so far on al jazeera. and under pointed well on the. u.s. and british companies have announced the biggest discovery of natural gas in west africa but what to do with these untapped natural resource gape their countries haven't truly been able to escape the war. i really felt liberated as a journalist from oslo and was getting to the truth as an eyewitness that's what this jobs bill. hello i'm jane and other top stories on al-jazeera rival proposals from the u.s. and russia to investigate chemical weapons attacks in syria have failed to pass at the u.n. security council both sides called for new inquiries to be set up but

a u.s. plan to assign blame for the attacks was rejected by moscow one of the most of the new rules you have already appointed the guilty party before the investigation you do not need the investigation you do not want to hear anything you do not want to hear that no traces of a chemical attack was found in duma you've simply been looking for a pretext all this time facebook founder and chief executive mark zuckerberg has admitted making mistakes as he gave nearly five hours of testimony in the u.s. congress he says he's sorry about the privacy data breach at the social media giant ellen fisher reports in washington d.c. . ditching his favorite group two shirts for a suit this was a polish to facebook c.e.o. with a performance to match mark zuckerberg apologize for the massive data breach that impacted eighty seven million users worldwide we didn't take a broad enough view of our responsibility and that was a big mistake and it was my mistake and i'm sorry but the importance of this

appearance was not lost on one senator it should be a wake up call for the tech community we want to hear more without delay about what facebook and other companies plan to do to take greater responsibility for what happens on their platforms the core issue was summed up with one question from democrat dick durbin mr zucker bird would you be comfortable sharing with us the name of the hotel you stayed in last night. no. mark zuckerberg was called in front of the senate after it was discovered millions of users data was improperly obtained by yuki beast political consultancy cambridge analytics the use that information to target ads to help donald trump's presidential campaign and the bricks at referendum in the u.k. the facebook founder says steps will be taken to ensure such a data breach can never happen again but one senator asked if he was ready to

follow through on that promise i believe you have all the talent my question is whether you have all the will to help us solve this problem yes senator do you believe the european regulation should be applied here in the us regardless of whether we implement the exact same regulation i would guess that it would be somewhat different because we have somewhat different sensibilities perhaps the most contentious exchange came when republican ted cruz accused facebook of political bias are you aware of any page that has been taken down from planned parenthood senator i'm not but let me just ask and i have on another work sorry about move on dot org i'm not specifically aware of about any democratic candidate for office i'm not specifically aware i mean i i'm not in a not short mark zuckerberg revealed facebook is looking into potential russian links to the cambridge analytical breach and also that the company has cooperated with special counsel robert mueller who's investigating possible collusion between

the russians and donald trump's presidential campaign mark zuckerberg spent the weekend preparing for this appearance and it showed you low fees members of the u.s. house at a separate hearing on wednesday with the threat of greater regulation for the entire take industry standing on the other side of that performance alan fischer al-jazeera on capitol hill the gulf crisis and security issues have dominated the meeting between cattle. been funny and the u.s. president at the white house donald trump says he's working quoting extremely well with qatar. leaders of colombia's former rebels fark rebels have accused the us of sabotaging the peace process after a keen negotiated for the group was arrested some treats was taken into custody by colombian authorities based on drug smuggling charges filed in the u.s. court the daughter of a former russian spies been discharged from hospital in britain as she recovers from being poisoned ulas cripple has been taken to

a secure location but russia's embassy in london says any plans to resettle her and her father will be seen as quote an abduction of its citizens those are the headlines the caliph is up next. the caliph are. a form of rule in a slam. that lasted for almost thirteen centuries. from the death of the prophet muhammad. to the overthrow of the last ottoman caliph in one thousand nine hundred twenty four. the arabic ten to twenty eighth twenty five which actually in essence simply means a successor already adapted to. the ruler of the islamic world would call himself

confederacy. successor goldsmiths. through the centuries. the title of caliph is a term that has been used. at the times abuse. in june two thousand and fourteen. a militant group calling itself the islamic state in iraq and the levant isis. declared the establishment of a caliphate. a call rejected by most muslims around the world. by so proclaimed its leader of the balkan but the dead. a callous. the man no love would go at the appropriate thing a title imbued with a religious and political significance. and cost him

a dark shadow. over a rich history. discounted by god in the since destroying attempting to destroy. much of the legacy the scaly ifs i want to preserve and to to foster. in the setting with us and he said let's address debbie let's unlock. the cooling. not the kind of mental disease i'm inside out and. this is the story of a type two of the originated one thousand four hundred years ago. that spawn one of the greatest empires the world has ever known. this is the story of the count of.

medina saudi arabia. last resting place of muhammad. the prophet of islam. it was here in june of the year six hundred thirty two. but he died after a brief illness. the prophet left behind a young and fibrous slotnick state uniting most of the tribes of a arabian peninsula. with medina as its capital. amman plan

was assessed in value that a noble so fought the nub of the zelma man and some thought with what does the many . of them in the us yet that is a mob and has to fight them. but. look at the hondas. and the senate and who would lead them in the call for thought. the. ten years earlier muhammad and a group of his early followers would come to be known as a more headroom or the emigrants had fled mecca and persecution by the pagan leaders of their own troy for a ship. or war will

the profit on the emigrants were given shelter by the citizens of medina. with their off to be cold alone song. meaning the supporters. together these two groups formed. the close companions of the prophet the successor would come from one of them. and i would be in the home and he had been led to and i that well he then he can have him and yet the one rule then bad none of us would. be in a humble building that used to stand on the sights of this public gone. but the supporters gathered to decide which of them would be the prophet successor. but two of the leading emigrants. and almost interrupting their deliberations.

as well had you known that idol international in the end i thought it cannot be learned in ohio just now know that in islam and i was in the navy that it. gannett in will have. less as. after hours of heated debate. the claim of the emigrants was judged to have precedence. of. a done while a kind. would. go by yak in that it. had the historic he didn't wish to land the band and bury our. third day out. in a humble building in medina a new age had begun. a new title written

into history. a title that would ring down the ages. the first caliph of islam the successor of mohammed was to be a book a city. the following day a box position was confirmed when the most in community gave. an oath of allegiance to the new caliph. o.-p. put a pic task has been assigned to me. now it is beyond doubt that i have been elected

european. but though i'm not better than you. as long as i obey our laws and his prophet. when i disobeyed him and his. prophet. than obey me not. above was the first of four would be known as the russian do. the right to god it kind of says. they were zero people who had been very close to the prophet muhammad during his lifetime as his companion as those who had converted. to islam and had dedicated in sounds to the formation of the community the spreading of the message in that for in eighty campaigns and internet of the prophet mohammed in a way it's. a i didn't create out well the out.

what the have. the call the plenty of room out of the cup bob was. about. to. look better have more your time even with me in the lobby in a struggle ok valdemar. mean that not to come and be too much. was a profoundly spiritual and modest man. but when some of the arabian tribes rose up in rebellion refusing to submit to the new caliphate he was quick to act. as a much to someone who knows a hell of a rate that he knows all the tribal details the genealogies the clowns the weaknesses the strengths who could be employed against whom and he transformed himself into this extraordinary powerful man.

a book critic led war on the rebel tribes and after a year of heavy fighting. he emerged victorious. his attention was now turned to the territory of the two superpowers of the era the sussan it's in persia. and the by sun times of the east and the roman empire. in an old day shift move taking on both empires at once he launched the muslim conquests. but crucially he gave his men orders to preserve. destroy. the. usual.

ballet i thought a little in the set. of the looting with a day guinea and every man i bid him. a box commander in the east. made good ground in iraq fighting the sas and. the four armies sent to attack by them in the levant meeting heavy resistance. on the order to which he moved his men across the desert to the west of the. oldest six thirty four on the fields of here in palestine. the most i'm on he's gathered to take on the mike to you.

the most. wicked and the. one the. ultimate. in the. human. so how some of them out a little. but in the wake of victory it as that the. enough to just to use this kind. of book to die and the need for sixty one. there's no moment where there's an election or a council and we just have this placement as it were like a vice president coming on to the throne of the kind of what of becomes that.

over the next ten years almost. the second right he got it kind of. would show himself to be a great strategist and state bill. a few days after he became calif. almost on this once more under fairly conquered damascus. but. was soon to be stripped of his come on. obama. you'll see him in one to say that. what obama said that you know might have bought a lot of the of the law and the how did. the and the men had run out of the

tub in them until suddenly well i'm the lab you're almost went out. after two years the calif would recall this brilliant commander to the battlefront once again. this time here in northern georgia in the tranquil valley of the yarmouk river. in august six thirty six this was where the by sun times army clashed with muslim forces underfed. one small victory to the most. of whom about the. infancy. of the off the hook and i didn't miss with the new technique i'm with you said you're all. about.

the muslim conquest smoothed on words in all directions capturing the rest of the live on earth of its great cities. finally they laid siege to jerusalem it's so. often making this and i do so. like you know. yeah. well you. see he lists this. jerusalem significance lay as it still does today and its position as a holy place for the three great monotheistic religions judaism christianity. and islam. only for jerusalem was almost

prepared to make his first and last journey a scholar if. not . all more often to small who has them. in medina again a dollar on. the whole does rock what islam oh a levee yet about life for death and. that let me add. one i'll us all well i'll tell ya. sophronia to peter welcome to mon given the keys of the city and then told them to come and pray in the holy supple current the holiest church of christe and. said no

i will not pray here and when the patriarch asked why not just because if i play here then after me muslims will come and want to pray here take this church from you and i want you to have this church. instead almost prayed just outside the church. in later years on the exact spot. this mosque was a red. herring the caliph's name. to this day a copy of the pledge that almost gave to the christians of jerusalem can be seen hanging on the walls of the smalls. this is an assurance of peace and protection given by the seventh of a law of much commendable to believe it to the people of jerusalem. he gave them

an assurance of protection for their life property cherish and crosses as well as the sick and the healthy only it's really just. it's a wonderful journey and so many stories about omar about the puritanical commando but his journey jerusalem he's at his best he is sorting out the faith traditions honoring them in a city that can be shared by all faith communities. with the muslims now in full control of the levant they moved west and conquered egypt. in the east the caliphs armies triumphed over the south and it's hard to say. an advanced on their capital. test before.

yes. at the time the largest city in the world. all that remains today of tessie form. is the arch of course. once the throne home of persia and grooms. you have to remember the two great superpowers of the. screwed the world for the last four hundred years they've been. putting it in a modern parlance it's a bit like the eskimos taking on the united states of america and russia.

in october six forty four at the height of his powers and while leading the feds don't prayers. almost was assassinated by disaffected persian slaves. that it is them who has allowed to visit many. who are. black and you assist oh i did it. yeah i need to stop the and. if you have your arm out of the cut up was a saturday idea. feel. that it did feel he has yes see him why you feel. that the minute i let you go when. you don't. believe the ship of the muslims now

to a man with a markedly different character. became the third day of the russia doing the rocky guided caliphs. shrine in quite a one two zero. resting place of one of the sahal. the prophet muhammad's close companion. was killed in the early attempts to conquer the area during the reign of the color . been. going on the lot and. off meant me nothing.

the what i couldn't change her wedding and. what has a sort of bizarre. at first successful the campaign soon run into problems over the division of the spoils of war. and the effort for most i don't on that i'm afraid i'm not a fan but the shia and get it home with some hamas. that can be. a hold off man that i've about can at them and i want to go ahead and ship but how many c.f.c.'s the of honey. how in the several of them. the ruling elite of this empire where rules are rife from hundreds tribe to tribe

of carraige these people have become the rule is a very very wealthy empire and they also have laws that have been drawn from across the peninsula and now we're being settled in garrisons in egypt and iran and so i think the politics and the economics of the situation who are almost inevitably going to drive conflict. in six fifty five mutinies broke out against the kind of uncalled for and bustle. and in the garrison that's a stall in egypt. a year later on gravels marched to medina and took up positions around off months house calling on him to step down. he broke a disease has tended to see things get ugly but she's broken into and he's

assassinated killed and it's said that all. symbolic moment he was meditating reading the koran the company one of his wives and the blood of the spilt on the cross to the court that emblematic moment when the word of god is splattered with blood and it's as if he will never know peace again. once again a caliph. but this time the killers were. less than a quarter of a century after the death of the prophet. in a country with high youth unemployment one of the nice asian helps turn school children into entrepreneurs or gun tell us what i mean by the word fundraising

empowering them to reclaim their futures to shut them out of very distorted by shit how to make the back safe and build more prosperous communities some of them invest the money into other businesses school for life uganda part of the rebel education series at this time on al-jazeera. al-jazeera. and i'm jane death and the other top stories on al-jazeera rival proposals from the u.s. and russia to investigate chemical weapons attacks in syria have failed to pass at the united nations security council both sides call for new inquiries to be set up

by the u.s. plan to sign blame for the attacks was rejected by moscow while mccluskey the new rules you have already appointed the guilty party before the investigation you do not need the investigation you do not want to hear anything you do not want to hear that no traces of a chemical attack was found in duma you've simply been looking for a pretext all this time there were really only two key differences between our draft and russia's but those differences volume's first russia wanted to give themselves the chance to approve the investigators who were chosen for the task and second russia wanted to have the security council assess the findings of any investigation before any report was released. does any of that sound independent or impartial so russia's proposal wasn't about an independent and impartial investigation at all it was all about protecting the assad regime the

gulf crisis and security issues of dominated the meeting between cattles to me been funny and the u.s. president at the white house donald trump says he's working quote extremely well with cata facebook founder and chief executive mark zuckerberg has testified before the u.s. congress for nearly five hours he says he's sorry about the privacy data breach at the social media giants it could be a good myths the way facebook connects with other apps wasn't good leaders of columbia's form of fark rebels have accused the u.s. of sabotaging the peace process of the key negotiator from the group was a raised it has to some tridge was taken into custody by colombian authorities based on drug smuggling charges filed in the us court the daughter of a former russian spy has been discharged from hospital in britain as she recovers from being poisoned but russia's embassy in london says any plans to resettle

scruple and of father surrogate will be seen as an abduction of its citizens as the headlines and news continues but let's return to the kind of. the year six fifty six. just a quarter of a century has passed since the death of the prophet muhammad. and the foundation of the caliphate. the third caliph off man has been murdered by a group of rebels in the capital. baghdad monrovia lahore and ghana living issue

a deal in the dino and joe will follow. that's the way can you not when i mean i mean. what in the hell you a lot of good men and my duty and one stop. ali cousin and son in law of the prophet yielded to the pressure becoming the force of the russia doing the right caliphs. the media's plunge fall from being a spiritual sort of lost philosopher poet theologian he's plunged into having to cope with the very very murky political waters. iraq. bedrock of support for the new caliph ali. abandoning medina he moved this capital here in the face of

a growing threat coming from close to the prophet himself. calling for the punishment of off months killers. one of the prophet's wives and two of his closest companions. and his superiors gathered an army to do battle with the new caliph. it came to be known as the battle of the camp. they set the scene for violent conflict between moments for my companions ali was victorious and taught him so badly defeated are you sure withdrew from public life after this defeat. the islamic state had fallen into its first civil war. the first but not the last.

damascus the syrian capital. and six thirty four and after almost seven centuries of the roman rule. the city was conquered by muslims. an army commander was appointed governor of the mosques and later the entire province. i mean i mean look as if he shot me well he and there's an incentive and yes done and that's where you are i mean

a home with the idea that the n.c.i.c. who are let you lay if i lay in. some high level be i or be there you show me your own shadow be on them while we are well as law in a. while yet came from the same family of the courageous troy the oh my yes as the murdered caliph. he refused to give the oath of allegiance to the new college. many of us mons relatives began to mom but only hand over those killers for justice and the center of a myatt resistance to ali was syria which was governed by a member of a finance family his second cousin michael olea. and six fifty seven ali marched northwards to quell mali as mutiny. they met a battle called roughly sixteen which was inconclusive and they agreed to negotiate

this proved to be a canny decision on the part of malawi because it's split a lease support some of his supporters felt that he shouldn't be negotiate. thing as the if he should just fight until he does stop missed his power. in january of six sixty one. the dissidents and army decided to try to wrest power from the elite. they plan to assassinate ali. and as. the governor of egypt. but their conspiracy ended with only one victim ali the cut.

off to three decades the first chapter. of the russian to the right to god. was. going to say that they never do and i leave that would you. really need any lay in the sense that he is c.s.e. while we have been answered yet. the and the c.s.l. now. i would assure you that at the. law we emerged triumphant establishing the almighty caliphate. a new dentist no longer primarily religious. the caliphate now begun to look more like among.

in the ruins of on the job in eastern eleven a. once thought to be by some time roman the city was in fact built by the mainstream. they had adopted the architectural style of the bison tires along with the structures of imperial rule. but under the old numbers is a c. but he was one hundred can all of the last though and one of the many hochman bizarre and put out the lead for this is for us for the one in the main the hut they have no design will see definitely but there's not much faith. in the it's there but. before on it got enough to where solid insert.

under maja the caliphate changed its form. and as a king would have done he named his son yes he has a successor. the any caliphate was not dynastic people were chosen by being designated by fact trade assessor or by groups and he consulted amongst themselves so it was if you like elective in the least this possible sense of the word and that's have a first for cain if which chosen by few not a consensus of the only muslim community. became color from his father's death and sixty eight. his rule was to plunge the states into another civil war.

medina the first captive powerful figures in the muslim community were beginning to build strong opposition to his in. a particularly important examples are abdullah the son of the bear who were challenged ali in the first civil war also who is sane the son of ali who had been kailash during the first civil war he also resisted the call for a pledge of allegiance to his ear. to signal his rejection of years each kind of. scene left medina for. from there he set off for coup for former stronghold of his father. but in october sixth eighty here in karbala iraq has its forces trapped and killed the same and most of the members of his family.

nonetheless opposition to a maid rule was far from over. and done remains a pair refused to pledge allegiance to the scene he described himself as the one who seek sanctuary in god's house and went to mecca sought refuge there easy decided to send an army against up to ribbons of bad but after a bit of the bear was saved by the premature death of years and at that moment in six eight three he proclaimed himself. meanwhile in damascus ma you know the second son of yours he was installed last the third kind of of the my dentist. but within a few weeks he died leaving no son no successor. a power vacuum seized on by the rival caliph and. co yet the model that.

let the. the lebanese army. that is that how they will bother to cover a lot of the. iraq. welcome back. a man the jordanian capital. city overlooked by the remains of a bison tynecastle. and the palace of the main government. the tribes of jordan were the last to stay loyal to the mites. in six eighty four a tribal gathering held here chose marwan as a new and my youth callous.

and it was his son malik who would reunite the islamic states under the firm rule of the almighty it's. the dome of the rock. jerusalem's most recognizable lung. built on the odors of the in my youth caliphs optimistic this is the third holiest sites in islam. but at the time the two most holy sites the mosques of mecca and medina lay in the hands of the almighty its rival calif it was obeyed. in six ninety one as a judge

a ruthless a made general set off for islam's holiest place with a powerful army. sent him to besieged mecca and defeat you can see that perhaps because i'm dumb i can self didn't want to be too closely associated with the damage to the shrine. i was jest put on the scene. and a desperate miserable. shelter in the slums most sacred shrine. the kaaba. but the hijazi was not to be deterred and i'm bored to death with a couple. after eight months of determined resistance. it was obeyed was killed in last ditch fighting. was stopped by the management my wife and your eight though he did know that it's not me yet mother left and jenny

that was a new age she as if he had been checking in a lot why barack at the. woman just sat kathy about that said the medic with the one you see had been at the end i mean. after two decades as callous. the legacy of stability to the sun. and that foundation. would build a still great and park. the capital of modern morocco. it was here in seven zero eight that the armies of the color of. reached the atlantic coast.

after more than fifty years of fierce resistance by local berber tribes the muslims had finally conquered the whole of north africa. got away before i don't mean that far when and when his i met minister cloud water avoid a shut up where the shade. having been conquered the berbers discovered that this land had much to offer. and began to convert and assimilate. one of them. thought of. was about to write his name in history. thought of. the mountain of thought. gibraltar. southern tip of the iberian peninsula. it was here in the spring of

seven hundred and eleven torics on me of berbers landed after crossing the mediterranean. inside three years he had toppled the visigoths rulers. and secured almost total control of the peninsula turning it into a colorful province known as under lucio. power about me when i can i'll most anyone publicly say the army doesn't f. a did in here did. the other thing a did and he did not follow. along with the great conquests in europe there was more success in asia. muslim armies began advancing towards what is today pakistan afghanistan and the central asian

republics. within ten years they had reached the borders of china. had built the biggest empire yet no. as you know has iemma empathy command the general men in military i mean us. command the general. municipality command to their fullest coverdell minister thirty. sima lies while you nada he had a few thoughts on him but. unlike the traditions of earliest. the walls of foresight ombre in the jordanian desert are painted in a by sometimes style. here is depicted

not as a religious figure but as an emperor. in just ten years he had made himself the most powerful man on earth. but the successes would struggle to retain that power. the peyronie's. the don't sing natural barrier between spain and france. in seven thirty two under the command of up the russian monitors off of the governor of under lucio. them forces across these mountains into french territory.

seemingly unstoppable they advance north capturing one city after another. from the left at the unity and it's look it's easy. to be hugged. and at ease and know. on its head and solemn. to me he. knew i mean. on this field to the north of the french city of what you. did france and troops were stopped by frankish army under shock not that. the muslims were defeated and their commander up to the hamas kill.

muslims remember this battle of the martyrs dog. but european history knows it as the battle of tools of victory but stop the northern spread of islam and save pristine europe. it then came to symbolize for later historians in particular for the great english historian edward gibbon he saw it as a decisive turning point in the battle between europe and the muslim world and he famously said that if it hadn't been for. charles martel and sure we would now be preaching the koran in oxford. this defeat in europe in the reign of the tenth of may it caliph a sham brought an end to

a my you invincibility. and just as his palace in jericho palestine lies in ruins today. is shams death and seven forty three through the whole state into chaos. after almost two years of all made family infighting over the caliphate one the second emerged as the fourteenth and last in my youth caliph. for my javelin few of my one. and it doesn't look well i guess that they are and the arctic. absolved by his efforts to contain trouble at the heart of the state the new caliph was oblivious to grave events unfolding in the east. a rather mysterious leader who is remembered

by the name of a muslim was calling for pledges of allegiance to the prophet's family and he managed to draw a substantial following from eastern iran into an army to oppose a mind to rule. the rebel army marched westward and captured coup for in iraq. in november seventh forty nine here in the city's mosque by on the oath of allegiance was given to the first a bus in calif. they proclaimed a man as called abu allah. and he was a descendant of one of the prophet muhammad's uncles and he based his claim to the kayleigh fight on that kinship with the prophet mohammed. in january seven fifty. on the banks of the zab river in iraq the all my

years led by their color not a one for their last battle against the us at all. after a heavy defeat marwan escaped westwards. that summer of the year seven fifteen he was killed by the a bus. after ninety years in power you might caliph it had been brought to an end. why the mayans lost power and what exactly happened in the aussie revolution is a difficult question but it seems to be related to this ongoing sense that the prophets family had a right to rule the kayleigh fight and this was a problem of the a my it's never really successfully contained. some muslims believe that the caliphate should always have remained strictly within the

prophet's bloodline. this belief would lead to the biggest splits in the history of islam. a split which is still exploited to this day. the centuries old divide. between sunni and shia. a story fourteen hundred years in the making. a story of succession and the leadership.

as josie that tells the story of dispute and division of the hall of an empire. the caliph episode to. hallow all of a sudden the deep calls been sitting ever canada and the plains states which you still see from this grayness here seems to be warming up to some degree the temperature is allowed to come up to about fifty eight in chicago or wednesday in twenty four in denver there's still snow around you can see it's fairly obvious

just not far away from toronto temps are mot reach seven but doesn't mean you won't get some snow during the day and still the potential for the back in most of the canadian side of the border so what's happened winter was hanging on and now it seems to be disappearing. don't hold your breath but on the minus one in calgary come thursday snow way down the rockies you can see quite clearly so no it's not over yet still nice and warm in illinois and to the south that want this spreading across to washington too was new yorkers even if the temps are a bit in toronto by the end of it this is probably just a tease south of all this and this wet weather in florida a few big showers around cuba and the bahamas must a cloud appears to be trying to build in places like mexico or costa rica cheri couple of countries for the next couple of days wednesday on thursday at the same time showers look a bit more likely in jamaica possibly his spaniel but mostly still relatively quiet .

as we embrace new technologies rarely do we stop to ask what is the price of this progress what happened was people started getting sick but there was a small group of people that began to think that maybe this was related to the time of its closure on the job and investigation reveals how even the smallest devices have deadly environmental and health costs we think ok we'll send our you waste to china but we have to remember that air pollution travels around the globe death by design on al-jazeera.