country and cause an exceptional situation these kinds of things happen on the world states and we will get past it we may have problems for two or three months but anyway we will get past the problem our basic policy of having constructive interactions is working with the world's celebrations are taking place in armenia after nicole the man who led weeks of protests there was chosen as the new prime minister. appointment on tuesday caps off a peaceful revolution driven by weeks of mass protests against against corruption in the x. soviet state russian president vladimir putin has welcomed the news saying he's looking forward to continuing friendly relations. emergency crews on hawaii's big island say they are poised to evacuate more people as lava continues to spew from the volcano killer where seventeen hundred people have already been ordered to leave their homes five days after the volcano began erupting deadly volcanic gases are also spreading across the island north korean leader kim jong un has pledged

his continued commitment to denuclearize ation ahead of an expected summit with the us president donald trump came made the comments during a meeting with his chinese counterpart xi jinping in the northern chinese port city of dalí am it's their second meeting in recent weeks following kim's visit to beijing in much it comes as trump prepares a historic summit with kim in late may or early june those are the headlines in europe today do stay with us though techno is up next. green bacteria in

a tree in. super heated gas. in iceland. because how council. change. explores the science of capturing. this. change. we're going to explore the intersection of humanity and we're doing it in a unique way this is science by scientists. fossil fuels powering the industrial economy with global economic growth. in. greenhouse. since the nine hundred fifty s. the u.s. space agency has been monitoring carbon dioxide levels. in two thousand and

thirteen climate history is made at the moment station in hawaii. in the month of may we measured c o two. to go over four hundred. which is a milestone you can say. we think this is a significant milestone it reminds us. in the last at least two million years. was also significant is the rate of increase is rapid. this computer generated image shows the. across the globe the intense red indicate increased burning of fossil fuels during the. two thousand and six which in turn generates. america europe and asia scientists around the world have evidence indicating

increased levels of fear. behind rising temperatures extreme droughts and extreme storms associated with warming and climate change the prime scientists say carbon dioxide to. nature can provide a path. through the trees and plants. to production has outpaced the growth of the forests global temperatures continue to climb higher. thousand and seventy second. ever recorded one way to stop rising sea levels is to reduce dangerous emissions research is the taking in. science to come up with methods to capture through innovation one experimental plan

would inject carbon emissions underground could be turned into story and stored indefinitely welcome to techno i got to say the same thing and the theme for and i think. i think is beauty isn't just on the surface there's a lot more happening. iceland one of the most geologically active areas on. according to iceland's national energy authority the tiny island nation is packed with more than two hundred active volcano. but even when they aren't in iceland's many volcanic molten magnifies just. that results in a landscape covered with hot spots and open gas. in the middle of one of these hot spots. fueled entirely by the energy from the ground below the

geothermal power generated here provides more than enough energy tonight. capital city of mecca. for we're right on the edge of a volcanic area aren't we how important is for the fight we wouldn't. be here if it weren't for the world where the world that's where we have. electricity. is a chemical engineer and the search for energy. she took us to the top of the ball to get a closeup view to drill station. this is the geothermal version of an oil rig. the flow of. more than two hundred degrees. so.

three hundred degrees. and so. a crack in the ground. basically with the length of crops in the ground. or just regular. things. that. bring. yeah yeah i mean. this is just you know. this is incredible but what's happening here is actually is a result of what's going on thousands of. the locusts so horace when engine is really a. gas it. scientists. especially. sort of belief.

as it turns out. is also a giant. home to one of the world's most innovative plans to capture carbon dioxide c good. is a research professor at the ice and he's part of the team behind. the carbon capture program reckon big energy even though this is a green energy point five percent of what comes out of the ground is made in gases dioxide and hunch and sulfite. the idea is to take home the missions and inject them back into the ground. theoretically you could. prove that's going to be released in the future you know from burning or no fossil fuel on earth you could capture it and you can store it in the ocean or group you know with all of it all of it you know about this five. that's kind of the estimated you know

emission of most of if if we a myth of the current rate increase coursing climb our chains causing us with the ocean. unless we cultured with you that's incredible that this carbon capture method could be the solution to. eliminating our carbon footprint well it's not the silver bullet i mean it's not the solution is one of the solutions become fixed program was conceived in the labs here in two thousand and six or two thousand and twelve it was fully implemented in the field it takes advantage of something else tectonic heritage provides the sun take a look at the landscape has is highly dramatic and it's covered in this dark jagged edge of rock right above and below the surface it's called rock and it's volcanic lava cools and it's perfect for capturing carbon because it's highly reactive with

c o two. this is the key ingredient to this whole innovative process isn't there this is a chunk of cross off to looking up but it's the new black material that's the post office and then you can see white spots sort of in between this actually moving calcium carbonate that we are forming that's the c o two. so these white spots is actually this isn't it yeah just a chunk yeah yeah this is a very nice calcium carbonate crystal cultured christo. but this is not really representative of what do what we form within the ground during our injection it's more like the spots you can see the possibly this process is happening here in iceland naturally for example in order to ferment areas where we have what's coming soon to interacting with our soft turning this into into carbon minerals so then we thought why not test this interesting idea out here in west london when we have our

geothermal power plant providing a source of c o two that come and become. injected back into the ground and see if we can utilize accelerate this not sure process so the process is happening naturally here it's happening at a much faster speed did you predict that yeah so i actually in the beginning i was involved with the project in my in as a part of my ph the bush the multiple projects that mineralization to approach within five years time but. it proved out that the processes in fast them all to protect the most the c o two was turned into stone within only two years two and once the c o two is turned into stone we don't have to worry about that it's not going anywhere it's just but it in the ground as rock the process begins at the production while. steam is sent down these pipes and into the main power plant below it's used to turn the plants giant ted lines which produced electricity. the

same for us the third binds them the first of. the water is taken the heat exchanger. what are. the pipes on there were yours are souring and. once the steam is usually the atmosphere for the car fixed project the geothermal gas is about point five percent of steam going to be special cleaning toilets that's where the common capture process. so the guesses get a shower what does that mean yeah they actually flow through a column where we have what the truck was falling falling down because three rows in the opposite direction i guess meets a liquid yeah and during that sort of interaction the c o two one had some sulfite they do salt into the water droplets that were sent back down the pipe to. several hundred meters from the main plant that said this is really the heart of innovation

in this for what happens so here we are actually interacting water containment this on c o two into the ground into the boss off the coast or where the chemical reactions place and turn it into a rock so the gas has been dissolved in water that was coming up through the pipe here in the pipe we have or are about thirty meters per second of contents theme actually containing the salt c o two and it's through us flowing through here because if you look through the window you can see that there are actually i mean bubbles are visible even though we have a lot of fluid from flowing through it and that's because all the costs are the salt is hard to believe that there's actually these is the second. of water content of gas flowing through here it just looks like it's looks it looks empty but if you look closely you can see so what is more profit off moving around a little bit so it is actually happening and you can see some compressor nine point

five hours the final step in the process is where the chemical reaction happens the water is pumped down this notch pipe to a depth of one point five kilometer that's where it hits bedrock and that's where the chemical reaction takes place as they like to say it's where gas is turned to rock. so what happens after we inject this year two was that this year two was is the salt and water which is then acidic. the acidic water dissolves the coaster releasing calcium magnesium and iron into the water fluid where it can react with the c o two that's already there and for these carbonate mineral disposal to react fast. formed the rocks. where we surprise we have done some experiments we have done transport modeling where we predicted that this would take over the order of five to ten years no one really believed. you know

you really have to do it ben we injected. mineralize from two years from trusted news the plant already green has reduced its carbon footprint by one more importantly a team of ph d. students at the university of rice and is conducting a new round of testing to figure out why cupcakes is so well whether it has global application for this machine here is very much like more hearts on the chair family found months i guess where it's mixing together so i'm very inactive now. what are you trying to find from all this experimentation so the main aim is to figure out where the kick off is when is the c o two reacting with the salt to form carbonate why is the carbon insulation so fast i mean in other carbon storage methods it takes tens of thousands of years or is this a procedure that could be. copied around the world that is the hope i mean right

now it has been done in iceland and they are doing studies united states in the columbia river area we have to try and link up with other companies and universities and other countries in the world in order to bring this method to them but also alter it to what type of industry they have and what type of rocks they have and then in a way looking at the different industries seeing what. what they do on a daily basis and seeing how you can alter it in such a way that they can also store their gas emissions in the ground. so it's working very well. but what of the other applications of this technology because of course we want to get the coal fired power plants where the much of the mission is done also we want to get this to smelters you know we need to in the future even if we abandon fossil fuel i don't. relate scientists here so we have

a long way to go but they would begin testing the car fix process a power plants and smelter is situated in coastal regions. so far tests at the energy plant chainmail negative impact on water supplies downstream from the injection site other methods of carbon storage gas in geological formations or injecting c o two into depleted or wells the car fixed process. to my surprise actually turns the gas into rock so how can this be expanded globally. well lived. and when we have it we have big planes of rocks and in the states in siberia but also the whole ocean explorer well that's

a lot of surface and one of the downsides of this method that it is that we need a lot of work that of course we want to solve the c o two completely before we inject if we use to see what that but then to the ocean explorer somehow we have endless supply of what you know us what we could imagine so but the question remains how much of this would be practical to use. with not really only way to capture and store you know we this is the first experiments we do you know one on that is nowhere close to an interest to obscure good conventional way of capturing c o two and compressing it and injecting into separate places they've been doing since ninety six so there's a lot or know. what this. is that we need to put a price on the cardboard that has to be an incentive for him to do it and it should be included in the price of fossil fuels the price of capturing and storing the car

we have done then i'm very optimistic we know of course we always have to work on ways to actually lower the price but it is doable with the present knowledge we have but it's costly in two thousand and fifteen the u.s. national academy of science issued a report on geo engineering the science of technology to counter the impact of climate change the panels contrition the benefits of carbon dioxide high risk costs a challenge they called for more studies to determine if known term storage of c o two could be safe and effective scientists at the university of rice and harder and they studied. capturing c o two is just one possible solution but scientists have another plan but not burying carbon dioxide but they are finding a way to use it for techno.

scientists in amsterdam are studying another solution to help reduce global c o two levels they're innovating green manufacturing techniques of some common products like plastics that actually remove instead of add carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during production currently the plastic manufacturing process emits huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the environment adding to the problem of climate change. but what if the new technology could produce a type of biodegradable plastic that could actually help reverse the greenhouse effect the possibility of this lies inside bacteria an ancient organism that first of all three point five billion years ago which turns carbon dioxide into valuable organic compounds from which plastics can be made as a whole variety of organisms. like blong but there is a wrong particular. microorganisms that recall the cyano work area. this is an

example of the blue green algae. here in amsterdam science park a young startup has grand plans harnessing the photosynthetic power of cyanobacteria not only to reduce c o two in the atmosphere but also to produce earth friendly consumer products the science behind this begins with an understanding of photosynthesis plants and some bacteria use energy from the sun along with carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere to produce oxygen and organic compounds the oxygen is put back into earth's atmosphere and the cycle continues. scientists have found that cyanobacteria one of the oldest organisms known to man can be engineered in the lab to excrete commercially valuable molecules. although there are differences in climate between various places on earth we also find many different phantom bacteria and in principle you could find for any sport where you would want to apply to your technique you could find a certain fan of bacterium that is optimally adapted to carry out the process that

you have to find. in this lab living cyanobacteria conduct photosynthesis under artificial conditions and are engineered to excrete a number of specific compounds used in products ranging from plastics to fragrances to pharmaceuticals. the cyanobacteria excluded compound used in the manufacturing of bioplastics is lactic acid. dr class telling where is a microbiologist spearheading the cyanobacteria research and here is an example of a product that can be made by the scientific theory in very large amounts and this case this is one of the. early pure forms of lactic acid and then if you have a culture a liquid culture that has been modified to produce the electric effort and you let it produce for a for a while for this elective. can then be used to make consumer products of plastic

and there's also a very important product. that will become much more important in the years to come and this is the electric. in three d. printing and my expectation is that the amount of products that we that we will be using that have been produced in the three d. printer will enormously trees in the coming years. growing cyanobacteria to make lactic acid for use in plastic manufacturing requires a detailed scientific recipe. researcher dr sabrina explains how the cyanobacteria is grown in the last. year we grow the three cultures that when the news is to not too late. large bottles that will be again used to inoculate our pilot facility which is from three four hundred liters of two thousand liters so you're growing a small amount in here and then you'll dump it in what to looks like an empty clear yet liquid and then it has to be the screen yes exactly yeah what's in here right

now what are these we had was a bit in the case of producing bacteria what we do is the monitor as close as possible all different part of me just from ph to temperature to a nutrient concentration in order to find the best recipe for the medium. do the lactic acid producing cyanobacteria is engineered here it will be moved to other labs with larger bio reactors just scale up production increasing the amount of bioplastics that can be manufactured later normally you don't think about plastic as necessarily being good for the environment but these are generally there is a problem with plastics that if they are very recalcitrant that means that once they are deposited in the environment they will stay in the environment and they will not degrade or degrade only very very slowly and the nice thing of this. it is based on the molecules from living cells and that means that there are also

enzymes in living cells that can break the connection and then can degrade the the plastic. nice thing of this type of polymer is that you can make blends of these polymers that have a rate of degradation that you can set when you make the polymer it's tunable it is tunable so you will. this be good to be degraded. and then the material in this to be printing so you're proposing an almost entirely closed loop you start with in the atmosphere you use the modified say in a bacteria to create a plastic polymer that humans use goes ill and is broken down and turns back into. this very important and we call it the carbon cycle on earth and now the last two hundred years mankind has learned that it is very cheap and attractive to burn all that for the reason however if we continue to do that that will create this problem of increased c o two and global warming and that's why it is very important to change the carbon cycle into

a cycle where all the carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis by the plans for food or the scientific theory to make materials all this fixed carbon is used and after you ideally it is reused and once it is c o two is going to end of the cycle in new and with an energy of sunlight new products can be made. easing nature and science to combat climate change i might just have to tend to techno i'm not so sure he said mara and i think the next time. this is a boon for point people right now and technology there is so much going to help people it's phenomenal thanks for calling i read this is there and what are you looking for today we get to assist the client with their day to day tasks and give

them more independence and freedom to suppose our customers are told that sure is the tomato explorers from process who sort of know the new and we have outside knowledge available to us to know. she. must still. be stuck slightly she's a child be iran's president caught. up in a. slice of

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