whole rural community here on a wise big island now you can see the lava has come up and overwhelm the road and in the background there look no farther back and you can see the smoke and flames from another house that's being destroyed a bomb blast at a mosque in eastern afghanistan has killed at least fourteen people police suspect the mosque may have been targeted because it was being used as a voter registration center for october as parliamentary election techno is up next on al-jazeera stay with us. once pristine indonesia's chittering river has become a toxic waste dump for textile factories that supply a global fashion chain one of when you see examines the human cost of the world's most polluted river on al-jazeera. al-jazeera. every.

green bacteria in the tree. because how council climate change. explores the science of. this is. we're going to explore the intersection of humanity and we're doing it in a unique way this is science by scientists. fossil fuels powering the modern industrial economy with global economic growth. in

. greenhouse. since the one nine hundred fifty s. the u.s. space agency has been monitoring carbon dioxide levels. in two thousand and thirteen climate history is made at the moment station in hawaii. in the month of may we measured c o two. you know why go over four hundred. which is a milestone. we think this is a significant milestone reminds us of the fact that. is higher. in the last at least two million years. was also significant is the rate of increase is rapid. this computer generated image shows. you across the globe the intense red indicate increased burning of fossil fuels

during the. two thousand and six which in turn generates. america europe and asia scientists around the world have evidence indicating increased levels of fear in. a behind rising temperatures extreme droughts and extreme storms associated with warming and climate change the prime scientists say carbon dioxide c o two. nature can provide a path. through photosynthesis treason. to production has outpaced the growth of the forests global temperatures continue to climb higher. thousand and seventy second. ever recorded one way to stop rising sea levels is to reduce dangerous emissions research is the taking in.

science to come up with methods to capture through innovation one experimental plan would inject carbon emissions underground could be turned into and stored indefinitely welcome to attack. the same thing in a theme and i think the landscape. i think is beauty isn't just on the surface there's a lot more happening. and one of the most geologically active areas on. according to iceland's national energy authority the tiny island nation is packed with more than two hundred active volcanoes. but even when they aren't erupting in iceland's many volcanic molten magma froze just. us. and that results in

a landscape covered with hot spots and open gas. in the middle of one of these hot sports. fueled entirely by the energy from the ground geothermal power generated here provides more than enough energy. capital city of record it so we're right on the edge of a volcanic area aren't we how important it is for the fight we wouldn't. be here if it weren't for the world. that's where we have. electricity etc just as a chemical engineer. and. she took us to the top of the ball to get a closeup view to drill station. this is the geothermal version of an oil rig.

the flow of. more than two hundred degrees of. three hundred degree. a crack in the ground. basically with the length of crops in the ground. war or just regular. thing. brings. with him. yeah yeah i mean. this is just. this is incredible but what's happening here is actually is a result of what's going on thousands of. the locusts so horace when engine is really a. gas is.

the scientists here all. especially. he said of belief. as it turns out. is also a giant. home to one of the world's most innovative plans to capture carbon dioxide c good. is a research professor at the. team behind. the carbon capture program reckon big energy even though this is a green energy point five percent of what comes out of the ground is made in gases cup and dioxide and hunch and sulfite. the idea is to take those home from the missions and inject them back into the ground. theoretically you could. prove that's going to be released in the future you know from burning or no force a few earth you could capture it and you can store it in the ocean or group you

know with all of it all of it you know about this five. that's kind of the estimated you know emission of most of if if we a myth of the current rate increase coursing climb our chains closing the ocean. unless we cut short with you that's incredible that this carbon capture method could be the solution to. eliminating our carbon footprint well it's not the silver bullet i mean it's not the solution is one of the solutions become fixed program was conceived in the labs here in two thousand and six or two thousand and twelve it was fully implemented in the field it takes it frontage of something else iceland's tectonic heritage provides the sun take a look at the landscape is highly dramatic and it's covered in this dark and jagged edge of rock right above and below the surface it's called rock and it's volcanic

lava cools and it's perfect for capturing carbon because it's highly reactive with c o two. this is the key ingredient to this whole innovative process isn't there this is a chunk of cross after looking at but it's the black material that's the bus off and then you can see white spots sort of in between this absolutely calcium carbonate that we're forming that's the c o two. so these white spots is actually this isn't just a chunk yeah yeah this is a very nice calcium carbonate crystal cultured christo. but this is not really representative of what do what we form within the ground during our injection it's more like the spots you can see the possibly this process is happening here in iceland naturally for example in order to ferment areas where we have come there to

interacting with our soft turning this into into carbon minerals so then we thought why not test this interesting idea out here in west london when we have our geothermal power plant providing a source of c o two that come and become. injected back into the ground and see if we can utilize accelerate this not sure process so the process is happening naturally here it's happening at a much faster speed did you predict that yeah so i actually in the beginning i was involved with the project in my in support of my ph d. bush at the multiple projects that mineralization to approach within five years time but. it proved out that the processes in foss them out to protect the coast the c o two was turned into stone within only two years two and once the c o two is turned into stone you don't have to worry about that it's not going anywhere it's just but it in the ground as raw the process begins at the production well. and

superheated steam is sent down these pipes and into the main power plant below it's used to turn the plants giant ted winds which produced electricity. impressive for binds them out there in the city on the water they can feel heat exchangers weather what that which is. the for the setting the pipes and there were years of souring and. once the steam has been used it's usually been leased back into the atmosphere for the car fixed project geothermal gas is about point five percent of steam go to the special cleaning toilets that's where the company capture process. so the gases get a shower what does that mean yeah they actually flow through a column where we have what the first falling falling down because three rows in the opposite direction of the gas meets a liquid yeah and during that sort of interaction the c o two and so fight they do

salt into the water droplets that moisture is sent back down the pipe to. several hundred meters from the main plant that this is really the hearts of innovation in this for what happens so here we are actually injecting water containment based on c o two into the ground into the boss of the cold storage well the chemical reactions the base and turn it into a rock so the gas has been dissolved in water that was coming up through the pipe here in the pipe we have or are about thirty meters per second of contents theme actually containing the salt c o two and it's through us flowing through here because if you look through the window you can see that there are actually i mean bubbles are visible even though we have a lot of fluid flowing through it because all the costs are the salt is hard to believe that there's actually a thousand pieces per second. of water content of gas flowing through here it just

looks like it's yeah it looks it looks empty but if you look closely you can see so modest more paf the course moving around a little bit so it is actually happening and you can see some compressor and. when the final step in the process is where the chemical reaction happens the water is pumped down this large pipe to a depth of one point five kilometers that's where it hits bedrock and that's where the chemical reaction takes place as they like to say it's where gas is turned to rock so what happens after we inject this year two was that this year two was is the salt and water which is then acidic. the acidic water dissolves the process of the coaster releasing calcium magnesium and iron into the water fluid where it can react with the c o two that's already there and for these couple of minerals possible to react fast. formed the rocks. where we surprise we have done some

experiments we have done the transport modeling where we predicted that this would take over the order of five to ten years no one really believed. you know you really have to do it ben we injected. mineralize from two years from trusted news the plant already green has reduced its carbon footprint by one more importantly a team of ph d. students at the university of rice and is conducting a new round of testing to figure out why cupcakes is so well whether it has application for this machine here is very much like more hearts just pound month s. where it's mixing together so i'm very active not here. what are you trying to find from almost experimentation so the main aim is to figure out where the kick off is when is the c o two reacting with the salt to form carbonate why is the carbon in

stations so fast i mean in other carbon storage methods it takes tens of thousands of years or is this a procedure that could be. copied around the world that is the hope i mean right now it has been done in iceland and they are doing studies united states in the columbia river area we have to try and link up with other companies and universities and other countries in the world in order to bring this method to them but also alter it to what type of industry they have and what type of rocks they have and then in a way looking at the different industries seeing what. what they do on a daily basis and seeing how you can alter it in such a way that they can also store their gas emissions in the ground. so it's working very well. but one of the other applications of this technology will be over up because of course we want to get the coal fired power plants you know where the

much of the mission is done also we want to get this to two smelters you know we need to in the future even if we abandon fossil fuels i don't. mind we really seem scientists here say we have a long way to go but they would begin testing the complex process of power plants and smelted situated in coastal regions. so far tests at the energy plant chainmail negative impact on water supplies downstream from the injection site other methods of carbon storage gas in geological formations or injecting c o two into depleted or wells the car fixed process. the process actually turns the gas into rock so how can this be expanded globally. well. the most. and when we have it we have

big planes of plastic rocks and in the states in siberia but also the whole ocean explorer well that's a lot of surface and one of the downsides of this method that it is that we need a lot of work that of course we want to solve the c o two completely before we inject if we used to see what that but then to the ocean explorer somehow we have endless supply of what you know us what we could imagine so but the question remains how much of this would be practical to use. with not really the only way to capture and store you know we this is the first experiments we do you know one on that is nowhere close to an interest to obscure good conventional way of capturing c o two and compressing it and injecting into separate places they've been doing since ninety six so there's a lot of know. what this. is that we need to put

a price on the carpet it has to be an incentive for him to do it and it should be included in the price of fossil fuels the price of capturing and storing the car we have done then i'm very optimistic we know of course we always have to work on ways to actually lower the price but it is doable with the present knowledge we have but it's costly in two thousand and fifteen the u.s. national academy of science issued a report on geo engineering the science of using technology to counter the impact of climate change the panels contrition the benefits of carbon dioxide high risk costs a challenge they called for more studies to determine if storage of c o two could be safe and effective scientists at the university of rice and harder and they studied. capturing c o two is just one possible solution but scientists have

another plan and not burying carbon dioxide but they are finding a way to use it the technique has. scientists in amsterdam are studying another solution to help reduce global c o two levels they're innovating green manufacturing techniques of some common products like plastics that actually remove instead of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during production currently the plastic manufacturing process emits huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment adding to the problem of climate change. but what if the new technology could produce a type of biodegradable plastic that could actually help reverse the greenhouse effect the possibility of this lies inside bacteria an ancient organism the first of three point five billion years ago which turns carbon dioxide into valuable organic compounds from which plastics can be made as a whole variety of organisms that's. right belongs to the wrong particular.

microorganisms that we call the cyano work area. this is an example of the blue green algae. here in amsterdam science park a young startup has grand plans harnessing the photosynthetic power of cyanobacteria not only to reduce c o two in the atmosphere but also to produce earth friendly consumer products the science behind this begins with an understanding of photosynthesis plants and some bacteria use energy from the sun along with carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere to produce oxygen and organic compounds the oxygen is put back into earth's atmosphere and the cycle continues. scientists have found that cyanobacteria one of the oldest organisms known to man can be engineered in the lab to excrete commercially valuable molecules. although there are differences in climate between various places on earth we also find many different sand of bacteria and in principle you could find

for any sport where you would want to apply to your technique you could find a certain fan of bacterium that is optimally adapted to carry out the process that you hope to find. in this lab living cyanobacteria conduct photosynthesis under artificial conditions and are engineered to excrete a number of specific compounds used in products ranging from plastics to fragrances to pharmaceuticals. the cyanobacteria excluded compound used in the manufacturing of bioplastics is lactic acid. dr class telling where is a microbiologist spearheading the cyanobacteria research and here is an example of a product that can be made by the santa victoria in very large amounts and this case this is one of the. early if you were forms of lactic acid and then if you have a culture a liquid culture that has been modified to produce the electric effort and you let

it produce for a for a while for this electric at the bottom or can then be used to make consumer products of plastic and there's also a very important product. that will become much more important in the years to come and this is the electric. in three d. printing and my expectation is that the amount of products that we that we will be using that have been produced in the three d. printer will enormously trees in the coming years. growing cyanobacteria to make lactic acid for use in plastic manufacturing requires a detailed scientific recipe. researcher dr sabrina explains how the cyanobacteria is grown in the last. year we grow the three cultures that when the news is to not too late. large bottles that will be again used to inoculate our pilot facility which is from three four hundred liters of two thousand liters so you're

growing a small amount in here and then you'll dump it in what to looks like an empty clear yet liquid and then it has to be the screen yes exactly yeah what's in here right now what are these we had was a bit in. producing bacteria what we do is the monitor as close as possible all different part of me just from ph to temperature to a neutron concentration in order to find the best recipe for the medium. to the lactic acid producing cyanobacteria is engineered here it will be moved to other labs with larger bio reactors just scale up production increasing the amount of bioplastics that can be manufactured later normally you don't think about plastic as necessarily being good for the environment but these are generally there is a problem with plastics that if they are very recalcitrant that means that once they are deposited in the environment they will stay in the environment and they will not degrade or degrade only very very slowly and the nice thing of this flesh

think is that it is based on molecules from living cells and that means that there are also enzymes in living cells that can break the connection and then can degrade the the plastic. nice thing of this type of polymer is that you can make blends of these polymers that have a rate of degradation that you can set when you make the polymer tunable it is. this be good to be degraded. in the material to be printing so you're proposing an almost entirely closed loop you start with in the atmosphere you use the modified say in a bacteria to create a plastic polymer that humans use goes to landfills broken down and turned back in however if we continue to do that created this problem of increased c o two and global warming and that's why it is very important to change the carbon cycle into a cycle where all the carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis the plans for food or

the scientific theory to make materials all this carbon is used and after ideally it is. going to end of a cycle a new and with an energy of sunlight new products can be made. using nature and science to combat climate change i might just have to tension protect now i'm not so sure he said mara in iceland the next time. this is a boon for point people right now in technology there is so much going to help people it's phenomenal thanks for calling i know this is there and what are you looking for today. with their day to day tasks and give them more independence and

dispose of the middle. school ration process was amazing is that we have that technology available to us. it's the cheapest rail service in the deal congo the largest country in sub-saharan africa the swallowed cross is half the country from lubumbashi. it's the only link between remote villages and the outside world. the swallow has been around for more than fifty years like a local bus it stops a virtually every station passengers clamber the remaining seats people cram into whatever space they can find. nearly two thousand people all together three times the officially permitted capacity for those who weren't able to find a place or who can't afford a ticket there's always the roof. travelers have to remain alert a lapse in attention could be fatal. the danger comes not just from above. even at

the moderate speed of thirty kilometers an hour a tree branch can become like a machete big story generate thousands of headlines with different angles from different perspectives separate the spin from the facts that's why on god's palace with the listening post on al-jazeera.