u a bank account and pay your rent, get back in touch with your kids, their ex wifes all the tough stuff that keeps people from staying sober. "techknow" >> announcer: this is "techknow", a show about innovation, we explore humanity, and we'll do if in a unique way. this is a show about science by scientists. tonight military technology in the e.r. >> night vision goggles show surgeons something they could never see before.

brighter. >> dr shini somara is a mechanical engineer. kyle hill is an engineer. and i, phil torres, am an ento meteorologist. tonight - los angeles builds for the future, but discovers a secret deep under a subway line. >> i was the first person to ever see that. >> reporter: ever see what? >> a rare fossil. see. >> that's our team, now, let's do some science. [ ♪ music ♪ ] hello, welcome to "techknow". i'm phil torres.

joining me today is kyle hill, dr shini somara, and dr crystal dilworth. we have great stuff coming up. we'll start with you crystal dilworth - you have a new look at cancer. >> all of us know one person affected by cancer. i had a chance to go into the operating room and look at a new technique allowing surgeons to actually see cancer. let's take a look. >> reporter: during the gulf war soldiers used night vision goggles that allowed them to see in complete darkness. now, at barnes jewish hospital at washington university school of medicine, besides a mask, surgical scrubs and gloves, this doctor will wear the same technology for her next surgery.

this is a 72-year-old woman who noticed a lump, had a biopsy by needle core that showed a breast cancer. i thought she was a great candidate for lumpectomy, which she was up for. and we'll do a biopsy to see if there has been a spread to her lymph nodes. >> reporter: before the surgery this patient was injected with a green icg eye - invisible to the naked eye, it binds to the proteins in the cancer cells. >> i can see. >> the tissue - all you'll see is the colorless material. but with this, you can now see it light up. >> so the first thing we are going to do is find the lymph node, and that fluorescent dye will be visible. okay. i think we ought to put the goggles on now. >> reporter: next, the doctor

puts on a pair of cancer-detecting goggles. >> much better. >> lights out. >> okay. light. >> reporter: i red light is pointed on the area she's operating. the goggles detect the area's fluorescent. from a computer monitor attached to the goggles, we are able to see what the doctor is seeing inside the goggles in real time. >> are you guys seeing that. that's clear. we are seeing the fluorescent dye taken up in the lymph node where the cancer flow goes to. i'm going to take that lymph node out. >> during the early experimental phase the goggles are tested for accuracy. they are doing what their invendor heaped. first, confirming tests that detected cancer cells in patients and second, allowing the surgeons to get an idea of

how much cancerous tissue needs to be removed. these are called surgical margins. in surgery the goal is to take out the cancerous tissue, along with a rim of tissue around it. if the cancer cells come to the edge of the tissue or too close, additional surgery may be implemented. >> reporter: how did you get the idea for the surgeries? >> the surgeries told me a problem was seeing images on an m.r.i. and ct scan. when you go into the operating room, there's nothing. it's like working in the dark. as you saw today. >> reporter: what led you to fluorescent imaging? >> the goal is to be able to detect very small cells, and the that. >> these

goggles will help detect timers less than a millimetre in size. >> we often don't have the detail of microscopic investigation to allow us to do a removal of the tour. one of the issues is many patients require second surgeries in order to remove additional disease that was not surgery. >> reporter: the doctor proves the point during the lumpectomy. >> looks like there's another one. hold on. >> okay. brighter. >> according to the national institute of health between 20 and ta% of breast cancer patients must undergo additional surgeries, and skin melanoma usually requires a secondary. >> i had a spot on the bottom of my foot.

it was a malignant melanoma. they did one surgery. >> reporter: on the second surgery grandfather-of-six was one of the first patients to have his melanoma removed using the google system. >> they tracked it back to the individual lymph node that it from, assured that they got it all in one swoop. there's no guesswork. >> what is your hope or final goal for this technology? >> my final goal is to make it a routine system that we'll be using at all hospitals. for brainsenioringry, for example -- brain surgery, where you do take out a lot of tissue, you have to be highly specific. in that case this google will be a life saver. >> would it be an exaggeration to say this will revolutionize

the way that you and others like you do this work. >> the numbers are pretty staggering. i don't think it's a leap to say the goggles have the ability to revolutionize the way we deal with breast cancers and other cancers to make us more effective at what we do, more cost effective and reduce the anxiety and second procedures that many of the patients are forced to go through. >> it seems like this worked every single time they've tried it, which is unusual in science, that it's 100% successful. >> it is true, but has only been applied to about 12 patients and in the testing phases. they are only using it to test the accuracy of other techniques. i'm so excited to see this used more frequently, and i think it surgery. >> it seems to be tested on breast and skin cancer.

does the dye stick to all kinds of cancer? >> the dye itself is attached to a label. that label could be specific for a cancerous protein, or label cells with high metabolism, which means they are dividing similar to the cells. they are working on how to make it more targeted, how can they make it better and more efficient, and different types of cancer. >> when cancer is aggressive it starts to spread to other areas of the body. once something like this is dyed with the technology, would it carry with it, to see where the cancer spread to. is it something you'd have to reapply? >> it would be something you do have to constantly reapply. i don't think the life-time of the label in the body would be long enough to do that study. now, they are only doing surgeries for cancer that has not metastasized. >> fascinating.

hopefully it will be standard in operating rooms in the next 20 years. >> next, 10 miles away from here, in the heart of l.a. they are constructing a subway system. it will be great. they can celebrate. scientists are digging in, they are uncovering mysteries that are tens of thousands of years old. we'll check it out after the break. >> we want to hear what you think about these stories. join the conversation by following us on twitter and at

[ ♪ music ♪ ] >> hey, welcome back to "techknow". i wept 10 miles away from here. there's a place called la brea tar pits, and you may have smelt it, that is methane gas. besides the smell it's a gold mine for scientists. the fossils they are uncovering

in the area are unlike any other place in north america, and they are uncovering mysteries of the past and giving us an idea of our global warming future. it's all from digging out a subway in l.a. let's check it out. [ ♪ music ♪ ] . >> reporter: it's called the miracle mile, a stretch of los angeles defined by deco cool and modern museums. now its future is defining it's prehistory orric past. >> we've gone down 70 feet, 330,000 years. >> from the sub way to the sea - a treasure trove of ancient goodies has been uncovered, proving the sea was here. >> 300,000 years ago this was all ocean, and it had flooded a forest and it was cool and it was nice - much nicer than

100 degrees today jim scott is the palliantologist on the site. >> these fossils are 180 years old. there's a lot of cold water clams. on the right is a gooey duck and washington clams - we have them off the coast of california, but further north. the presence of these cold-water clams tells us that we had much cooler waters 300,000 years ago. we are getting amazing things from this shaft. >> reporter: that subway shaft is across the street from the la brea tar pits, the richest ice-age fossil site in the world. a little over a century ago this was an asphalt mine until a shocking discovery was made around where i was standing - thousands and thousands of prehistoric bones, pallian tollogical gold, and they are

still taking them out today. >> we have been taking fossils out of the ground, collecting the big bones, small creatures, insects, rodents and plants. >> reporter: john is the chief curator at the museum. >> this is telling us about what the environment was like when los angeles was in the peak of the ice aim. >> reporter: what was the environment like? >> in pit 91, 27,000 years ago, the average yearly temperature was 52 degrees and the rain fall 19, like the conditions in washington d.c. >> reporter: you can see the record. >> you can see them, yes. >> reporter: and this is why they have got such great specimens. this is the tough. this is the magic that made the fossils happen. >> exactly. >> reporter: two inches of this and a giant animal could get stuck in it.

>> absolutely. animals. >> there's mammoth, and elephant size and larger. >> reporter: these are giant animals, huge, stuck in 2 inches of this. >> exactly. >> reporter: my question is how sticky is it? >> you could always try. >> reporter: that is thick, i can't get it off my fingers. it's amazing that this is the substance allowing the research to go on. >> isn't it fun to play with? >> reporter: a little too much fun. what is fun is discovering something new from on old fine, now that technology has caught up with curiosity. it been -- it can be studied with 3d technology. it. >> we are able to look inside is see for the first time, something we would never see with human eyes.

>> reporter: how do you pull it off with something small? >> it's a microscanner. it's intensive. >> reporter: two leaf-cutter bugs that can be compared. >> this is a modern bug and this is the fossil contrasted with it. you can see the eye, the eye. here is the wing right there. >> reporter: these things haven't changed in about 40,000 years. >> i was the first person to ever see it. and then there's an image and we can share and show rare fossils that see. mouth. >> reporter: no trouble seeing this fossil discovered in 2006 during an excavation for a nearby parking garage. >> you guys work on pretty big specimens, including this beast.

what is this. >> this is z, a full-grown male columbian mammoth. we radio accommodated him to 35,000 years old. >> z turns out because you had a picture of course model. where you see t. >> we can study lymph proportions of its kind. we found tusks before, but these or complete tusks that we found. 23. >> project 23 is a large collection of ice-age fossils that were found next door to the construction. >> researchers found 23 crates that they are picking through. >> we found 15 deposits making double our collection discovered in the past

100 years, digging in the ground, on the ground. >> reporter: in the ground, on the ground. >> it's fascinating, it's like digging for treasure. >> reporter: you guys are digging more and better. >> we can't cleanaway the outside, so we save the microfossils, so we focus on the stuff. >> reporter: and you are able to get better apps from the things you -- answers from the things you find. >> that's right. the more evidence you have, the better the story you can tell. so i have to say, i visited the la brea tar pits when i was little with my parents. the one thing i wanted to do, that i didn't get a chance to do is touch the tar. i'm jealous. >> playing with the tar. it was sticky, it took my about 10 minutes to get it off my hands, i can see why it would get an animal

stuck. >> these tar pits seem to be good at preserving the animals, is that because the tar. >> the asphalt and the bacteria you don't get feather or hair, so that made it difficult to get d.n.a., but as far as preserving the structure, they can tell a lot about an animal based on the skeletal structure. it's thanks to the asphalt. >> what is amazing is that you really see in the tar pits how much the climate changed. l.a., essentially, was under water once upon a time, and the tar pits are evidence of that. >> absolutely. the asphalt that you get there comes from marine life in this area a very long time ago. millions of years ago. it's an interesting insight that you get of looking at the old life preserved by older life. i have some goodies, and this is the asphalt, and really old wood from one of the l.a. subway digs.

what is interesting is the subways are digging 70 feet down, so they are getting older speaks mums. these are 300,000 years old compared to the ice aim stuff that is tens of thousands. what stands out is how well preserved these are. this is a cyprus tree, 300,000 years old. look at it. you can see the details thing. it. decayed. >> it's still brain. >> it is still brown. that is nuts. that's the magic of asphalt and why it's such a treasure for the scientists because it preserves things so well. a funny story about these is that they are - i mean, 300,000 years old, these amazing things to look at. when they were in the "techknow" they accidently got thrown out by the cleaning staff. leave it it the hardworking producer to dump into the

dumpster to get it out so we can be talking about it now. >> one man's trash is another's scientific treasure. >> absolutely. if you want to see more, check out the website. crime scope investigation coming up. what if you use d.n.a. that a suspect left behind to predict what they look like. that is after the break. >> beyond the verdict and on the streets >> there's been another teenager shot and killed by the police >> a fault lines special investigation >> there's a general distrust of this prosecutor >> courageous and in depth... >> it's a target you can't get rid of... >> the untold story... >> who do you protect? >> ...of what's really going on in ferguson >> they were so angry because it could have been them >> fault lines ferguson: race and justice in the u.s. one hour special only on al jazeera america

[ ♪ music ♪ ] hey, guy, welcome back to techknow. i'm phil torres, and with me kyle hill, dr crystal dilworth, and dr shini somara.

at the scene of a crime a suspect leaves dna behind and maybe that can be used to identify a suspect. they are using it in a new way to predict what the suspect may look like. check it out. can d.n.a. left behind at a crime scene give investigators a mug shot of a suspect. scientists at a university devised a technique to make 3d renderings of a person's face using the genetic cold in d.n.a. 600 volunteers were recruited and they captured 7,000 points on each face using mesh, measuring positions of landmark, such as the eyeballs and the nose. comparing the map to the code the researchers zeroed in on 24

variants and genes that determined facial features. >> what do you guys think, it seems preliminary and now they have got some good evidence with it. >> i definitely wouldn't trust it yet. but i'm not sure that i would trust a traditional sketch artist rendition either. but it is a step forward. >> having done the report on facial recognition, i identified problems with the technology, and the sense that it's sensitive to the lighting or the cameras that were used, or if the face was not completely straight on. so there are problems with the technology, how will you reconstruct a face from d.n.a. it seems far fetched. >> at the same time there are general factors that could be beneficial if you never saw the suspect. you could tell if it was a man

or a woman, what race the person was, you can get a general idea of the kind of perpetrate scror, and you could apply that in a germ way. >> i think, if anything we can take from this. it's preliminary and interesting. the question is should they pursue it. the whole question comes into play tomorrow when al jazeera airs "flawed forensics", in this forensics gone wrong. joe huffington served 23 years in prison for a crime he may not have committed because of mishandled d.n.a. >> there were two hairs found at the scene, one on the bedsheet and one on the garter belt of the victim. that was the key evidence of the prosecution. that's what put him at the time and place of the murders.

in 1999 an intern report found problems with what michael malone had done in the huffington case much. >> we are looking through a microscope. you don't know how many characteristics to match, you can choose it. it depends upon the person downing the analysis, not fact. standard. we knew that there were problems with the technique. there are many documented cases where numbers, including michael malone, but not limited to michael malone, have matched carpet fibres to head hair. he had excluded hairs, without explaining why he excluded hairs. he matched hairs without explaining why. he hadn't tape hair samples from all the people who may have been in -- taken hair samples from all of the people that may have been in contact with the body.

results. >> absolutely. this is a great example of how scivening process -- scientific process and important, more important when a life hangs in the balance. such a diverse array of subject. we'll be sure to bring you more like it next week on techno. follow our contributors on twitter, facebook, google+ and more. >>tonight. >> visibility was 3 to 5 nautical miles. >> weathering the storm. >> we want to show people how to replace property against the worst mother nature has to offer. >> experts forecast how to stay safe. >> i'm standing in a tropical windstorm. >> in extreme weather. >> oh my god. >> techknow's team of experts show you how the miracles of science... >> this is my selfie, what can you tell me about my future? >> can affect and surprise us. >> don't try this at home.

>> "techknow" where technology meets humanity. tonight at 7:30 eastern. only on al jazeera america. >> announcer: this is al jazeera. welcome to the newshour. our top stories... ..thousands take to the streets in the biggest protest yet against a houthi takeover of yemen's capital eastern ukraine descend to war. at least 15 dead in mariupol as rockets fall on residential areas. >> there has to be a way of bringing more forces to