funerals have been held for to hamas fighters and to protesters that were killed by israeli airstrikes and shootings and gulzar on friday elsewhere in the occupied west bank there have been violent confrontations between protesters and israeli forces dozens of people have been injured and arrested the former president of georgia has gone on hunger strike in the ukrainian detention center according to his lawyer mikhail saakashvili was rearrested in ukraine four days after his supporters freed him from a please he says the charges against him awful italy motivated u.s. president donald trump has declared a federal emergency in california where the worst bushfires in news all still raging past promised additional government help to rebuild destroyed houses and businesses six wildfires burning in the state's south forcing two hundred thousand people to flee their homes the u.k.

foreign secretary boris johnson is due to meet iran's president hassan rouhani in teheran on sunday to push for the release of a british charity worker and held talks with foreign minister mohammad javid sorry for on saturday about not. having a five year sentence for spying which he denies those are the headlines i'll be with you more news but stay with us capturing. on counting the cost the gulf cooperation council although there's not much cooperation these days look at how the region is being affected by a pause in economic relations also the shocking numbers on the plastic economy o.-m. g. twenty five years since the world's first text counting the cost at this time on al-jazeera. green bacteria in the tree. superheated gas. in iceland.

because how council climate change. explores the science of capturing. this is a. change. we're going to explore the intersection of humanity and we're doing it in a unique way this is science by scientists. fossil fuels powering the modern industrial economy with global economic growth. in. greenhouse since the one nine hundred fifty s. the u.s. space agency has been monitoring carbon dioxide levels. in two thousand and thirteen climate history is made at the moment station in hawaii. in the month of may we measured c o two. you know why go over four

hundred. which is a mile you could say. we think this is a significant milestone it reminds us that. is higher than in the last at least two million years. was also significant is the rate of increase is rapid. this computer generated image shows the. across the globe the intense reds indicate increased burning of fossil fuels during the winter of two thousand and six which in turn generates. to ignore. america europe and asia scientists around the world have evidence indicating increased levels of fear. behind rising temperatures extreme droughts

and extreme storms associated with warming and climate change the prime scientists say carbon dioxide to. nature can provide a path. through photosynthesis treason. to production as the growth of the forests global temperatures continue to climb higher. ever. one way to stop rising sea. is to reduce dangerous emissions research is the taking in. science to come up with methods to capture through innovation one experimental plan would inject carbon emissions underground could be turned into and stored indefinitely welcome to attack. in the theme and i think

the landscape. isn't just on the surface there's a lot more happening. and one of the most geologically active areas. according to iceland's national energy authority the tiny island nation with more than two hundred active volcanoes . but even when they aren't in many volcanic molten matter just. that results in a landscape covered with. gas. in the middle of one of these hot sports. fueled entirely by the energy from the ground the geothermal power generated here provides more than enough energy. capital city of

mecca bit so we're right on the edge of a volcanic area aren't we how important it is for the fight we wouldn't. be here if it weren't for the world came where the world came to is that's where we have. as a chemical engineer. and. she took us to the top of the bowl canaanite to get a closeup view to drill station. this is the geothermal version of an oil rig. off the flow of. more than two hundred degrees. so that we. three hundred degrees. and so. a crack in the ground. yeah basically with their limbs or crops in the ground

rhetoric. or third or you know just regular work that's circulating through. our. bring a thing that we can really imagine what a very good life yeah yeah i mean it's much more than that this is just you know for. us is incredible but what's happening here is actually as a result of what's going on thousands of inmates have been a fly thing the locust soho chorus when engine is religious so it really safely heated getting. a very family gases including the i would say the scientists here all. especially. the set of beliefs into the atmosphere. as it turns out. is also a giant tree and to one of the world's most innovative plans to capture carbon

dioxide c good. is a research professor at the ice and he's part of the team behind comp thinks the carbon capture program record big energy even though this is a green energy point five percent of what comes out of the ground is made up of gases cup and dioxide and hunched in some fight. the idea is to take home the missions and inject them back into the ground how many theoretically you could take all this year through that's going to be released in the future you know from burning all of no fossil fuel on earth you could capture it and you can store it in the ocean egregious you know with all of it all of it you know about this five thousand tons of carbon that's kind of the estimated you know emission of most of if we if we admit of the current rate increase causing climate change causing acidification of the ocean etc unless we capture of the c o two that's incredible

that this carbon capture method could be the solution to. eliminating our carbon footprint well it's not the silver bullet i mean it's not the solution is reward of the solution. the cop fix program was conceived in the labs in two thousand and six by two thousand and twelve it was fully implemented in the field it takes advantage of something else iceland's tectonic heritage provides the sun take a look. the landscape a is highly dramatic and it's covered in this dog and jagged edge of rock right above and below the surface it's called the salty rock and it's volcanic lava cools and it's perfect for capturing carbon because it's highly reactive with. this is the key ingredient to this whole innovative process isn't there this is a chunk of fossil fuel looking up but it's the black material that's the soft and then you can see white spots sort of in between this extra moving calcium carbonate

that we are forming that's the c o two. so these white spots is actually this isn't just a chunk of it this is a very nice calcium carbonate christo cultured christo. but this is not really representative of what you want to reform with in the ground during our injection it's more like the spots you can see the possibly this process is happening here in iceland naturally for example in order to form an area where we have come there to interacting with a soft turning to into carbon minerals so then we thought why not test this interesting idea out here in west london when we have all. come to providing a source of c o two that come in then become. injected back into the ground and see if we can utilise accelerate this not sure process so the process is happening

naturally here it's happening at a much faster speed did you predict that yeah so i actually in the beginning i was involved with the protest in my in support of my ph d. bush at the motel predict that mineralization to approach within five years time but. it proved that the processes in foss them all to protect the hosts the c o two was turned into stone within the only two years to. once the c o two is turned into stone you don't have to worry. it's not going anywhere it's just but it in the ground as. the process begins of the production. team sent down these pipes and into the main power plant below is used to turn the giant which produced electricity. impressive for binds them out there in the first of. the water if they can through heat exchangers weather what that which is what the

for the setting the pipes and there were years for souring and. once the steam is been used it's usually been leased back into the atmosphere for the car fixed project geothermal gas is about point five percent of steam going to be special cleaning toilets that's where the common touch of process. so the gases get a shower what does that mean yeah they actually flow through a column where we have what the first falling falling down because three rows in the opposite direction of the gas meets a liquid yeah and during that sort of interaction the c o two and so fight they do salt into the water droplets that water is sent back down the pipe to. several hundred meters from the main plant that this is really the heart of innovation in this for what happens so here we are actually interacting water containment based

on c o two into the ground into the boss off the coast or where the chemical reactions place and turn it into the rock so the gas has been dissolved in water is that what's coming up through the pipe here in the pipe we have or are about thirty meters per second of theme actually containing this salt c o two and it's through us flowing through here because if you look through the window you can see that there are actually i mean bubbles are visible even though we have a lot of fluid flow flowing through it because all the concepts are the salt is hard to believe that there's actually these is the second. of water content of gas flowing through here it just looks like it's yeah it looks it looks empty but if you look closely you can see so what is more profit off moving around a little bit so it is actually happening and you can see it's on compressor and. the final step in the process is where the chemical reaction happens the water is pumped down this large pipe to a depth of one point five kilometers that's where it hits bedrock and that's where

the chemical reaction takes place as they like to say it's why gas is turned to rock so what happens after we inject this year two was that this year too was is the salt and water which is then acidic. the acidic waters dissolves the process of the coaster releasing calcium magnesium and iron into the water fluid where it can react with the c o two that's already there and form these carbon of minerals lots of three x. fast. formed rocks. where we surprise we have done some experiments we have done transport modeling where we predicted that this would take of the order of five to ten years no one really believed. you know you really have to do it ben we injected. mineralize from two years from trusted news the plant already green has reduced its carbon footprint by one more

importantly a team of ph d. students at the university of rice and is conducting a new round of testing to figure out why cupcakes so well whether it has application for this machine here is very much my more hearts just. yes where it's mixing together so i'm very active now. what are you trying to find from almost experimentation so the main aim is to figure out where the kick off is when is the c o two reacting with the salt to form carbonate why is the carbon insulation so fast i mean in other carbon storage methods it takes tens of thousands of years or is this a procedure that could be. copied around the world that is the hope i mean right now it has been done in iceland and they are doing studies united states in the columbia river you have to try and link up with other companies and universities

and other countries in the world in order to bring this matter to them but also alter it to what type of industry they have and what type of rocks they have and then in a way looking at the different industries seeing. what they do on a daily basis and seeing how you can alter it in such a way that they can also store their gas emissions in the ground. so it's working very well at the end but one of the other applications of this technology because of course we want to get the coal fired power plants you know where the. mission is done also we want to get this to. you know we need to in the future even if we abandon fossil fuel we need. money we would need to see. scientists here say they have a long way to go but they would begin testing the car fix process a power plants and smelter is situated in coastal regions near. rock.

so far tests at the energy plant chainmail negative impact on water supplies downstream from injection site other methods of carbon storage rely on bearing the gas in geological formations or injecting c o two into depleted or wells the car fixed process is the only woman into mice the person actually turns the gas into rock so how can this be expanded globally. well it must. be most of the. surface of earth. when we have it we have big plans of. in the states in siberia but also the whole ocean explorer well that's a lot of surface and one of the downsides of this method that it is that we need a lot of work that of course we want to solve the c o two completely before we interact if we used to see what that but then to the ocean explorer somehow we have

endless supply of what you know us what we could imagine so but the question remains how much of this would be practical to use. with not really the only way to capture and store you know we this is the first experiments we do you know one on that is no applied to the interest groups. good conventional way of capturing c o two and compressing it on injecting into circular basin they've been doing since ninety six so there's a lot of know. what this. is that we need to put a price on the carpet it has to be an incentive for him to do it and it should be included in the price of fossil fuels the price of capturing and storing the car we have done then i'm very optimistic we know of course we always have to work on ways to actually lower the price but it is doable with the present knowledge we have but

it's costly in two thousand and fifteen the u.s. national academy of science issued a report on geo engineering the science of technology to counter the impact of climate change the panels contrition the benefits of carbon dioxide high risk costs a challenge they called for more studies to determine if we. could be safe and effective scientists at the university of rice and harder and they studied. capturing fi eighteen is just one possible solution but scientists. but not burying carbon dioxide but they are finding a way to use it for techno. scientists in amsterdam are studying another solution to help reduce global c o two levels they're innovating green manufacturing techniques of some common products like plastics that actually remove instead of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during

production currently the plastic manufacturing process emits huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment adding to the problem of climate change. but what if the new technology could produce a type of biodegradable plastic that could actually help reverse the greenhouse effect the possibility of this lies inside bacteria an ancient organism the first of all three point five billion years ago which turns carbon dioxide into valuable organic compounds from which plastics can be made as a whole variety of organisms that's still. very strong particular. microorganisms that we call the cyano work area. this is an example of the blue green algae. here in amsterdam science park a young startup has grand plans harnessing the photosynthetic power of cyanobacteria not only to reduce c o two in the atmosphere but also to produce

earth friendly consumer products the science behind this begins with an understanding of photosynthesis plants and some bacteria use energy from the sun along with carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere to produce oxygen and organic compounds the oxygen back into earth's atmosphere and the cycle continues. scientists have found that cyanobacteria one of the oldest organisms known to man can be engineered in the lab to excrete commercially valuable molecules. although there are differences in climate between various places on earth we also find many different fan of victoria and in principle you could find for any sport where you would want to apply to your technique you could find a certain fan of bacterium that is optimally adapted to carry out the process that you have defined. in this lab living cyanobacteria conduct photosynthesis under artificial conditions and are engineered to excrete

a number of specific compounds used in products ranging from plastics to fragrances to pharmaceuticals. the cyanobacteria excluded compound used in the manufacturing of bioplastics is lactic acid. dr class telling where is a microbiologist spearheading the cyanobacteria research and here is an example of a product that can be made by the santa victoria in very large amounts and this case this is one of the. early if you were forms of lactic acid and then if you have a culture a liquid culture that has been modified to produce the electic effort and you let it produce for a for a while for this elective. can then be used to make consumer products of plastic and there's also a very important product. that will become much more important in the years to come and this is the electric us to use in three d. printing and my expectation is that the amount of products that we that we will be

using that have been produced in the three d. printer will enormously trees in the coming years. growing cyanobacteria to make lactic acid for use in plastic manufacturing requires a detailed scientific recipe. researcher dr sabrina explains how the cyanobacteria is grown in the last. year we grow the three cultures that when one uses to not too late. large bottles that will be again used to inoculate our pilot facility which is from three four hundred liters of two thousand liters so you're growing a small amount in here and then you'll dump it and went to looks like an empty clear yet liquid and then it grows to be the screen yes exactly yeah what's in here right now what are these we had he was a bit electric i said producing bacteria but we do is the monitor as close as possible all different part of meters from ph to temperature to

a new thread concentration in order to find the best recipe for the medium. the lactic acid producing say in a bacteria is engineered here it will be moved to other labs with larger bio reactors just scale up production increasing the amount of bioplastics that can be manufactured later normally you don't think about plastic is necessarily being good for the environment but these are generally there is a problem with plastics that if they are very recalcitrant that means that once they are deposited in the environment they will stay in the environment and they will not degrade or degrade only very very slowly and the nice thing of this less think is that it is based on molecules from living cells and that means that there are also enzymes in living cells that can break the connection and then can degrade the plastic the nice thing of this type of polymer is that you can make blends of these palomas that have a range of degradation that you can set when you make the polymer tunable it is you

who broke this this be good to be degraded and then the material in this three d. printing thing you're proposing an almost entirely closed loop you start with in the atmosphere you use a modified cyanobacteria to create a plastic polymer that humans use goes to landfill is broken down and turns back into. this very important and we call it the carbon cycle on earth and now the last two hundred years mankind has learned that it is very cheap and attractive to burn all that. however if we continue to do that create this problem of increased c o two and global warming and that's why it is very important to change the carbon cycle into a cycle where all the carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis by the plans for food or the scientific theory to make materials all this fixed carbon is used and after you ideally it is reviews and wanted to see who is going to end of a cycle

a new and with an energy of sunlight new products can be made. using nights and science to combat climate change and the mind does have potential attack now i'm dr cities i'm all right and i think the next time.

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