live inside lebanon born and bred generation after generation but that's why in this region if you talk to people they sometimes describe themselves first and foremost as being palestinian they may have a lebanese passport they may have another passport from all of the part of the middle east but first and foremost they are palestinians and they were expecting the right to return to a country called palestine of course donald trump's critics have said with his announcement of jerusalem as the capital of israel his critics say he has driven a coach and horses through any idea of that happening soon we've got the israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu he is on his way to paris he has accused various european countries of being quite hypocritical in their approach to this the being pro palestinian demonstrations on the streets of paris as well so the conversation that benjamin netanyahu has with the french president emmanuel mack and what to do after three hours from now will be we suspect honest and robust no injuries there we saw one or two people being carried away but we think that was

a reaction to tear gas inhalation toxic stuff it makes it difficult to brief the coffin all the time your eyes are watering the trouble on the streets there of beirut as the global arab slash palestinian reaction to that embassy move to jerusalem and the recognition of jerusalem continues will warrant the international campaign to abolish nuclear weapons has been awarded the nobel peace prize in an exclusive interview with the winning delegation from the award ceremony in all muslim al-jazeera asks whether banning devastating weapons could finally lead to complete disarmament on al-jazeera. green bacteria in a laboratory in. super heated gas escaping from both can acknowledge in iceland. two experiments both exploring and innovative i did because how council tax climate

change. explores the science of capturing. this is. going to explore the intersection of humanity and we're doing it in a unique way this is science by scientists. fossil fuels powering the modern industrial economy with global economic growth. in. greenhouse. since the one nine hundred fifty s. the u.s. space agency has been monitoring carbon dioxide levels. in two thousand and thirteen climate history is made at the moment station in hawaii. in the month of may we measured c o two. you know why go over

four hundred. which is a mile you could say. we think this is a significant milestone it reminds us of the fact that. we're currently higher. in the last at least two million years. also significant is the rate of increase is rapid. this computer generated image shows the c o two across the globe the intense red indicate increased burning of fossil fuels during the four and winter of two thousand and six which in turn generates. over north america europe and asia scientists around the world have evidence indicating increased levels of. atmosphere behind rising temperatures extreme droughts and extreme storms associated with global warming and climate. the prime

draw scientists say carbon dioxide c o two. nature can provide a carbon capture through photosynthesis treason. production has outpaced the growth of the forests global temperatures continue to climb higher . ever. one way to stop rising. is to reduce dangerous emissions but research is the taking in. science to come up with methods to capture. innovation one experiment to plan would inject carbon emissions underground could be turned into and stored indefinitely welcome to techno i know. and the theme and i think the landscape.

i think is beauty isn't just on the surface there's a lot more happening. iceland one of the most geologically active areas. according to iceland's national energy authority the tiny island nation. with more than two hundred active volcanoes. but even when they aren't in many volcanic molten just. that results in a landscape covered with. gas. in the middle of one of these. field entirely by the energy from the ground the power generated here provides more than enough energy. capital city of mecca. there we're on the

edge of a volcanic area around me how important is that for the fight with power pole complicated here if it weren't for the wind came across where the one came if that's where we have from electricity. is the chemical engineer and the search for wreckage and if you have a disability. she took us to the top edge of the boat canaanite to get a close up view of an active drill station. this is the geothermal version of an oil rig. lovely and warm and have. the temperature off the floor when it comes to office more than two hundred degrees in both agree on that so we can be pretty it's a three hundred degrees. and so have we drove in. a crack in the ground yeah basically with earl and the crops in the ground we had

a week. off work good or you know just regular work that's circulating through that's how we bring that thing that we can really imagine what's going to be yeah yeah i mean it's it's much more than that this is just you know for. this is incredible but what's happening here is actually as a result of what's going on thousands of inmates have been if my thing the locust soho forest when engine is related to it they really think that he said getting a call a fierce battle gases including the i would say the scientists hear all sorts of things especially c h e. he said if released into the atmosphere. as it turns out. that will pound is also a giant burra tree i'm to one of the world's most innovative plans to capture carbon dioxide. say good guest list is

a research professor at the university of iceland he's part of the team behind top picks the carbon capture program reckon big energy even though this is a green energy plant point five percent of what comes out of the ground is made up geothermal gases cup and dioxide and hunch and sulfite the idea is to take home the missions and inject them back into the ground. theoretically you could take all bristly or through that's going to be released in the future you know from burning all of no fossil fuel on earth you could capture it and you can store it in the ocean egregious you know with all of it all of it you know about this five thousand pounds of cotton that's kind of the estimated you know emission of most of if we if we a myth of the current rate increase causing climate change causing acidification of the ocean etc unless we capture with you that's incredible that this carbon capture

method could be the solution to. eliminating our carbon footprint well it's not the silver bullet i mean it's not the solution is reward of the solution. the cop fix program was conceived in the labs in two thousand and six by two thousand and twelve it was fully implemented in the field it takes advantage of something else tectonic heritage provides the sun take a look. the landscape a is highly dramatic and it's covered in this dog and jagged edge of rock right above and below the surface it's called the salty rock and it's volcanic lava cools and it's perfect for capturing carbon because it's highly reactive with. this is the key ingredient to this whole innovative process isn't there this is a chunk of fossil fuel looking up but it's the black material that's the most soft and then you can see white spots sort of in between this absolutely calcium

carbonate that we're forming that's the c o two. so these white spots is actually this isn't just a chunk of it this is a very nice calcium carbonate crystal cultured christo. but this is not really representative of what do you what we form within the ground during our injection it's more like the spots you can see the possibly this process is happening here in iceland naturally for example in order to ferment areas where we have. to interacting with a soft turning to into carbon minerals so then we thought why not test this interesting idea out to my son i mean we have all. come to providing a source of c o two that come then become. injected back into the ground and see if we can utilize accelerate this not sure process so the process is happening

naturally here it's happening at a much faster speed did you predict that yeah so i actually in the beginning i was involved with the protest in my in support of my ph d. bush the multiple predicts that mineralization to approach within five years time but. it proved that the processes in fosse them all to protect that most the c o two was turned into stone within the only two years two and once the c o two is turned into stone we don't have to worry. about it it's not going anywhere it's just but it in the ground as. the process begins of the production. team sent down these pipes and into the main power plant. is used to turn the giant which produces electricity in person for binds them in the first of. the water it's taken the heat exchanger. with. the pipes and

their readers are souring and. once the steam is usually released back into the atmosphere for the car fixed project the geothermal gas is about point five percent of steam going to be special. that's where the carbon capture process. so the guesses get a shower what does that mean yeah they actually flow through a column where we have what the drop was falling falling down because three flows in the opposite direction i guess meets a liquid yeah and during that sort of interaction the c o two and so fight they dissolve into the water droplets that water is sent back down the pipe to this injection several hundred meters from the main plant so this is really the heart of innovation in this for what happens so here we are actually interacting water containing this on c o two into the ground into the boss of the cold store

where the chemical reactions place and turn it into a rock so the gas has been dissolved in water that was coming up through the pipe here in the pipe we have or are about thirty meters per second of content steam actually containing this salt c o two and it's through us flowing through here because if you look through the window you can see that there are actually i mean bubbles are visible even though we have a lot of fluid flowing through it and that's because all the costs of the salt it's hard to believe that there's actually these is the second. of water content of gas flowing through here and just that scientists yeah it looks it looks empty but if you look closely you can see so what is more profit off moving around a little bit so it is actually happening and you can see it's on the presser nine point five hours the final step in the process is where the chemical reaction happens the water is pumped down this large pipe to a depth of one point five kilometers that's where it hits bedrock and that's where

the chemical reaction takes place as they like to say it's where gas is turned to rock so what happens after that we inject the c o two was the this year two was is the salt and water which is the acidic the the acidic water the salts. the coast through releasing calcium magnesium and into the water fluid where it can react with the c o two that's already there. for these carbon of minerals. on the floor and the rocks. where we surprised we had done some experiments we had done somebody at the transport modeling where we predicted that this would take of the order of five to ten years no one really believed us. you know i'm then you really have to do it and then we inject that henri paul got that we could mineralized in two years which is a fantastic new the pants already green has achieved a cup and footprint by one more importantly a team of ph d.

students at the university of bison is conducting a new round of testing to figure out why topic is what a well whether i have played will actually cage this machine here is very much like more on the your family album but it's where it's mixing together so i'm reenacting that what are you trying to find from all the supply mentation so the main aim is to figure out where the kick off is when is the c o two reacting with the song to form carbonate why is a carbon creation so fast i mean in other carbon storage spaces and takes tens of thousands of years is a procedure that could be. copied around the world that in the hope i mean right now it has been done in iceland and they are doing studies in the united states in the columbia river area you have to try and link up with other companies and

universities and other countries in the world in order to bring this method to them but also alter it to what type of industry they have and what type of rocks they have and then in a way whacking at the different industry seeing what what they do on a daily basis and seeing how you can alter it such a way that they can also store their gas emissions in the ground. so it's working very well as a general family plant but what are the other applications of this technology well they're all because of course we want to get the coal fired power plants you know where the much you noted you have their mission is done also we want to get this to first motors you know we need in the future even if we abundant fossil fuel really need i don't we would meet aluminum and we would need to see. scientists here say they have a long way to go but they would begin testing the car fix process a power plants and smelter is situated in coastal regions near ocean rock.

so far tests at the energy plant chainmail negative impact on water supplies downstream from the injection site other methods of carbon storage rely on bearing the gas in geological formations or injecting c o two into depleted or wells the car fixed process is the only into my says the person that actually turns the gas into rock so how can this be expanded globally. well it must. be most of the. surface of earth. and when we have it we have big plans of. in the states in siberia but also the whole ocean explorer well that's a lot of surface and one of the downsides of this method that is that we need a lot of what that is because we wanted to solve the c o two completely before we inject if we used to see what that but then to the ocean explorer somehow we have

endless supply of what you know us what we could imagine so but the question remains how much of this would be practical to use bustled with not really the only way to capture and store you know we this is the first experiments we do you know one on that is nowhere close to an interest to obscure good conventional way of capturing c o two and compressing it on injecting into separate places they've been doing since ninety six so there's a lot of know. what this. is that we need to put a price on the carpet it has to be an incentive for him to do it and it should be included in the price of fossil fuels the price of capturing and storing the car once we have that then i'm very optimistic that no of course we always have to work on ways to actually lower the price but it is doable with the present knowledge we

have but it's costly in two thousand and fifteen the u.s. national academy of science issued a report on geo engineering the science of technology to counter the impact of climate change the panel's contrition the benefits of carbon dioxide high risk costs a challenge they called for more studies to determine if we. could be safe and effective scientists at the university of rice and harder and they studied. capturing c o two is just one possible solution but scientists have another plan and not burying carbon dioxide but they are finding a way to use it the technique. scientists in amsterdam are studying another solution to help reduce global c o two levels they're innovating green manufacturing techniques of some common products like plastics that actually remove instead of add carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

during production currently the plastic manufacturing process emits huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment adding to the problem of climate change. but what if a new technology could produce a type of biodegradable plastic that could actually help reverse the greenhouse effect the possibility of this lies inside bacteria an ancient organism the first of three point five billion years ago which turns carbon dioxide into valuable organic compounds from which plastics can be made as a whole variety of organisms. but there is a wrong particular. microorganisms recall the cyano work area. this is an example of the blue green algae. here in amsterdam science park a young startup has grand plans harnessing the photosynthetic power of cyanobacteria not only to reduce c o two in the atmosphere but also to produce

earth friendly consumer products the science behind this begins with an understanding of photosynthesis plants and some bacteria use energy from the sun along with carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere to produce oxygen and organic compounds the oxygen is put back into earth's atmosphere and the cycle continues. scientists have found that cyanobacteria one of the oldest organisms known to man can be engineered in the lab to excrete commercially valuable molecules. although there are differences in climate between various places on earth we also find many different fan of a carrier and in principle you could find for any sport where you would want to apply you know techniques you could find a certain fan of bacteria and that is optimally adept of to carry out the process that you have to find. in this lab living cyanobacteria conduct photosynthesis under artificial conditions and are engineered to excrete

a number of specific compounds used in products ranging from plastics to fragrances to pharmaceuticals. the cyanobacteria excluded compounds used in the manufacturing of bioplastics is lactic acid. dr class telling where is a microbiologist spearheading the cyanobacteria research and here you see an example of a product that can be made by the same kind of bacteria in very large amounts and this case this is one of the. coli if you were forms of lactic acid and then if you have a culture a liquid culture that has been modified to produce the lactic acid and you let it produce for a for a while for this electric bottom or can then be used to make consumer products of plastics and there's also a very important product that will become much more important in the years to come and this is the electric. used in three d. printing and my expectation is that the amount of products that we that we will be

using that have been produced in a three d. printer will enormously increase in the coming years. growing cyanobacteria to make lactic acid for use in plastic manufacturing requires the details scientific recipe . researcher dr sabrina explains how the cyanobacteria is grown in the lab. here we grow the three cultures that when one uses to not too late. large bottles that will be again used to inoculate our pilot facility which is from three four hundred liters of two thousand liters so you're growing a small amount here and then you'll dump it and went to looks like an empty clear yet liquid and then it grows to be the screen yes exactly yeah what's in here right now what are these. electric i said producing bacteria what we do is the monitor as close as possible all different part of meters from ph to temperature to nutrient

concentration in order to find the best recipe for the medium. the lactic acid producing say in a bacteria is engineered here it will be moved to other labs with larger bio reactors just scale up production increasing the amount of bioplastics that can be manufactured later normally you don't think about plastic is necessarily being good for the environment but these are generally there is a problem with plastics that if they are very recalcitrant that means that once they are deposited in the environment they will stay in the environment and they will not degrade or degrade only very very slowly and the nice thing of this plastic is that it is based on molecules from living cells and that means that there are also enzymes in living cells that can break the connection and then can degrade the plastic the nice thing of this type of polymer is that you can make blends of these polymers that have a range of degradation that you can set when you make the polymer tunable it is

june of that so you have brought this this be good to be degraded and then the material in this three d. printing thing you're proposing an almost entirely closed loop you start with c o two in the atmosphere you use the modified cyanobacteria to create a plastic polymer that humans use goes to landfill is broken down and turns back into. this very important and we call it the carbon cycle on earth and now the last two hundred years mankind has learned that it is very cheap and attractive to burn all that for us however if we continue to do that create this problem of increased c o two and global warming and that's why it is very important to change the carbon cycle into a cycle where all the carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis by the plans for food or the scientific theory to make materials all this fixed carbon is used and after you ideally it is reduced and once you do see you do is going to end of a cycle

a new and with an energy of sunlight new products can be made. using nature and science to come back climate change and might just have potential protect marriage i'm not to sure he said mara in iceland the next time. this is a boon for point people right now in technology there is so much going on to help people it's phenomenal thanks for calling i read this is there and what are you looking for today we get to assist the blind with their day to day tasks and give them more independence and freedom this was our consumer and old that sure is a tomato exploration process in a way we have that technology available to us take note of this turn on all jazeera

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