tv Death By Design Al Jazeera April 13, 2018 11:00pm-12:01am +03
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winning the will of the people hinges on the mass media state p.r. machine let's go into overdrive. but just who is going to do anything good. we just don't know yet where the lines will be drawn that will come to set and what comes up to. some journalists decided to sacrifice their integrity for outside polling the media opinion the listening post base time on al-jazeera.
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hello them to mcdonald's here among the top stories on al-jazeera they have been sharp exchanges at a united nations security council meeting on the crisis in syria the us ambassador said syrian president bashar al assad will not be allowed to normalize the use of chemical weapons while her russian counterpart dismissed reports that chlorine and sabun were used in duma last week as fabricated by camel reports from the u.n. . a kiss on both cheeks for the russian ambassador but any hope that the russian and american rhetoric would record down was soon dashed as the ambassador's continued what this week has become a familiar confrontation in the security council denial of any attack on one side of the story in the padilla's doña the when you there is no credible confirmation of this l specials found no traces of toxic substances the residents of duma know about no such attack all information about the alleged attackers have been provided
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by n.t. government forces forces who have interest in such development of events an incredulous response. i started to listen to my russian friend and respond but instead i'm in awe the silly of how you say what you say with a straight face i really really the secretary general's impassioned call for unity in the council was clearly ignored and turn your good terrorists painting a bleak picture of the world facing multiple conflicts the cold war is back with a vengeance but with a difference the mechanisms and the safeguards to manage the risks of escalation that existed in the past no longer seem to be present and another familiar scene at the start of the session the us ambassador once again entering with her french and british allies and in an apparently posed huddle sending a clear signal of joint concern and possibly joint action mike hanna al-jazeera
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united nations white house has strongly attacked former f.b.i. director james coleman and his new book called me he was fired last year called president trump an ethical ego driven and with the leadership style of a mob boss. the american people see right through the blatant lies of a self admitted leaker this is nothing more than a poorly executed p.r. stunt by coming to desperately rehabilitate his tattered reputation and enrich his own bank account by peddling a blue book that belongs in the bargain bin of the fix and protection instead of being remembered as a dedicated servant in the pursuit of justice like so many of his other colleagues at the f.b.i. are co-mingled fruit be forever known as a disgraced partisan hack that broke his sacred trust with the president of the united states the dedicated agents of the f.b.i. are in the american people he vowed to faithfully serve one of the president's greatest achievements will go down as founding director james comey. gaza's health
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ministry says one palestinians been killed and at least seven hundred others have been injured during ongoing protests along the gaza israel border fight is protests a big flag burning day and a part of an ongoing call for a right of return for palestinian lives have been mass protests in india over allegations that the ruling b j p is trying to protect men accused of raping and murdering a child in kashmir the body of a cif about though an eight she will girl who belong to a muslim nomadic chai was found in january this week hindu right wing groups protested against the arrest of a hindu man. pakistan's former prime minister now as sharif has been banned from politics for life five supreme court judges made the ruling earlier on friday sharif was removed from office last july over graft allegations both he and his ruling muslim pakistan lose the movie repeatedly denied allegations of corruption.
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report by the united nations children's agency says the armed group boko haram has abducted more than one five children in northeast nigeria since twenty thirteen many of the children were taken from schools like girls in twenty four more than one hundred of those two hundred seventy six girls are still missing unicef says nearly two thousand three hundred teachers have been killed and fourteen hundred schools destroyed by the good. you're up to date those are your headlines coming up next.
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i'm attached to my phone my computer my tablet. indeed amazes me how in just twenty years they've completely changed the way i live and communicate . our devices are sleek and elegant. we store our lives in a beautiful child. was it was. i started making this film to explore the impact of our digital revolution. and then secrets the industry tried to hide for years began to spill out. that it. was.
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when it comes to i t. industry many people think it's. it's green or natural it's rain or some people think it's even think it's virtual. but in our investigation we find it's not like that. this pollution is having different consequences but i think that the impact the biggest impact is on this public health we have nearly three hundred million who are residents who don't have access to sufficient safe drinking water.
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want to see what they all share the how to shows you how many but not. the kind that your shows you get them to check. the over they get it it's on them. to just it's is a hold up you hold on incidentally i don't you wish i then the that's what. i keep thinking about the moment when i face all those environmental and social damage. river you know which carries all the ways to lake. river and this old ladies suddenly found on their knees in front of me. i. ali i'm not i'm not going out. but i don't have any sort of government administrative power and don't have much
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financial resources to do with this but i told myself at that moment in front of those ladies i told myself that. at least i need to bring the message out. i need to make sure that all the users of old as gadgets they need to be informed about this. i moved to this area in one nine hundred sixty nine to go to law school because i said i wanted to help people who didn't have the means to represent themselves. it was a time when most people are not heard of the semiconductor industry. but within a few years people started seeing the the birth of what has become the you know
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global electronics industry. the. top names were companies hewlett packard apple intel advanced micro devices. the virtually the who's who of the electronics industry. and of course the granddaddy of them all was i.b.m. . when i got a card and i.b.m. that was great that was the company to work for at the time i could go any place where he worked i.b.m. i don't need an id just read a check it was that easy i.b.m. had that much clowne. i was the first marker processor buyer for i.b.m. . in the early eighty's the idea of a personal computer which was was on oxymoron right i mean personal computer what and what would you use it for anyway but it got legs when we started the p.c. business the first year they shipped fifty thousand units. and so we went from
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a thousand a week to forty thousand a week and at that point the p.c. was long. from almost the very beginning you heard electronics and semiconductor production it was a clean industry they said it was as clean as a hospital but what they weren't telling people was that it was really a chemical and lay industry and that the magic of making these microcircuits relied on the use of hundreds if not thousands of very toxic chemicals and that's why they have clean rooms that's why they have bunny suits to try to protect the chips it was never designed to protect the workers it was always designed to protect the product itself over i got those a lot of different chemicals they built the disk drives we had to strip them out and then would have to dip i'm in severe gases and with
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a sponge and just with armed with severe i dunno what it was is i just knew it stunk really bad and you couldn't get it on your skin because it would burn you like nobody's business what what happened was people started getting sick with very strange kinds of illnesses things that didn't seem to make a lot of sense and didn't seem to hang together but increasingly as this happened more and more there was a small group of people that began to think that maybe this was related to the chemical exposure on the job. one put music on yeah right you want to turn on the music from. but some good music on today. right there. that does not mean there's a thing of. the. one nine hundred seventy five i was eighteen years old and i started working in the
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electronics field i went to a specter of physics and they just hired me just like. i was making the end of the laser and i would have to mix up this chemical in i used to call it green go. and get the consistency and then put into a spray gun and i would have to heat that up after a glued on together that was just all day that i had to. invest in know the material she was using turns out to be probably in the vicinity of fifty percent little excite she didn't know she was exposed to lead in tell her that i got pregnant with mark in one thousand seventy nine and that was full term my months and we're just really happy about it. that he doesn't even know to cross a street and not know a car is coming to stop going to the restroom you know i have to go with him in
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there so i have to system with everything. number one or you better know. if i knew what i know now i would a ran out of spec or physics at the time it was unnecessary it just. breaks my heart that i could avoid it. oh we're filing this lawsuit against her employer and it's a lawsuit for his son who was born with a severe developmental disability and is a suit concealment of systemic chemical poisoning and case of a vet and for the direct injuries to mark. marks condition isn't like a cold take antibiotics and you're going to be fine in five days this is life. you're. just overrides all that and you do what you're going to do to the stereo still do a surrogate. but
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. i discovered i.b.m. had a corporate mortality. which they kept for thirty years and it kept track of the causes of deaths of their choice the most dramatic findings were about cancer for the company as a whole this was thirty three thousand deaths that were in this corporate mortality file so included people who had worked all over the u.s. . but then when you look at specific plants like the i.b.m. plant in san jose there was some extraordinary excess costs of deaths one was brain cancer the other was not hodgkinson fall another was melanoma with the skin and in the women breast cancer was three and four fold higher than expected. that was the heart this settles a lawsuit. in a santa clara courtroom today the first trial out of more than two hundred similar
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lawsuits filed against i.b.m. former i.b.m. workers jim bore and a lighter hernandez say they developed cancer from exposure to toxic chemicals at i.b.m. san jose facility in the late seventy's or early ninety's i mean literally tried to prevent the results of the tally analysis from ever seeing the light of day in fact they went to the judge and said this can't be used in this case a lot of hernandez is not dead she's going to be in the courtroom and not only was it not relevant the judge said it was my prejudice the jury if they saw what these excess costs dusts were and so he denied the use of it in the court many of the brands will respond to questions by saying no one has ever proved to me that a single person has died from exposure to these chemicals either within inside their factories or outside of the factories and of discussion but that's not the way that
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we approach environmental or occupational health in the world we are not flying blind here at all especially on the chemicals at issue here in the electronics industry actually and most of the common chemical used in all industrial manufacturing we've been at this work for forty years. if you look at the pub listening generated by again you would think that we lost everything and that's simply not. after the trial i.b.m. matters were resolved for hundreds of people whose claims did not go to trial. what can you tell us about the settlements. i'm not going to be able to talk about any of the resolutions of the case. and i won't. can you give any details at all. did you have to agree not to reveal
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the details as part of the settlement all i can say is that the matters were resolved that's what i'm allowed to say and. i'm. here in silicon valley chip companies and the other electronics production companies used hundreds if not thousands of toxic chemicals and the most of the chemicals once they're used in making the components needed to be disposed of as waste the companies ended up storing them in underground storage tanks all over the valley. but what the brilliant people who were designing these systems didn't quite think through all the way was that the solvent swer really good it dissolved ing things and so when you put them into a tank eventually they're going to eat their way through the tank.
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solvent that the electronics industry used in production in silicon valley in the seventy's and eighty's are now on in the groundwater and if you think about putting a drop of ink in a bathtub. that spreads really quickly and it's really hard to get that dropping back that's what we're dealing with except we're dealing with multiples of gallons of the stuff that is in the groundwater. in late one thousand nine hundred one there were over one hundred families in one little neighborhood who had serious problems and the state health department discovered that the families that were drinking the most heavily contaminated water had significantly higher rates of miscarriages and birth defects then did people in other neighborhoods. well the chemical industry will often say if i had not a dime for every time i heard this but even water can kill you those non toxic
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thing of course it can but only if you stick your face down in the bathtub or fall into a you know fall into a large body of water and so that has the traditional approach to toxicology is that the more stuff you're exposed to the more harm it causes you but what we're seeing in particularly around cancer and around hormone disrupting chemicals is that it's when you're exposed to it the time of exposure so if you're in third trimester and you get even a perp or billion or part for truly an exposure it can actually cause significant damage. we formed this silicon valley tuxes coalition and we did a summer organizing project getting people to sign petitions asking the e.p.a. step in with their authority into the superfund program yesterday. yes. yes. and i went to a meeting in washington and presented these thousands of petitions saying we need
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e.p.a. to come in it's time for e.p.a. to exercise your authority and to everybody's great surprise they agreed to do that . so hewlett packard became a superfund site until became a superfund site national semiconductor advanced micro devices i.b.m. you name it they were there and they were all superfund sites. the cost of cleanup for i.b.m. as well as all the other companies has been tremendous it's an enormously slow and tedious process. if you look right over here also this is a major residential neighborhood just directly across the street from this industrial site. most of the people living here today are unaware of this huge toxic plume. and those same chemicals that are still right under where we're
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standing are now beginning to seep back up out of the groundwater through the soil and are actually coming into the offices of these software engineers a google. and this is the one that e.p.a. said might take three hundred years to clean up. this is so complicated the devastation is so enormous that we're really talking centuries of cleanup not just years or decades. the problem is that it just keeps reoccur. at least when companies started moving away from silicon valley to china i think that they were the only too happy to have the government off their backs and. the chinese government made an offer to multinational corporations that they couldn't refuse. you need a land and you need money and you need government approval and you need lots of
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people to put it all together will they have all of that in china. you can. just. sleep. one of the primary purposes of outsourcing is to enable companies like apple to make what are essentially an reasonable demands on manufacturers that they wouldn't and couldn't make if they actually had to employ the workers directly apple doesn't have to worry about what it means to workers when they insist on
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a tripling of the pace of iphone production. to. those who. come in the new. all. new way focused on this is. how you can see as you go by the one you don't we see you know some of the. from a single example last year. this one dance you think it's not. a she. played against you. only this was news and
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will. cause the yeah. yeah if. you do want. to live ill enough to. tell him no. because you know we. do. sit and have. to do think how much hall. then let me go. so we might have a good teacher good you're going to think it was telling you put in the towel no. snow. in the sun and sun to constantly. sorry about
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this world and. this is. good to know that you. know it's easy to do so because that is so. basic. so good about themselves. there are some. of them. to go through to come up to her you could see them going to be able to. do more in the order changing toward him and shanghai you can see more you feed hope
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passed. he ruled for nearly half a century a controversial political figure in the cold to the middle east and one who was never far from crisis at home or abroad. and. in a two part series al-jazeera world tells the story of king hussein of jordan. episode one so far on al-jazeera. the nativist news as it breaks this was a great election about it was going to win but it was about by how much with detailed coverage of the syrian civil war and the lives and to its teeth yes but
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what is no different is that each day some people will live until tomorrow many innocent people will die from around the world the bats and balls are several years old the really good players to end up trading critics and maybe one day play for the national team. water an essential resource for all humankind across europe pressure to recognise water as a. human rights and put its management back into public hands is increasing i think that the european commission would be very very glad to impose water privatization on anybody as the only field. goals people who see everything as something to invest the profit of they want all up to the last drop on al-jazeera.
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hello there i'm doing it all here in london with our top stories on al-jazeera russia's foreign minister has warned it has irrefutable evidence which proves the chemical attack on the syrian town of duma last saturday was staged its defense ministry says its interviewed people who were filmed receiving treatment in hospital and that it was all faked to build and to russian sentiment was also accused britain of being directly behind the fabric age there's that citizen i would advise us to wait for results because the o.p.c. w. commission under pressure from russia and the syrian government has left for syria there will be zuma there are a specialist couldn't find any chemical weapons flooring or whatever being used we have irrefutable evidence that it was another staged event at the hands of the security services of a state which is very eager to be in the front lines of a resupply become a very young security council's been meeting to discuss the threats of military action from the u.s. and its allies against the syrian government u.s.
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ambassador to the u.n. told to cancel washington believe syrian government forces have used chemical weapons at least fifty times during syria's seven year war gaza's health ministry says one palestinians been killed and least seven hundred of those injured during ongoing protests along the gaza israel border friday's process of being dubbed flag burning day and a part of an ongoing call for a right of return for palestinians. there have been. allegations that the ring. is trying to protect men accused of raping and murdering a child in kashmir the body of. one girl who belonged. in january this weekend to right wing groups protested against the arrest of eight . former prime minister. banned for life five supreme court judges made the ruling earlier on friday. after allegations.
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here michael pangle doesn't move from her home plays in the fall down season is obviously youngest abbas to do it has died and fifteen others were injured after an explosion at a foxconn factory in chengdu southwest china the details here to some opened on cuba you know just a little whole way that all students occurred at around seven pm in a polishing woodshop and appears to have been triggered by an explosion of
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combustible dust in a duct. no one to be surprised that aluminum dust if it's in a high enough concentration and there is an ignition source it will produce explosion and fire this is a hazard which is extremely well known so the fact that apple suppliers have an explosion in chengdu in the plant means that they had very poor housekeeping very poor production processes that's terrible. what's completely unacceptable is that five months later at another plant within the apple supply chain they had another explosion and fire. its outrageously inexcusable that they had a second one five months later. they
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set up these supply chains exactly the way they want them they monitor these chains with exacting scrutiny so they know exactly what's going into their products at every point along the way. here. or we have a town hall i fix the guns it will show you some of that and. so i have an i phone five here and them and show you a little bit about what's inside what makes it tick and some of the design choices that apple made putting it together to the first thing out bill has on the bottom is two proprietary pencil lobe screws this is
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a security screw that apple designed to keep people out of the phone once you get the phone open we can start to see the guts. this isn't really a phone it's pretty much a full blown computer that can make your phone last for eight hours or you need a really big battery batteries and phones last about four hundred charger every cell phone i've ever had to use pop the back off you can pull the battery out swap a new battery and every year or two you have to replace the battery apple has decided with the i pod and now the i phone that they don't like that model so what they are doing is building the batteries in the phone and using proprietary screws on there an attempt to limit the lifespan of the following. eighteen months which is around the time when they have a new phone and they want you to buy a new one anyway. i fix is a company that wants to see everything get fixed so we show people how to fix things and provide the parts tools and guides to enable them to do so helping everyone fix everything so that's the challenge it's
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a big challenge because there's millions of devices out there and luke and i are reluctant capitalists we get excited selling screwdrivers even though that seems like a boring product because we're selling people a capability where they're able to do something that they wouldn't have otherwise we want to make it simple and easy for me to repair their own stuff. the amount of raw materials that go on the products that we use are stagnant over five hundred pounds around material go in the making in a down south. so here's an example of a circuit board in this new ways this is out of apple laptop from a few years ago even if you make this circuit board in the most environmentally friendly way it's still going to use a ton of water a ton of money probably literally a ton of water lots and lots of materials. when we know of or. nothing is different.
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electronics industry is close the ways that through this the american manufacturers are. they're selling a thing and they're saying well you have it but you don't really own it there's no way we're ever going to sell you a screwdriver to be able to get on the phone ford would never sell you a car and say we're not going to make tires available to it to keep your car running after thirty thousand miles you have an entire ecosystem an entire industry that's built on secrecy and we're one organization that's trying to pry open the hood a little bit show people what's inside. we give it to you. when we originally started i fix it it was just
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a way to provide people with some solution to fix broken devices. and over time we've realized both the manufacturing and the environmental problems are all huge concern. over the last few years i've been to china on a regular basis a lot of that related to our tool manufacturing. we're looking at getting circuit boards manufactured. this is the big rechargeable battery and this is the main circuit board in here so considering it's just a flashlight you can see it's surprisingly complex circuit board and i've got these basic schematic the sort of board once we decided we'll leave them with them and. finding this supplier that is environmentally friendly has good quality and has
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reasonable pricing all three of those at once is probably going to be a challenge. for next. visiting factories we've found that it's surprisingly effective to show up on short notice. in general any factory and it's not willing to let you see the factory is an immediate red flag at least for someone we don't want to do business with. this is the big. why the factory so this is where they're edging and bringing all these nasty acids and other chemicals in. you've got
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a little bit of the believe you can see gilboa acid on the outside of the machine. i walked over to where there were some storage tanks and there was basically acid all over the floor. and the moment i looked over that they told me get back away from here and this isn't giving me a good feeling. as far as making sure everything's done correctly environmentally it doesn't seem like that's a priority for them. and they go about the mouse river and. the fact that it was so dear to you is the price you pay for the last thirty years of development you. don't want to buy from them.
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what you thought was the time to somebody. that i hope you know about and so that's the fun for me. to fight. for john. and that's what i want. to see it's it will be so so i said you know she brings my sense at the time to buy them just. as a what the idea what that's like a model of model hope we're. going to see that i'm going to do a lot of the document on so that it. doesn't you know by fox you know by you since you took. a woman sitting down when you were at c d a sudden and so when you're
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pushing. through it's a typical high profit. for them by us but to get don't you think you. do you see. these constantly changing. i'm all the. time. we see. this is definitely the most professional of the factories visited. the fact that we're being taken through this water treatment facility is a really promising sign. you start out with incredibly yucky water and it
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goes for a progressive series of filters and other process and eventually you end up with hopefully acceptably clean water. the coolest thing when the water is coming through the treatment facility some of the water comes out and dumps into this and they have been here in the factory and i said well they know the water treatment is working ok as long as the fish are still alive a little unfortunate for the fish because if something breaks maybe the fish die but it's clear to me that this would definitely be a factory to buy from up the one we visited. from the institute of public and environmental affairs module.
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ladies and gentlemen i'm truly honored and humbled to be the first chinese citizen to receive the school award thank you thank you i set up this institute of public. affairs. and our first project. to be a national water pollution database. though this records comes from the government sources the public can access the information by click on the locations on the map because people want to know you know who should be held responsible for such a bat what a pollution situation and so far we got some more than one hundred and ten thousand records of violations in our database. in april two thousand and ten we filed letters to twenty nine by t.
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friends to check with them whether those polluting factories whether they are their suppliers. all of them responded except the one that is an apple. apple just give us one statement that is we have a long term policy not to disclose our supply chain or. not to. my june contacted me and we began to work together to apply additional pressure to a company with headquarters here in the united states might join singled out a number of facilities that he believed were in apple supply chain that it had a very heavy environmental impact in their locality and when he level of those
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charges apple was shocked and sort of in denial that this type of problem to this extent could really exist in their supply chain. i think it's important to understand that this is not just about apple you know this is about the idea industry. they all share printed circuit board manufacturers they all share chip manufacturer is you know despite their audit protocols there is a lot more talk than walk on environmental impacts in the supply chain. you say to yourself how could they not know about any of these problems but you know it's it's always you ask and it's all you look for so if you're not there and you have a checklist of what you need and you need it now and that checklist does not include what's going on at the end of the pipe of your wastewater treatment plant
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it's actually conceivable that you know exactly where it's being made you just don't know exactly how it's being made and what the impact is. that's what's going on not just with apple but with all of these companies. forty years of operating the environmental protection agency in this country these are american based companies hard to believe. we still have this industry which is discharging so much waste not just normal waste a hazardous waste. in just one supplier to generate more than one hundred thousand tons of hazard of waste in one year. how could we dispose stuff you know in a safe way so how much a time bomb this industry's gonna create.
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in electronics at this moment of time i believe we're in the dinosaur age. we're using too many resources too many raw materials and the life of a computer is a typically three to four years. for a small company in r. and. a mission is to juice a fair trade computer. in the early days i repaired this component levels on the computers and one imports. from i noticed that there was huge amount of waste in the computer industry. so we started designing and building a database of graven reusable computers. this is my father's
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environmental drilled oh my trusty and just a little just it's just. how can you build a computer without plastic how could you build a computer without lead mercury p.v.c.'s brominated flame returns and all the other heavy metals. that was our gold the material we use is wood so this it's technology of one hundred years ago but it's perfectly good. computers will last seven to ten years because home users none taken good people can repair and replace i'm never place in the memory you can extend the life of upgradeability.
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today is these are major launch in europe. we've lots of invites and to people. we were awarded the world's first year piece. for integrated desktop computers it was the world's first ever achieve this award at that time i thought wow the the gates will open with orders post flooding here first that was not the case maybe a little bit of naive essay on my part it's hard out there like government agencies some people like that there is no room for environmental they are totally just bottom line. i'm looking at it now it's one little step at a time the what we need to do is work harder build more computers and get people to join us.
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so sound happy that he will hide things. those who. have. seen me. use a male voice here that. we think ok will send are you waste of china let them burn it let them have the pollution but we have to remember that air pollution travels around the globe. that pollution is getting lost into the atmosphere and coming right back to us. metals and metals in metal you know and it's there's no other form for it to convert to you can convert it from being in the soil to being in the water to being in the air but you still have
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a metal. in our work we fly through clouds and we sample the cloud droplets and we measure the chemistry of each one very fast as you're flying through a cloud there flashing as fast as you can imagine on a screen and we collect all that information and what we get is what's a chemical fingerprint. in california with getting rid of lead in gasoline we've reduced the amount of lead we have and so when lead shows up that is one of the tracers that we say this could be from elsewhere and we can trace it back in time and say you know four days ago this air was over asia. and you have more pollution and you have more aerosols those go into the cloud and so you have so many they can't get big enough to fall and lead to rain.
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and it's giving you these extremes of either not enough water in some places and way too much water in other places. what happens if we push it too far. we'll start to see more of these extreme events things like flooding and hurricanes. these are what people often refer to as tipping points and not so that's what we're very concerned about happening. my attachment to my devices is more complicated now. it's hard to get excited about the next new model or upgrade knowing what they really cost to make. the industry in it's constant search for cheaper workers and land is moving on to new countries with few government safeguards or inspections.
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we've got some cooler weather at last making his way into southeastern parts of australia this area cloud of rain rolling across south australia into victoria will introduce a cool a south westerly wind as we go through the next couple of days of eighteen celsius fragile at seventeen degrees there in melbourne quite a prostrate one he's down in price to sydney at around thirty celsius for the time being twenty two celsius the footpath not see bad getting up to thirty in alice some attempt as we go on into sunday generally fine and dry for much of a straight down to the southeast and going to that blustery weather will make its way through so i just from melbourne notice twenty four degrees there for sydney schist life on its long ago cause still looking good for the commonwealth games and on the other side of the tasman what we're seeing a bit of rain making its way across new zealand at the moment sliding through pushing a swiss it'll be a bit of a mixed bag as we go on through the weekend twelve surprised us what the numbers around for oakland site twenty one decrease and right
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a possibility so the winds coming in from a northerly direction i with the next couple of days right never too far away as we go on through sunday and right not too far away from japan i will the next couple of days is making its way from the west and pushing to the east. a story fourteen hundred years in the making. a story of succession and the leadership. as josie that tells the story of dispute and division of the hall of an empire. the caliph episode to just. last.
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