

of secrecy. so that the actual government decision makers that need to know the secrets never know about them. that's a perfect example. >> that has all sorts of consequences. it makes the people with these secrets less accountable. >> exactly right. we have the german sociologist that wrote at the beginning of the last century, that it's predict liable that it will be used to cover up maecks, and you have to -- mistakes, and you have to watch out that incompetent people rise to the top of those agencies. >> more importantly, by having so much secrecy, it's not allowing democracy to function. voters are not informed about things they need to be informed about to make important decisions. that's the core of the issue. if you define how you define

democracy, there's many forums used. one constant si, directly or indirectly there's a decision about whether to go war or make peace. one thing we see in america over the last 10-11, 12 years, is these critical decisions about committing the troops and military resources overseas are made without consultation, without the people being informed about them. we have a new kind of warfare, which is overt. >> in the context of this war, for want of a better word that happened after 9/11, and talking about voters and democracy - the question is how much do voters care? how much are they willing to trade security for knowledge? >> these two things tie together very tightly.

so the less people know, the less they care. interest is infectious as a philosopher once said. the more people know, and the better informed and the more they realise them in their lives the more they tend to care about them. secrecy breeds a lack of interest in the public. >> we did a segment about this last year, and it's the last chapter of your book, called drowning in secrets. it's massive the amount of material that is secret. it fills warehouses. 92 million decisions to classify things were made in 2013. there are widely divergent numbers about how many people have top secret clearance, from the 800,000 in "the washington post," to as many as 4 million. seems to be that 5 million have confidential clearance. so clearly it could seem that it's out of control.

>> it's not that secret to start with. the working number i'm given is 5 million, at some higher level of security classification. you have 5 million people working around with access to a large number of secrets that will not be secrets for long. that's a fundamental point. we have a lot of material that shouldn't be secret that is secret, meaning it's kept out of the public space, people can't talk about it. >> you make a good point, there secret. >> absolutely. three categories should be secret, like the nuclear bomb. ciptography. signals intelligence, and the identity of people serving as covert agents for the united states, or their helpers. with respect to those categories, they are areas of public interest. with the weapons systems, how

much it will cost us is something that people are knilted to know -- entitled to know is what people are entitled to know. how they are built dash no, they are not required to know that. the government has a need for secrecies. >> how do you balance the need for secrecy to help with national security, and the need to know? >> there's no simple formula, the bottom line test is that the people should have access to enough information to be able to participate in a meaningful questions. >> do you see things changing? >> i see things going in the wrong direction. there is constantly less information available, and the drone war in pakistan is an example. that was approved as a one-off or a series of one-off tactical strikes by the c.i.a., everyone was agreed they could do that.

when it turns into a 10-year war with 300 or 400 strikes and 4,000 people as casualties, it looks like a war, not a tactical manoeuvre. >> it's a thought prove ebbing book. it's called laws of secrecy, and america's stealth warfare. a pleasure to have you with us. >> coming up, should you skip milk. concerns over whether it does the body more harm than good. first, a brutal year in context. >> devastating climates... >> if we don't get rain we'll be in dire straits... >> scientists fighting back... >> we've created groundhog day here... >> hi-tech led farming... >> we always get perfect plants everyday... >> feeding the world... >> this opens up whole new possibilities... >> tech know's team of experts show you how the miracles of science... >> this is my selfie what can you tell me about my future? >> can effect and surprise us... >> don't try this at home... >> tech know where technology meets humanity only on al jazeera america

it's crazy money that you can make here. [[vo]] behind america's oil boom. >>it's a ticking time bomb. [[vo]] uncovering shocking working conditions. >>do you know what chemicals have been in that tank? [[vo]] and the deadly human cost. >>my big brother didn't wake up the next day. [[vo]] faultlines. al jazeera america's hard-hitting & >>today, they will be arrested. [[vo]] ground-breaking & >>they're firing canisters and gas at us! [[vo]] emmy award winning investigative series. today's data dive puts a bloody year in context. 2014 was devastating, especially in syria, iraq and afghanistan. those countries suffered the highest death tolls in jeers, and fears are that 2015 could be worse. it's easy to lose site of the violence, so we'll put it in

context courtesy of a security firm. syria suffered the worst death toll since the civil war broke out four years ago - 76,000 people. more than the u.s. lost in vietnam in two decades of conflict, and equal to the loss of every spectator at the world cup final in rio, including players and vendors. the world reacted with outrage at the massacre of 142 students in pakistan. that's a fraction of kids killed in children. 3500 lost their lives, peshawar. >> four times higher than all u.s. military deaths for the entire war, losing their lives in afghanistan 32 afghan civilians were killed, nearly as many civil cans as killed in 30 years of

fighting in northern ireland. context. >> coming up. is milk bad from you.

got milk, it may not be as

good for your body as you are told. consume, dairy products into adulthood may not have health benefits and could lead to higher rates of bone fractures and death. dairy's a $100 billion industry with lobby groups and support, and the debate is far from settled. dr david cats director of the yale griffin prevention center, an expert in nutrition, weight management and chronic disease who has written on the benefits and draw backs of dairy. good to have you with us. a number of studies over the last few years show a wide range of results. mostly few benefits, maybe negative benefits from consuming dairy into adulthood. common knowledge has been that milk is good for your bones, does your body good. what should people believe? >> right. good to be with you. you know, this topic is in a

constant state of fraud, because studies are going in both directions. to front load with a punch line i think you can have an optimum diet without dairy. vegans ex-clues dairy, and they are some of the healthiest people on earth. mediterranean diets include dairy and they are also some of the heathiest people on earth. in terms of research, as you indicated, there has been surprises - a study that looked at milk consumption finding higher mortality rates, and higher fracture rates in people that consume more milk. one of the issues there is what is the baseline diet? >> i think if you are consuming more milk instead of soda you are trading up. if you consume milk and adding excess protein or fat, there are likely to be harms.

we have the dash trials, dietary approaches to stop hypertension showing a pretty strong link between dairy intake and reduced levels of blood pressure and reduced cardio vascular risk. there's advantages of dairy in that it's saishiating, helping you get and stay full. it doesn't necessarily confer the benefits we hope itted would for bone help and depending on the role in the diet, that will benefit if there's net benefit or harm. >> one of things point out is that humans are the only mammals that drink milk into adulthood. >> it's a great point. i've been fascinated with that. it's normal for adult mammals to be lactose intolerant.

the gene that makes the embryo lactate turns off in baby animals. human being are different. there are no other mammals that use cellphones or talk on television for that matter. we are different. and the fact is that we have evolved in the modern era. friendships, northern europeans that had dairy as part of the diets for thousands of years are almost all lactose toll rant. there was a -- tolerant. >> people with the gene switched on had more babies that had more babies that grow up. native americans, ethnic chinese and other groups that did not have dairy for part of their experience for hundreds of years are almost lactose intolerant. the reality is it's normal for some adults to consume dare yip.

answer. >> the health benefits of milk and other products might come from substituting more on healthy options. you made a point that it might be more beneficial in united states and other places. you talked about the dairy industry and lobby. and they do good work. they don't look at dairy instead of what. again, if you take an optimal vegan diet, diverse food and people drinking water, will they be better off if we add milk, butter, ice-cream, and the answer is probably not. in a typical american diet where people are drinking soda, if, instead they drink milk. are they better off?

>> almost certainly, yes. >> another issue is that we are not out in the sun that often, and the issue of activity, both are important thing that we don't do enough of in the united states. >> in terms of bone health - the best thing to help bones is to use it. people, whether they consume a lot of calcium or not. if they are out in the sun making vitamin d. using bones and muscles, that tends to keep them strong. there may be more benefit from dairy, compared to those around the world that consume no dairy. dairy can be a good source of calcium and vitamin d. elsewhere. >> different effects from dairy, versus high fat. yoghurt, cheese, ice-cream. >> debate about the saturated fat.

evidence ipp diets an excess of fact as a causal contributor to heart disease. the dairy in my despite is organic, fat free plain greek yoghurt. it's no that i'm fat phobia. but get fat from nuts, seeds, oils, avocado, olive oil and fish what about calcium and ? >> we have less evidence for calcium supplements being beneficial than we have for dairy. it's a murky topic. a litter clearer for vitamin b. if you get a fair amount of calcium and vitamin d. if you are out in the sun, you probably don't need a supplement. for people that eat little dairy and don't see much of the sup, because we work indoors. a vitamin d supplement is a good idea.

for some women the combination may be a good idea. the evidence is not a slam dunk. that's where i say confer with your doctor. it ought toe about about you, not everybody. >> a lot of questions, but it's good to weigh through them. >> through the kurds and whey. >> that's all for now. the conversation continues on the website aljazeera.com/considerthis. we are on facebook and twitter the a --@ajconsiderthis and >> the sun isn't up yet, but david godeski is. godeski has been homeless in washington d.c. for nearly 7 years. last night, like most, he slept outside. with affordable housing getting increasingly scarce here there's been a spike in the number of homeless. churches, food pantries, the

city, are all scrambling to meet the demand. at the public library's main branch, homeless individuals rush in when the doors open, some are even dropped off by a shuttle bus from the homeless shelters. once inside, they log onto computers to job hunt or check email. they meet friends or just read protected from the elements. >> for many years we would sort of open our doors and say "okay, we've done our job", because we're providing them a warm place to go if they've got no place else to be. >> now, social worker jean badalamenti will help provide information on homeless services and will "sensitize" staff. while government, residents and local businesses argue over the role of the libraries, david godeski is just glad they're here. >> having a place like this where things are controlled, it's a godsend. >> so godeski will be back every day he can.

♪ a deadly attack on a french satire magazine, did a culture war in europe set the stage. also the battle in congress over the keystone pipeline. and will the american dream of middle class homeownership ever become reality again? "real money." ♪ one day after a shooting spree that killed 12 people at the magazine charlie hebdo, france is mourning.