so melbourne will see the temperatures coming up to eighteen degrees as we head on through into wednesday and it should improve across town as many as sydney look at highs of just twenty showers along the coast of queensland probably dying out of that stage and rather on the cool side for perth with a maximum of nineteen degrees across into new zealand's been very unsettled here in recent days and we've still got this area of low pressure circulating close to the north on this the showers here there's a little bit of a gap across the south on a before the next weather system pushes in across the tasman sea produces more wet some windy weather as we head on through into wednesday so let's head up then into northeastern parts of asia where what was typhoon talum has been dominating the weather here at home city weakened to become a tropical storm as one across japan is now over the far east of russia so for much of japan weather conditions are looking significantly better it should be a nice day in tokyo on tuesday with highs of twenty seven degrees but as we head on through into wednesday will i see an area of low pressure developing across the sea of japan and eventually will get into the western side of honshu late in the day.

in the next episode of science in the golden age exploring the contributions made by scholars join the medieval islamic period in the field of medicine. to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. to such like a magical. the world about. science in a golden age with professor germany at this time.

and after reminder of the top stories on al-jazeera u.s. president donald trump has made his debut at the united nations ahead of the general assembly he pledged to help reform the organization to make it more effective and and mismanagement kurdish leaders in northern iraq are pushing ahead with an independence for a friend of next week despite a ruling by iraq's supreme court to suspend the vote and syrian government troops battling isaw have crossed the euphrates river and they're risking a potential standoff with u.s. backed rebels on the other side of the. north korea has once again this missed the sanctions against it as a quote hostile act and warned that it will simply spur to move faster towards completing its and nuclear arsenal u.s. bombers and fighter jets have been taking part in joint military drills with south korea and japan in another show of force against pyongyang separately china and

russia carried out their own naval drill drills off the port of light of all stock in the far east of russia. well fears over a potential conflict on the korean peninsula are damaging south korea's tourism industry the number of visitors especially from china has already fallen by seventy percent but not everyone is put off by talk of missile launches and military drills as andrew thomas has found out with tensions on the korean peninsula building south korea on monday hosted a conference of military leaders from across asia pacific giving the keynote address was a former south korean minister who's also head to the united nations i'd like to remind north korea that no single nation has or survived is a fate against you know your city united international community in the course of

history. in the south rising tensions are having an economic impact at an hour from seoul it's easy to see into the demilitarized zone the d.m.z. and beyond that the mountains of north korea the lookout has long been a tourist site people can even take a train from here just inside the d.m.z. and despite the tensions some visitors are still coming for me my tickets were booked when advanced so i had to make it and we kept checking the news just to make sure that everything's kind of ok my sister was very white and this is actually getting married next week and she was very worried that something was going to happen to me and i would be able to make it back say it was a bit she was quite. a large military presence here and so many civilians that the foreign of having to like take care of us citizens and let us know if something was about to go down but visitor numbers to south korea overrule the down forty percent fewer came in july compared with the same month

a year ago on sunday most raw eats at the funfair which strangely is part of the engine site when they are empty the latest heightened tension is only weeks so when really it's too well yet to judge the impact of violence on tourism here so far the missing tourists are exploring more like politics and. chinese tourists are the ones almost entirely absent in march china angered by south korea's deployment of the fat anti-missile system banned its citizens from taking package tours to south korea but. last year about half of the seventeen million tourists to south korea were from china but this year chinese tourists are down by seventy percent that spink felt here it's hurting my business sales are roughly a third down in the longer this concern about next year's winter olympics in pyongyang ticket sales so far are poor the international olympic committee said

last week there is no plan b. . to move the games if tensions escalate but they can't make spectators come south korea's defense ministry on monday said it believes the north was ready for a new nuclear test if it comes that will only heighten the tension and dissuade more tourists from visiting south korea andrew thomas al-jazeera apology south korea's border with the north. more than one hundred thousand people have protested in bangladesh as capital in support of range of refugees. they marched towards me and mars embassy in dhaka to voice their anger at the country's crackdown on the muslim minority group but the demonstrators were stopped by police before they reach their target. well india's government has told the supreme court in delhi that it has evidence that will injure pose a security threat to its country and have links with pakistan based fighters the home ministry wants clearance to deport around forty thousand reinjure who settled

in india the country's top court is hearing a petition filed on behalf of two wrote him to refugees who are challenging a government decision to force them to leave. just over a week after the caribbean was pummeled by hurricane devastating several islands another storm is now approaching hurricane maria is currently in the eastern caribbean it's intensified into a category four storm threatening a chain of islands including guadalupe st kitts and nevis martinique and the british virgin islands maria is expected to move further northwest later in the week hurricane watches in effect in puerto rico as well as st martin and st barts which were severely damaged by well maria is currently on course to reach the american republic and haiti by thursday both countries were largely spared by the worst effects of. well islands across the caribbean are preparing for maria's

arrival this is san juan the capital of puerto rico where residents are stocking up on fuel food and other essential items and what you don't get is a simple as you already filled up our six hundred gallon tank of gas for gold we never used it if we need it this time we've got it we're looking for panels now to cover the lost doors that remain on protected or. the problem in puerto rico is that the electricity and water go out the power system is precarious. a transport strike over new taxes has brought much of haiti to a standstill protesters took to the streets to demonstrate against the government's proposals while shops and schools were also closed unions called a strike because of proposed new taxes on driver's licenses and fuel. egypt's foreign minister says the four go farag countries blockading catherine are

open to reconciliation if it reacts positively to their demands and stops interfering in their internal affairs he made the comments after hosting a meeting with bahrain u.a.e. and saudi arabia at the u.n. meanwhile global image messaging service snap chat has banned from its app in saudi arabia sajad says it was asked by saudi authorities to remove the qatar funded channel because it violated local laws. spanish police have seized more than one hundred thousand poster is promoting a planned referendum on independence in catalonia state prosecutors have also summoned mayors who have agreed to help hold the vote which spain's central government says is illegal call panel reports. in the shadow of church spires clay tile roofs a rebellion is brewing. in towns and villages across catalonia mares are preparing to hold

a referendum to break away from spain but state prosecutors are threatening to arrest them after ruling the ballot unlawful jumma casals is very nervous for the leftist c.-u. people r.t. the there is a left wing pro independent separatists i've always question the spanish state and the capitalist system now as mayor i'm just as rebellious independents will not just be the work of one or two people but of everybody united. over the weekend spain's chief prosecutor said more than seven hundred mayors could face charges ranging from wasting public funds on the referendum to inciting rebellion it's very difficult to say right now whether there will be a meaningful referendum the top but if there is a resoundingly vote in favor of independence what happens next. is. a vote for independence will be a vote to change everything will mark a new beginning and the opportunity to change the things our parents were unable to

at the end of the front good dictatorship. nearby. in the hillside town of berga. these pensioners still bear painful memories of general franco's military dictatorship even though it ended thirty years ago when the lot of the way when we used to talk last line language we had to talk in whispers that's why i was so angry now. and they say they're ready to do their bit to protect the mayor is they elected you for thora g.'s make good on threats to arrest them. we will take the streets frequent be armed but we will turn out the place and civil guard will come and we'll say whether they heaters first or we hit them for. their bones may creak a little these days but their desire for independence is a strong sever culpeper no al-jazeera barracora spain.

japan is celebrating a public holiday and on our senior citizens respect for the elderly day comes as the country breaks its own record for the number of people to reach the age of one hundred bribe reports you know from its name the restaurant of all the mistakes there's a good chance the staff will get your order wrong and they make no apology for it all the waiters and waitresses have alzheimer's disease which causes memory loss people like know who describes herself as a people person i used to work as a hairdresser i'm happy working with customers and i enjoy it the result of an innovative crowdfunding initiative the pop up restaurant is meant to send a message of inclusiveness about a problem that is often locked away from people with dementia have the ability to work if they have support and and i always wondered why they don't have those

opportunities in the project was started just three days ago and has already gained national interest with other cities wanting to copy it. like other developed countries japan needs to find solutions to the growing numbers of dementia sufferers as japan leads the world in the proportion of its citizens living beyond sixty five so it also bears a heavy burden caring for people with alzheimer's it's estimated more than four and a half million people in japan are living with dementia a figure that's expected to rise sharply in the coming years sukkot and his wife who was diagnosed with premature outside the restaurant provides a brief respite from the descending fog of the debilitating disease. she was getting very depressed and didn't want to do anything but this place is really helped. a welcome break thanks to a project drawing attention to

a distressing imperfection of the human condition bride al-jazeera tokyo. for more than seventy years world leaders have gathered before the united nations general assembly to speak and be heard at other hundred ports on some of the most memorable moments. a hundred and ninety three world leaders each with just fifteen minutes at least that's the u.n. guideline for how long a leader has at the famous podium but over the years. not everyone stuck to the time frame for the script. and i want to take a libyan leader moammar gadhafi for example eighty years ago on stage for ninety six minutes even ripping a page from the u.n. charter the translator reportedly fainted he was an hour into it but if you think that was long cuban president fidel castro back in one thousand nine hundred sixty

one he spoke for four new hof hours. for others it was less about the length of the speech and more. getting attention zimbabwe's president robert mugabe with this attack on homosexuality we are not gay. it got a reaction but not quite the walkout as when iran's former leader mahmoud ahmadinejad's spoken two thousand and eleven. boys that. it wasn't the first time delegates had lived in protest but it was certainly the most notable. son you know this is. the un general assembly has frequently been a stage for theater and emotion this from soviet leader nikita khrushchev and palestinian leader yasser arafat in one thousand nine hundred seventy four when i come bearing all branch in one hand and the freedom fighters going in the other to not let the olive branch fall for my hand. in two thousand and six u.s.

president george w. bush and his venezuelan counterpart hugo chavez ups the stakes in drama and rivalry every nation in this chamber has responsibilities it's got this response the following day. they were there yesterday the devil came here. right here. and it smells of sulfur still today while a touch of flamboyance might attract attention as days of speechmaking wind on other world leaders have resorted to props to make their point israel's leader in two thousand and nine. and again in two thousand and twelve this is. this is diffuse and on a final note proof that world leaders are only human this handwritten note from u.s. president george w. bush it reads i think i may need a bathroom break. understandable given the speeches and sideline meetings.

go on for days. so i mean maybe on the hunt down to zero. and the reminder of the top stories on al-jazeera u.s. president donald trump has made his debut at the u.n. in new york where he pushed for reforms that would quote focus more on people and less on bureaucracy president trump says mismanagement in the u.n. means that hasn't reached its potential but he promised the u.s. would partner with the organization to make it stronger and more effective. in recent years the united nations has not reached its full potential because of bureaucracy and mismanagement while the united nations on a regular budget has increased by one hundred forty percent and its staff has more than doubled since two thousand we are not seeing the results in line with this

investment but i know that under the secretary general that's changing and it's changing fast kurdish leaders in iraq say they'll go ahead with an independence vote next week despite a ruling by iraq's supreme court suspending the referendum the court ordered that the poll be postponed until questions about its legality have been addressed the referendum will be held on september twenty fifth in the three provinces that make up the oil rich kurdish region syrian activists say government troops are close to encircling a pocket of eisel fighters in there as or after crossing the euphrates the river serves as a demarcation line between government allied forces and u.s. backed rebels north korea has once again this missing sions against it as a whole style at the end warn that it will spur it to move faster towards completing its nuclear force well in another show of force against pyongyang u.s.

bombers and fighter jets have taken part in military drills more than one hundred thousand protesters in bangladesh's capital have demonstrated in support of revenge of refugees they march towards me and mars embassy in dhaka to protest against the country's crackdown on the muslim minority. said for now coming up next it's science in a golden age and i'll see you tomorrow thanks. north korea's nuclear program. humanitarian crises around the world. wars in iraq and fury are issues global leaders will grapple with in new york. it's world leaders get ready to meet some new faces will be joining this year's biggest u.n. event. join for extensive coverage of the u.n. general assembly. modern high tech advances in medicine and health

are of course the result of many centuries of development research and experimentation much of which took place in the islamic world between the ninth and fourteenth centuries a golden age of science during this time scholars in the islamic world made huge contributions to medicine and created a body of knowledge that was tremendously important and influential around the world for many hundreds of years i'm dramatically which is professor of theoretical physics but born in baghdad i'll be exploring states of the art biomedical science and the covering the contribution made to the field by the scholars the golden age .

it was during the islamic golden age that medicine started to be treated as a true science with emphasis on empirical evidence and repeatable procedures during that time medical books are written they became standard texts throughout the world . for many hundreds of years i've come here to the hum of hospital in bellhop to see how the ideas of the stillness in the medieval stanek world compare our modern medicine. hospitals neonatal unit deals with premature and newborn babies who are suffering from a variety of conditions is the only one of its kind and babies are referred here from across the country all in all through our doors we probably have close to

seventeen to eighteen hundred babies. about ten to eleven percent of the total course that occurs in this hospital so it is by comparison one of the biggest units in the world we do look after babies who are as small as twenty three or twenty four weeks gestation so you're looking at a five months pregnancy or months and one week pregnancy that is not in itself is incredible i mean not that long ago twenty three twenty four we call just days and there's no way to survive and we've come a long way at this hospital they're carrying out pioneering research to improve the treatment of babies born with neonatal pathy that is babies born with serious neurological damage because of a problem with oxygen or blood supply in the womb. the gold standard of treatment is putting these babies on a cooling mattress to try to reduce the temperature and limit the potential ongoing

damage that could ensue in the brain however it does not really provide an appropriate success rate worldwide here we're trying a simple remedy that we believe has potential which is that addition of a drug called magnesium sulfate but it's never been tried in combination with the cooling. to improve the reliability of their research the hospitals using what we call a control and bright. some of the babies receive magnesium sulphate whereas a separate group the control group don't receive it this allows the hospital to compare fairly the effects of the treatment with and without the drug. so this particular study is a double blind placebo control which means we are offering some of our babies a placebo and some who are getting the magnesium sulfate we don't really know which

are which and that's otherwise i mean why the virus will be liars exactly one thing this of tremendous interest to me is that this idea of a control group actually goes all the way back over a thousand years to a persian physician by the name of a razi who who built the first hospitals in baghdad who was looking into the causes and treatments of meningitis and i believe he had not only his sample of patients but he had a control group to which he wasn't it minister in the treatment in that case it was blood letting you know isn't the way your treatment enjoy this but the idea of a control group goes all the way back to to iraq this is actually one of the most important components of research that we do have. a control group to try to to ensure that you know our studies come out as non-biased as possible to comparing it yes absolutely absolutely. he was born in the city of

ready to herat in the mid nineteenth century and he was an early proponents of applying a rigorous scientific approach to medicine during his distinguished career he served as chief physicians of hospitals in both ray and baghdad. in the early tenth century the ruling taliban back that looked iffy after razi where in the city he said build a new hospital so a rise he designed an experiment he hung up around different location. to see how quickly they rotted and so determined the place with the cleanest air this was typical of a razi you have a problem you design an experiment to find the answer. during the golden age the dissection of human bodies was considered disrespectful but there was one group of people who knew quite a bit about anatomy butchers albeit the anatomy of animals one of them human.

well even though this is just the lambs whole human all we can still see quite clearly the different compartments the different chambers within the heart this isn't something very familiar to his physicians of the medieval age. in the seventeenth century william harvey famously carried out his groundbreaking research into the circulation of blood in the function of the heart but in one thousand nine hundred eighty four an ancient document was discovered this was a text written by him in the fields the thirteenth century arab physicians in it he described the basics of pulmonary circulation how large doesn't move across from one side of the heart of the other has to take the long way round around the body this four hundred years before harvey.

building on the writings of physicians like him in if he said william harvey our understanding of the heart has continued to develop harefield hospital in the u.k. is part of the country's largest center for heart and lung disease there cutting edge treatments build on the work of professor mag. one of the world's leading heart specialists who set up the hospital's busy transplant unit and has received. a knighthood in britain for his services to medicine the heart is such like a magical the more i learn about it the more i respect it because it goes on incessantly beating quietly maintaining life professor yet who is also interested in the history of medicine as part of a paper he commission for a medical journal he's researched the life and work of it. here we have a scholar. born in syria in the early part

of the thirteenth century he was a policeman because he was studying in yours. i feel your church and here was a scientist if you like he was a discoverer but arguably his most important contribution was his commentary on medicine in which he looked at how blood moves through the heart so this is the heart and you can see quite clearly the right ventricle and the left ventricle and these are two completely separate chambers the question has been. how does blood go from the right ventricle to the left and through. the centuries the accepted view had been that of the renowned greek physician galen galen said that blood passes directly between the rights and left ventricles of the heart through tiny holes in the septum the dividing wall that separates them from the

feast was the first to challenge galen's view he established that there weren't any holes so they had to be another way for blood to pass from rights and left the contention of some person to say that this place is porous it's beat on the preconceived idea that the blood from the right men to him had to pass through the prosody. and they are. just as he's quoted as saying that for somebody as young as this person at the time when he was twenty nine to have the courage to state such a thing it's absolutely remarkable galen said that there are holes in the septum. but. if you open the right ventricle like i'm doing now it is solid

there on no channels whatsoever him in a few switches absolutely right. stated that the blood must first pass through the lungs he said it mingled with air before it came back to the heart and was pumped around the body and now we know. the blog from the rice ventricle goes into the palm tree which here. goes around. comes back. into the offensive so this is the primary circulation which comes here. that is the discovery it's now obvious but it was then. description excepted at the time and it wasn't until his manuscript was rediscovered in the twentieth century that his work was universally recognized it's now part of the long history of medicine

that continues to evolve today we have learnt a lot bob hawke and we have got to stop it. how to replace or how to mend that. person or. the journey continues. early hospitals did exist in the ninth century baghdad but then hospitals for the sick offering care but not much in the way of cure however hospitals as we recognize them today giving treatments and offering medicine for free they begin to appear around the empire in cities such as quarter and damascus. in order for these hospitals to provide care they needed a knowledge of medicines and surgery the most important work of the golden age was written by the great tenth century philosopher and physician been seen or better

known by his latin name at the center this is my personal copy of his great text the top. medicine for. the full work was a multi-volume group of techs that took on where the greeks left off physicians like galen and here. in this first book he describes human anatomy in great detail and what i love is that he talks about things like. the muscles of the face and then goes on to talk about the muscles of the forward the muscles of even the muscles of the. heathen works his way through the human anatomy in other texts he describes surgery he describes illnesses in the treatment it's medical knowledge as they understood it then they contained a lot of superstition but a lot of common sense as well the point is this text was so important it was still being used around the world over five hundred years later. even though today we

know that not everything had been seen a road was correct his work was the pinnacle of medical knowledge at that time in his canon he includes a large number of medicines and remedies the use common had. during the golden age herbal remedies weren't an alternative to mainstream medicine they were all very new and as the empire grew travelers will bring back new plots from far and wide so new drugs were discovered and administered rema hazmat is based in our june in jordan she cultivates medicinal herb some of which have been in use since the golden age. eleven. and is very good for. so even though they would have used this in the golden age i wouldn't understand about bacteria. and this is. wormwood. what is this useful. oh.

yes and this was known from. this is. this. is a good. word for. what i find so fascinating is that during the golden age every hospital would have had her garden just like this with a drugstore and it's interesting that we're hearing those same devotees are still described and in use in modern times. even seen as great canon of medicine describes a variety of her. one thousand years after the canon was written dr detlef quinn turned his growing some of these herds in a park in istanbul so that he can study the medical remedies the even seen it described we planted following the canon of medicine twenty six.

plants out of hundreds which had been described by. twenty he worked for six years of the company so. they had medicinal properties what. they were untrue toxic. and some of them up today that have this active ingredients we say i can show you one sample it is called now. you can find it also on the bread on the turkish bread. small black sea yeah. human. right. it was also anti toxic for example it. against bites probably

snake bites it was used for. tissues. like other important works during the golden age it been seen as canon of medicine spread across the islamic world and young as the process of knowledge transfer was revolutionary just one reason read so effectively throughout the islamic empire was because it suddenly became much easier to produce a copy text the islamic scholars had adopted the chinese technology of paper making and paper is much cheaper to produce and use the parchment piracy an important aspect of this is killing of hand writing so i've come to meet a calligrapher to tell me all about. what lee county has done with a method and. there have been this nami in the kind of stuff we do have to come

come and you know who. you are talking about in this. replica of. the chinese paper was jury. and more easily bound into books which created a thriving publishing and copying industry manuscripts had to be duplicated by hand and this produced a great demand for slimy calligraphers. of the music but then they were in leave you for him you claim to be having this and. other than.

that again and again on the whole. because. in the beginning the forgotten was over thing and i think. that if in the perfume. on here paul. well calligraphy clearly remains today just as important an art form as it was back in the golden age the scholars then not only perfected the art of paper making they also developed simpler forms of calligraphy means of preserving their paper and winding blues to hold their books together in that way these technologies came together enabling them to produce books in large quantities this is how their knowledge propagated so effectively throughout the world. the manuscripts of the golden age influence scientists long

after the decline of the islamic empire for instance had been seen as canon of medicine.