i said "honey, i don't have any choice". >> pope francis's motion u.s. visit in philadelphia. a key message today: the contributions of immigrants in america. >> translator: many of you have immigrated to this country at great personal cost. but in the hope of building a new life. >> at the white house a clash of wills between barack obama and the president of china.

at issue: human rights and who controls the south china sea. lagging behind all the rest. and this is al jazeera, good evening everyone, i'm adam may. pope francis wrapping up a very long day in philadelphia, day 5 of his trip to the u.s. he spent the evening at a concert at the festival of families where there, he listened to testimonies from catholic families all around the world. and the poap pope talked about connection between families. saying in spite of hardships they face they have many gifts to offer there country. and all day long in philly,

house othousands of people wereg the streets, hoping to catch a glimpse of what they call the people's pope. one unscripted moment really seemed to highlight the pope's moment, the pope spotted a child in a wheelchair in the crowd, he walked over and offered a special blessing for that kid. jonathan martin live in philadelphia. he's been track all the developments in the day for us. so many tich touching moments aa really busy day for the pope. >> that's right adam. everyone jokes that the pope has a whole lot of energy, seemed like a 12 or 13-hour day seemed to be nonstop, the big day from the mass and the festival

tonight. he has certainly had his moments. the pope arrived in the city of brotherly love. as he headed away from an airport, he made an unexpected stop, blessa ten-year-old boy in a wheelchair who has cerebral palsy. later he held mass at the cathedral of st. peter and paul. pope francis told the crowd of 1600 people that the future of the church depends on more involvement from lay catholics, especially women. >> in a particular way it means valuing the immense contribution which women lay and religious have made and continue to make to the life of our communities >> reporter: the pope has said that women need to have more of a job in the catholic leadership

but has not gone as far as to say women should be priests. >> to be here is so emotional and so cool and so powerful. >> reporter: he arrived to cheers at independence hall, where the declaration of independence and constitution were signed. he stopped to kiss babies and receive gifts from children. he used the same lectern that abraham lincoln delivered the gettysburg address. >> do not be discouraged by whatever challenges and hardships you face. >> reporter: he ended his day at a huge first of all of the world meeting of families. >> translator: never let the day end without making peace.

>> reporter: this is the event that sparked his papal trip to the united states. >> translator: god bless you all and please, pray for me! [cheering and applause] >> reporter: and again, adam as you said, the pope's speech focused on many themes, immigration being one of them, he noticed a large number of hispanic families, a large number of immigrant families telling them they should not be ashamed or discouraged, but also they should if they are being in this country make sure they are contributing and being positive people when it comes to their communities. adam. >> so energy tic energetic.ther. energetic there. enormous crowds lined the streets all day long.

jonathan betz was in the middle of all of it. >> reporter: a huge celebration in philadelphia, lasted all day and into the night. thousands still lingering here, watching the last of the show for world families day in downed philadelphia. the show stopper was earlier this evening when benjamin franklin parkway was lined by tens of thousands of people, who waited all day for the opportunity to glimpse the holy father. when the pope in his popemobile made the three mile loop through downtown philadelphia, tens of thousands, estimates up to a million people had been waiting all day, standing along the barricades for that chance to capture an image of him. and when that moment came, people stood up on their tiptoes, cell phones in their hands, and in some cases, tears began to fall. >> it was like crazy seeing himmen otv, ten feet away, waiting six hours, it was worth

it those. >> the energy everyone is bringing it's just aplaysing. i really feel his spirit here, him coming it was amazing. >> there was a feeling many will not forget. it was an especially significant moment because this was the first time on the pope's historic trip that the people could see the holy father. on the other events people had to have tickets but not this one. they had to go through an incredible amount of security, wait all day for hours, but it was a rare opportunity to get very close to the people' peopl. back to you. >> that's jonathan betz. joining us duane royster, bishop thanks so much for being with us. first off i love your reaction tto the pope's final message

where he seemed to go off script to talk about family and love. what did you think of his message? >> i think the pope is being very clear adam that he wants us to love, the love of jesus christ to be manifest in the life of people, other struggles we face here in america that if we learn to love one another, see each other as human beings that god created us to be that we would do a lot more and loot better in life. >> i know you went to the vatican recently to try to bring attention to certain issues racism, income and equality. how do you feel that the pope has addressed those issues so far during his visit? >> i think he's been very forthright and very up front about immigration reform, the pathway to citizenship for immigrants that have come,

especially undocumented immigrants that have come into america. just about every speech he's had has dealt with that at some point. the issue of african americans in this country, he eluded to it with his reference to dr. martin luther king, and as african americans, at the base of independence hall, was a slave museum, when there was the continental congress. >> the early estimates they are saying possibly up to a million people, more than a million expected for a mass tomorrow. someone told me who was in philadelphia, you only get a crowd like this when they win the world series.

why for this pope, why now? >> i think the pope in particular for philadelphia is really speaking to the pain of the people. he's addressing the concerns that we have here in philadelphia, 30% poverty, 40% of the kids go to bed hungry at night. only 45% of the kids graduate from high school in a four year time frame. he's addressing concerns that we all have about social ills and about the systems, not just the social ills but the systems. they feel they resonate. yes. >> so he's going to leave tomorrow. what happens next? will people remember this message? will we see some change on the ground there to help urban areas deal with some of these issues like philadelphia where one-third are living in poverty? >> sure. i think what happens is the pope has bolstered the message of faith based organizations like

mine, or the faith based folk from around the country that are working to address issues of social change, issues of concern and pain in this country through structural and systemic change. so we can go back now and say that the head of the roman catholic church, the largest christian denomination in the world has come here and said we basically have a responsibility to go address these concerns and not only do faith based communities have that responsibility but the people that are experiencing the pain have a responsibility themselves to work with each other and see change. i think that's what happens after the pope leaves. we're going to be empowered, like we do in the pico national network, addressing these issues across the country. you're going to see a wave of organizations like power here in philadelphia, addressing issues, calling for systemic change policy change to address these concerns. >> appoint a spokes aman.

bishop thank you for being with us. it's another busy day for pope tomorrow in philadelphia. at 9:15 a.m., bright and early, a visited with bishops and a visit with inmates at a local prison and then at 4:00, a mass at benjamin franklin parkway and then at 8:00 p.m. he will fly bat to italy. a topic brought to light by the pope's planned visit to the prison we just mentioned. coming up in the next half hour we'll talk about that. russian president vladimir putin and president obama now set to meet on the sidelines of the u.n. general assembly. over the on going issues in

ukraine and the buildup of syr syria. diplomatic editor james bays has more. >> all eyes will be on russian president vladimir putin when he makes a whistle stop trip to new york spending less than a full day in the u.s. to attend the united nations general assembly. everyone wants to know what his intentions are regarding syria. putin has sent marine helicopters planes and tanks to an area in latakia. he says he wants a political solution. on "talk to al jazeera," i had asked frederica mogherini if she had been given any idea what russia was up to? >> i had talked to our russian friends and last time i talked to him about this, his fear was that of the complete collapse of

the state structures in syria. this could be one of the reasons why russia is acting in this way. but it could also be a willingness to show the fact that russia is an important substantial player in this crisis. >> syria was on the agenda too, when u.s. secretary of state john kerry met iranian foreign minister mohammed javad zarif in new york but neither were willing to discuss what was said away from the cameras. >> i'll not address that individually now, but i view this week as a major opportunity for any number of countries to play an important role in trying to resolve some very difficult issues in the middle east. >> reporter: president obama will address the general assembly the same day as president putin on monday. he'll be aware of recent set

backs of u.s. policy. the pentagon has admitted that some of those it's been training so-called moderate rebels have handed over some of their equipment, vehicles and ammunition to the el nusra front. another development involving iraq, the u.s. coalition against i.s.i.l. according to russia, iraq will join it, iran and controversially president assad's syrian regime in setting up a military coordination center based in baghdad. james bays, al jazeera, new york. chinese president xi jinping has pledged an initial investment of $2 billion. xi mentioned the investment, china not living up to its responsibility in lines with

aspirations for a greater global role. stay with us, in just a few minutes, we're going to take a deeper look to the chinese president's trip to the u.s. and pivotal meeting with president obama in the white house. raul castro said today that while he is happy with the renewed u.s. diplomatic ties with the u.s., he still wants america's economic embargo lifted. it was castro's first-ever address to the u.n. general assembly. he praised president obama for easing restrictions on things like trade travel and investment but went on to say the embargo is still hurting cubans. >> the economic trade and financial blockade continues against cuba for more than half a century. it hurts us and causes the cuban people hardships. it is the main obstacle in our country's economic development. due to its reach outside the

territory it continues hurting the interests of u.s. citizens and companies. >> reporter: so castro once again asking the general assembly to adopt a resolution demanding the embargo be lifted but only the u.s. congress can lift that ex bar go. the death toll rises in thursday's stampede on the outskirts of mecca in saudi arabia. at least 769 people are now confirmed dead, almost 1,000 more were injured. saudi officials say they are investigating what caus caused e pilgrims to get trampled. iranians are blaming the saudis. courtney kealy has the story. >> iranian president hassan

rouhani: >> i express my deepest condolence and emphasize the need for swift attention to the injured as well as investigating the causes of this incident and other similar incidents in this year's hajj pilgrimage. >> reporter: 130 iranians died in the disaster, another 300 remain unaccounted for. president rouhani called it heart-rending. a royal convoy passed through on the outskirts of mecca causing the disaster. it is a charge saudi officials deny. >> translator: this incident is absolutely prosecutable according to international law. >> reporter: saudi authorities have ordered a safety review calling the disaster fate. completing the hajj one of the five pillars of islam attracts

at least 2 to 3 million faithful every year. the annual festival has been prone to devastating disasters in the past. nearly 1500 were killed in a stampede in 1990. less than two weeks after a construction crane killed over 100 peel this year. others completed the hajj on saturday under peaceful cns. >> it wapeaceful conditions. >> it was easy and simple, not lots of pill tbrims rushing. pilgrims rushing. >> one pilgrim praised saudi authorities. courtney kealy, al jazeera, mecca. >> human rights and growing

conflict in the south china sea. sierra leone, a country unprepared for the rapid spread of a contagious illness.

>> and welcome back. it's there time every saturday night when we take a deeper look. tonight chinese president xi jinping's first u.s. state visit. the president began his visit on the west coast and then went to

washington to meet with president obama. they went to a state dinner not before they talked about pressing issues, cyber security, and security issues. patricia sabga has more. >> photo apps, to a joint presser with president obama and a star studded state dinner on the east. chinese president xi jinping's first visit to the united states since taking office was a tour did hde force of soft power butw much progress was made on the hard issues? >> both sides know they have a common interest in is cooperation. more to gain from cooperation, than antagonism. but they also know some of these issues aren't susceptible of much progress. >> reporter: like rising tensions in the south china sea. an issue that failed to advance beyond the white house

reiterating concerns over beijing's construction of artificial islands to cement china's claims over disputed territory. >> i conveyed to president xi my concern over land reclamation. >> also, cyber crime. >> we have agreed that neither we nor the chinese government will conduct cyber theft of intellectual property. >> a formal practice both beijing and washington have insisted their governments don't engage in. which falls far short of a cyber arms treaty, banning restrictions on critical infrastructure. while president obama had strong words,. >> i expressed my views that preventing civil society groups from operating freely closing churches, denying ethnic

minorities equal treatment are all problematic if our view and actually prevent china and its people from realizing full potential. >> xi stuck to the notion that chinese people don't see the human rights the same way. but it yielded concrete progress including a pledge by china to create a national cap and trade system to restrict carbon emission. xi and obama also agreed to develop a common vision ahead of a climate summit later this year. an issue where both countries pretty much already disagreed. the real question is whether xi's feel-good tour promoted enough goodwill, over thorny issues that could threaten negotiations down the road. patricia sabga, al jazeera.

>> victor gow, good morning to you out there in beijing. thanks for being i with us. thank you for having me. >> let's pleasure the temperature of u.s.-chinese relations, have they changed at all after there visit? >> i think after this unprecedented state visit which is the first for president xi jinping, china-u.s. relations have improved significantly. at least the tension points can be now better managed going forward. >> significantly. >> and president obama and president xi jinping -- yes definitely. this gave the two presidents a chance to talk about what they care most: for example, the cyber security issues between china and the united states and the tension in the south china sea, even though these very difficult and challenging issues cannot be resolved right away, at least channels ever communication have been

established and the two countries can resort to discussion and request negotiationegotiationsrather ths line can prop up in the coming years. >> as you may well know mr. gow, we had another visitor to the country in the past couple of days, the pope pretty much stole the headlines and the people didn't hear much about the president's visit to the u.s. what is the biggest take away, what is the biggest headline from there visit? >> personally i think it's a very good vista and well received. president xi jinping's state visit is very different, in nature in categories or the historical importance. i would say the major take away is that china and the u.s. will continue to have differences in

major issues, major national issues. but despite the differences, china and the united states need to continue to engage with each other as partners rather than as adversaries and the two countries need to rise above these differences and really deal with each other as equals rather than in one superior to the other or vice versa. and only in this way can they manage the differences in the bilateral issues and also give possibilities to cooperating between the two countries on major issues. talking about cyber security, this is one of them. i think the rest of the world knows which country is more guilty of violation of cyber security. however, once these grievances are raised, in between china and the united states, china need to deal with the united states as an equal in dealing with the cyber security allegations and i think the end result this time, even though not completely 100%

satisfactory, to all the stakeholders, is already a very important step forward. therefore, i think in addition to the heart -- to the bedrock of the china-u.s. relation he which is thswhich is the trade n xi jinping and president obama, this gives more hope to the overall trend of direction in china-u.s. relations going forward. >> it will be really interesting to see how these two countries work out the cyber security debate. it's certainly a goodwill gesture right now, how will these investigations actually play out in the future. we don't have a lot of time left here but i got to ask you about the south china sea. how do you see this dispute being resolved, some say this is the biggest dispute between the

two countries right now with potential military complications. >> the u.s. doesn't have any territory in the south china sea or the east china sea. the dispute the u.s. does have is with very few countries in this part of the world, the philippines in particular. therefore i think the united states should leave it to the pair of countries, china and the philippines or china and vietnam to work out. it is the right thing to emphasize that peace and stability need to be maintained and no need of violence need to be used when the relevant talk about the f countries in territorial disputes. these happen in other parts of the world. but the country that do not have [simultaneous speech] >> you can't boil it down to that and on that note we are out of time, victor gow,.

thank you for having me. >> victor gow, thank you for joining us this morning from beijing. thank you. >> one of the stops for the pope tomorrow is a prison just outside philadelphia. up next: a look he at the catholic church's stance on the death penalty. plus the search for answers one year later. what really happened to more than 40 students who disappeared from a small town in mexico.

yots >> pope francis capped off a

hectic first day in philadelphia at a concert for the festival for families. ♪ >> she put some soul into that one. aretha franklin. he listened to testimonies from catholic families that came to philadelphia. he went off script when talking to them about the connection of faith and family. >> some of you might say, of course, father, you speak like that because you're not married. [ laughter ] >> translator: families have

the difficulties, families, we quearl. quarrel and sometimes plates can fly. and children bring headaches, i won't speak about mother-in-laws. lawfe[ laughter ] >> translator: but in families, there is always light. >> the pope really coming to light there at the end of today's events. it is the marginalized members of society that pope francis has made the center piece of his

message and tomorrow he's going to visit with about 100 inmates at a prison outside philadelphia. during his speech to congress on thursday the pope called for the death penalty to be abolished. that's led to a big debate in louisiana. >> he's walked freely for more than a decade. but time has done little to soften john thompson's outremain. he was on death row wrongly convicted of murder. >> waiting to convict you for something you didn't do. >> he was one of ten men in louisiana exonerated. crucial dna evidence was discovered a few weeks before he was scheduled for execution. sister helen prejean, says cases

like his have shown a broken system. >> eight out of ten, because a white was killed. >> a letter to the international commission against the death penalty pope francis called the practice inadmissible no matter how serious the crime committed and said executions are cruel and don't provide justice to victims but fosters vengeance. he also proffered the possibility of judicial error. cases in which some people should be executed were, quote, practically nonexistent. >> he was the first pope to take pro-life issues that catholics all know, no to abortion, no to

euthanasia, and no to the death penalty. >> the death penalty is still legal in 31 states although the number of executions in the u.s. is at a 20 year low. the number of death sentences has already dropped dramatically in the past ten years. but that's not trend in shreveport louisiana, where district attorney del cox found his catholic faith and his personal belief at odds. he says the death penalty should be used more not less particularly in cases where children or the elderly are killed. >> you think the heinousness of this crime is so bad that society has the right to pass judgment on the sentence then you go forward and you seek it. >> reporter: in fact cox is responsible for securing more than a third of louisiana's death sentences in the past five years and despite louisiana's history of wrongful convictions cox says he can't let past

mistakes keep him from doing his job. >> you take the oath to enforce the law. if you can't do it, get out of the job. that's the answer. because that put me at odds with the roman catholic church's position on the death penalty, yes, it does and yes, as a catholic that is a cause of concern for my soul. it is something that i pray about. but i cannot violate my oath of office. >> john thompson plans to travel to philadelphia to see the pope, hoping to hear the pontiff call for changes to america's criminal justice system. he hopes that will force lawmakers talk about things that are for him not political but deeply personal. jonathan martin, al jazeera, new orleans. this weekend's world meeting of families will bring hundreds of thousands of people to the

city, certainly looked like it today. in the crowd was a very determined family from pope francis's native argentina. they took a long route to get there. jennifer london has more on their journey. >> francisca is a long way from home, weary from home. >> we thought francisca was a beautiful name, in honor of the hope, a small w deal we do for e pope. >> francisca is about to meet her namesake. venturing across the americas on a spiritual journey to the largest gathering of catholics in the world. >> pope francis gave a deeper meaning to this family road

trip. and it was like the thing that made us say, okay, this is it. >> the adventure began back in march when the family left their home in buenos aires and drove across argentina, chile, peru, colombia and drove the length of central america into southeastern mexico with hopes of crossing the southeastern border into texas. we first met up with noel, her husband katire and their four young children in monterey, mexico. >> the big challenge was to leave. once we left, it was a lot easier. before, we had many questions, many fears. >> reporter: the family's pilgrimage to see the pope has taken them to a cross continental adventure. sometimes sleeping opportunity

stars or with host families eager to share the experience. >> for us it's the best experience of the trip. >> staying with host families? >> yeah. >> why is that? >> because we love to see the city, and the history of the city. the thing we loved more is to live with those people, understand how they live. >> reporter: photographs from every city and every country chronical their ups and downs. these pictures on the back of francisca. >> they ask that we not follow them with our cameras on this road because they've been told this stretch of highway into the u.s. can be dangerous and they didn't want to call any unnecessary attention to themselves. >> reporter: a few hours later, francisca and her family safely rolled into the u.s. >> whoa!

>> reporter: one month later, philadelphia came into view. >> we come here to the world meeting of families and the visit of pope francis has the same spirit as our trip. to open to others, to meet other people, to celebrate family. so it's like the same spirit. >> reporter: 13,000 miles, five breakdowns, three birthdays and more than 4,000 photographs. memories to last a lifetime. driven by a big leap of faith. jennifer london, al jazeera, philadelphia. >> what a memory for those kids. paul was able to catch up with those kids today when they finally got a chance to see pope francis. >> noel, she's crying. >> it was very exciting to see him, and i wanted to hug him. >> when you remember this day, what will you remember most do

you think? >> i think yes, he looked at everyone. he's a very loving pope. and i don't know, we will remember this forever. i think seeing the pope was the perfect ending for this great, incredible trip. >> and was it everything you imagined? >> yes, of course! >> now they got to go home. stay tuned. al jazeera america will bring you more live coverage of pope francis as he completes his trip to the united states. we're going to have that for you all day tomorrow. well in other news tonight, the flow of refugees into europe still showing no signs of letting up. yesterday more than 8,000 migrants crossed the hungary border according to figures released by police. many volunteers have come forward helping these refugees. yesterday's hungary's heart line prime minister victor orbin said

that hungary will consider closing its border with croatia. 1,000 migrants are currently waiting to be heard but as lawrence lee reports they are considered criminals first, in serbia. >> reporter: many refugees are by now settling in western europe but this place deciding their future. in the court we weren't allowed to film the man sitting opposite the judge. but the judge read back to him the journey he had described to the police. he's a syrian kurd called hassan, left his wife and kids behind, got himself smuggled to the serbian hungary border. the serbian said it was okay for him to go through a hole in the fence. he was arrested and finished up in this court inside a police

compound. 200 cases like his already and almost a thousand more waiting to be heard. the establishment of this criminal court comes against the backdrop of a number of countries and human rights organization he denouncing hungary's fence deeply immoral and potentially illegal as well. hungary would argue that through these courts it can lend the fence a sorts o source of morald legal legitimacy. this afghan said the rules the courts have to follow, not by parliaments but by the ruling party are deeply politicized and in breach of the 1951 convention on the status of refugees which demands that they are free from risk. >> translator: they didn't put the law before the parliament. the opposition had no chance to challenge the decree. it was the government's decision that expelling refugees to serbia is safe.

>> reporter: in the court hassan has to stand. hassan said the judge you will be expelled from hungary back to serbia. things like pity or sympathy are nowhere to be seen. hasan is a refugee first and a person second. extending into romania, into slovenia as well. lawrence lee, al jazeera, southern hungary. it's been more than a year since 40 students disappeared from a small town in mexico. up next, the families still looking for answers to what happened. plus this. >> at first i was scared to take him to the hospital because there are different diseases going around. >> fighting those diseases in africa. up next, sierra leone, a nation unprepared to protect its

citizens. get high. >> i have prostituted. >> for drugs? >> for drugs, yeah. >> we're dealing with the worst drug epidemic in united states' history. aistory.

>> in mexico thousands of people including latter broken parents march to mark one year since 43 students disappeared. these students disappeared in igwala, according to mexico's former attorney general local police illegally detained the students and turned them over to

a local drug gang which then allegedly killed them. lucia newman reports from mexico city. >> reporter: it's been exactly 12 months since 43 students depicted in these photographs disappeared without a trace and their families supported by thousands of other mexicans are here to say they will not rest until they get satisfaction. >> translator: i am so sad i want my son returned to me along with all the others. >> reporter: the students were attacked and abducted by police in league with drug traffickers and local authorities in igwala, in southern mexico. even in this areas shell shocked by violence, it's a symbol of corruption and brutality from which defenseless mexicans

suffer. >> translator: this is symptomatic of what's hang throughout mexico where over 25,000 have disappeared in recent years. >> reporter: this was not just a march to remember the missing students. it was the latest opportunity to express anger at mexico's government, accused of rushing to cover up the crime with an investigation that even authorities now acknowledge was flawed. >> translator: it's unacceptable that this is happening. we cannot remain silent. any of our children could be next. >> reporter: president enrique pena nieto agreed to reopen the investigation and vows to keep it open as long as necessary. but the parents do not trust authorities and are dmarnding dg that independent investigators from the interamerican human rights commission remain in mexico for as long as it takes to find missing students.

the commemoration of one year since this crime will continue over the weekend underscoring the anger but also the impoa tense oimpoetimpoeimpotence. lucia newman, al jazeera. country is scrambling to provide medical care. >> this is one of the most impoverished areas, was a hot spot for ebola just recently. during the outbreak, many were fearful of going anywhere where there was vomiting or die re.

just ask morrey. >> at first i was scared to take him to the hospital because there are different diseases going around. especially like ebola. >> that meant many other diseases went undiagnosed, possibly causing more deaths. according to sierra leone's healthy ministry, 39% drop of treatment for malaria. according to a recent report from the world health organization, and unicef, the mdg target of combating malaria was achieved globally, malaria deaths dropped by 60% how much in subsaharan eask tha africa ts not case. sierra leone has so many challenges it just can't catch up.

>> at large it is not functioning well enough. sierra leone has one of the highest maternal more tallities imortalities inthe world. >> reducing infant mortality, 26,000 die here every year. meanwhile in crew bay, the red dross is raising awareness, after massive flooding due to an overwhelming rainy season. >> open defecation, again it's a huge risk for cholera and other water-borne diseases. >> as the cousin tries opick up the pieces from ebola, there is a lot left to be done before the health system is properly functioning. nina deevries al jazeera, sierra

leone. >> up next, the pope's visit to the city of brotherly love.

>> grac inkas. >> that was pope francis hosting a gathering at philadelphia independence hall. a look now at some of his most poignant moments of the trip. [♪ singing ]

>> a large public mass wraps up his trip in philadelphia tomorrow. i'm adam may, more live coverage of pope francis tomorrow, now news from doha. we leave you with andrea bocelli performing in philadelphia's phs

festival of families tonight. >> the u.s. reaches out to iran as part of a renewed diplomatic effort to end the syria conflict. hello again from doha everyone, i'm kamal santa maria, this is the world news from al jazeera. u.n. and french soldiers are deployed to control an outbreak of violence in africa. and a year has