this documentary bono dizzy. hello i'm devika paul and london and these are the top stories on all of his era the united states and mexico have agreed to overhaul the north american free trade agreement that's the deal that's governed trade in the region for almost a quarter of a century now pressure is piling on canada to agree to the new terms if they want to remain part of the three nation not to deal and here's how president donald trump made the announcement a short while ago this is something that's very special for our manufacturers and for our farmers from both countries for all of the people that work for jobs it's also great trade and it it makes it a much more fair bill and we are very very excited about it we have worked long and hard your representatives have been terrific my representatives have been fantastic

to. they've. they've got along very well and they've worked late into the night for months so you strongly complex bill and that's something that i think will be talked about for many years to come. just good for both countries as far as canada is concerned we haven't started with canada yet we wanted to do mexico and see if that was possible to do and it wasn't i think it wasn't from any standpoint something that most people thought was even doable when we started if you look at it you remember at the beginning many people thought that this was something that just couldn't happen because of all of the different factions all of the different sides and the complexity and we made it much simpler much better much better for both countries. our white house correspondent kimberly how more from washington d.c. this was five weeks in the making in terms of the negotiations so that is one of

the reasons why donald trump is hailing this is a success really he was looking to keep a pledge to those who supported him in the twenty sixteen u.s. election particularly when it comes to the automotive sector the manufacturing sector saying he would bring back jobs he may recall on the campaign trail called the north american free trade agreement one of the worst deals ever and so soon after becoming president set about to renegotiate the deal now canada has not for its part been involved in the negotiations in recent weeks those talks breaking down a lot of issues there simply because of the tariffs on steel aluminum that the united states placed on on that canadian product but in terms of the negotiations with mexico they still continued and are somewhat of a success for the u.s. president many believe because this is essentially could make sure now that when it comes to the american cars that are made in the united states that they actually are made in the united states the new agreement require seventy five percent of

those cars and parts to be manufactured in the united states initially that agreement with just sixty two percent of what we saw were a lot of jobs going south of the border jobs donald trump says he will now be able to bring back to the united states u.n. investigators samian marse top military generals should be investigated and prosecuted for genocide against their agenda in rakhine state several army commanders are being named as being responsible for atrocities the u.n. says their cases should be referred to the international criminal court or tribe you know we have examined the period since two thousand and eleven the violations we have identified during this period are part of a history of abuse of military conduct going back at least half a century. big continual repetition is the result of the complete immunity accorded to the military commanders and the virtually complete impunity of troops german chancellor angela merkel has warned of vigilante justice will not be

tolerated after farai protests broke out in the eastern city achievement chev net scuffles broke out after a german man was killed on sunday as syria and in iraq he had been arrested on suspicion of murder. the french president emmanuel mccrone says the european union must stop depending on the united states for its security in a speech setting out his diplomatic agenda is here it needs to have an integrated defense policy with a common budget he also called for it to develop trade and financials tools needed to fend off u.s. sanctions well those are the headlines stay with us now for slavery routes that's next.

this is the story of a world whose territories and borders were drawn by the slave trade a world where violence subjugation and profit imposed their roots. this criminal system shaped our history. the portuguese invented an economic model with unprecedented profitability the sugar plantation. in doing so as you describe as just. the sixteenth century by then all of europe was trying to imitate them. a quest for profits would plunge a whole continent into chaos and violence. nearly thirteen million africans were thrown on to new slavery routes to the new world where the english the french and the dutch hope to become wealthy immensely wealthy.

because the caribbean has the same geographical and climatic features a south pole may eventually became the crossroads of the slavery routes. nowadays these islands are synonymous with holidays. tourists the sweet life sunshine and nature rekindling mythical memories of a lost paradise. confine themselves to the beaches of. course. but they could easily cross the threshold that separates the islands to realities. of.

skeletons were examined within yards of the bathers. between five hundred in one thousand graves are still buried beneath the sand. beach is one of the fifteen slave cemeteries that have been excavated among the thousand that exist in the caribbean. eighty nine skeletons were exam for study by the archaeologists of unwrap the national institute for preventive archaeological research judging by the state of their bones the archaeologists concluded that these men and women had not reached the age of thirty. their death working on sugar plantations had so deformed their bodies that they looked like seventy five year olds. these people were guinea pigs for the sugar experiment the collateral damage of an unprecedented commercial war the sugar

war. seventy four percent of all slaves carried off. because of sugar if you want to understand the slave trade you just need to know but show. more dicta of them pepper or cinnamon sugar spread throughout europe like wildfire from the seventeenth century on this rare and expensive food went to people's heads in the sun all of london amsterdam and paris sugar fever abounds leading a new generation of adventurers to do anything to have their piece of the pie. shipowners merchants and pirates everyone knew that to produce sugar you need a lot of slaves. in this one john hawkins was one of these new entrepreneurs for whom only profits matter. was privateer was a pioneer the first to understand that you could make a fortune by shipping black captives to the new world he convinced queen elizabeth the first to lend him a ship the jesus of new back. for the

expedition hawkins conspicuously set the tone but using a trussed up black man as a coat of arms. i confirm your rule minus i will respond to you a prophet a forty thousand mocks without causing offense to any of your friends and allies i will operate this enterprise for the benefit of your power if you give me your agreement the expedition i propose involves say to me was to get me on something in the west indies in exchange for gold that never was but i intend to bring back in abundance. sixteen twenty a century after sugar plantations were introduced in brazil the atlantic became the battleground for the sugar war holland england and france wanted to break spain portugal's had germany over the new world they call as the caribbean an archipelago suitable for cultivating sugar. the dutch took over curse our centers dishes and

some of tongue the french sunda mang loop mark need. and grenada. the english prevailed in the bahamas jamaica and barbados and dominica. only cuba and puerto rico remained under spanish rule after the extermination of the arawak indians the first sugar canes flourished on this fertile land. the caribbean became a space of conquest for the europeans very early on really was the first place the columbus landed in the new world the first place that the spanish began to search for gold and the first place they began to enslave the indians so they were thoroughgoing spaces created by design of european planters and imperial policy makers and for their profit right there aren't so many places where you can completely overlay a territory like that so there are in some ways the caribbean is

a space where you find the purest of colonial territories where the masters of the space actually get to create the space to suit their own needs. in guadalupe every plot of land every single square inch of ground contains traces of this violent and deeply rooted history. and. today all that is left of the sugar war is a field. of the two hundred fifty sugar refinery is active in the late nineteenth century only to remain in operation.

in two thousand and seventeen at home in rap archeologists examine the remains of the son shocked residents and sugar refinery. a mill stock rooms and three rows of so-called negro huts where hundreds of slaves used to be confined. in this concentration camp like universe man was but one tool among others he was a mechanized emaciated body consumed by work until his last breath. both the time in which the slaves were digging the cane holes and the times in which their harvesting or really the peak of the labor on a plantation you could almost see the slaves wasting away when they were digging these cane holes because the work was so strenuous and they were getting fed so poorly. you found women in all of the gangs oftentimes doing the hardest dirtiest labor on

the plantation alongside the men or even before the men and one of the things that means when you find young women doing this quite debilitating labor is of the. birth rates are very low and the mortality rates the infant mortality rate is shockingly high in the mid eighteenth century people talked about nine out of ten infants born to enslave jamaican women dying right within the first year so there's no way in which the plantation can reproduce itself under those kinds of conditions . she said as though she's sick. to absolute of it displayed the book at them as well as we need to come and look since we're going to sell to do that this. dollies of all the other he says she'll be nice to discover about this. shit dale human did goodies this woman if i join. with us in the us but our cake decides that it boded most it doesn't look as mickey

musial businesses don't get it at least it is all still more of the one cuban was awful you must she i think safely just chill i think cebu and i think. with the sugar plantation slavery entered a new era the stronger the demand for sugar the more the slave trade expanded and the more the slave traders sought bank support to finance their expeditions. london is one of the oldest centers of global finance the city of london was the first to create a commodities exchange to develop credit markets and to shoot banknotes on a massive scale. without the invention of a centralized banking system the explosion of the slave trade in the eighteenth century would not possible. preparing for a slave expedition was expensive and having a financial arsenal gave england a decisive advantage over its competitors. you've got to remember that the state is

getting a tremendous amount of revenue from the plantation complex so they have a very strong vested interest in the slave trade. if you had gone to the king of england in sixteen eighty and said look i'm going to give you a choice you can either have these thirteen colonies in north america or you can have this one little island called barbados he would have taken barbados of the split second because of the sugar revenues and this is something that's going to persist as a very important interest for european states up until the very end of slavery. to support the civil war the city lent money with abandon. in the midst of these glass buildings the two pillars of english economy that finance the slave trade still dominate the london skyline on one side the very honorable bank of england

the world's first central bank. on the other the u.k.'s most powerful insurance company the prestigious lloyd's of london. within the atlantic slave trade slave traders had to take on heavy debts to charter their ships and without an insurance company most would risk ruin on their first expedition. you could lose a lot you could lose this ship if the ship was your own. you could lose the crew you could lose the cargo that you put on board to barter for slaves in africa and you could also lose the supplies you carry on board for the journey and this business slaves were just another commodity of varying quality that slave companies sought to sell off the best price a sixteen eighty six letter from a slave trader to his associates illustrates this. the convoys that left your country on the twenty first of february via the only street on the first of march

be on the merry arrived here on the twenty ninth of june with each boat having lost over one hundred of the meagreness but it was transporting. the rest about a fluke and i'm very bad physical condition which will him to the south we said we must let them go for i have a lot right if we can even sell them at all. we are on the difficult position of not knowing what to do with the new rivers that are in such bad condition that nobody dead come aboard to buy them. the slave traders invested in the trade as if it were a game of poker the risks were high but if successful the return on investment would far outweigh any other type of investment. insurers like lloyds had everything to gain by participating in this game of chance

a successful expedition could yield up to three times the initial stake. in the lloyd archives barely any evidence remains of the profits amassed by ensuring these perilous expeditions. most accounting records burned in a fire and eight hundred thirty eight the same year slavery was abolished in the british caribbean. ports had to adapt to this race to africa and the caribbean. in london black while became a slave. it's principal war. here trade goods were embarked precious fabrics jewels porcelains weapons and brandy's all bought on credit with the banks money around this pier a giant port complex gradually unfolding a city within a city entirely devoted to this new business. following london six hundred sixty three to great seaports all russia one after the other to take advantage of this lucrative trade. copenhagen. bristol not

liverpool ball though and to work from all over europe slave ships that sail for africa. when i began to see slave ships leaving from not just liverpool and non but from every port in the atlantic as soon as a port becomes big enough to contemplate the trans oceanic voyage there's a good chance that voyage is going to be a slave trade voyage and we've got like one hundred and seventy separate ports tiny places today they've got no idea that once upon a time they send a slave boy just simply to support in the child's charming place and yet it's a slave trade pored. over a period of two centuries more than three thousand five hundred expedition set sail from french ports. more than half of them left from the port of not the french

champion triangular trade. because sculpted figures along the kid love us or fiddle island are reminders of an era when great slave trading families displayed their pride in being the main architects of the city's well. it was they who made not france's leading commercial pork. if it's what is clever. well clearly negroes here all is a home at sixty point reason really. no clue volley for you to put you thought of far in the project order to. be sixteen sixty nine. from not bold oh. and slavery money flowed back up rivers to all. and. it had such repercussions on inland areas but it became a national objective to the fourteenth fully understood this too when the sugar war he would need

a powerful fleet. to the fourteenth order the construction of five hundred gallons . elana became the theater of a naval war between france england and holland a fight to the death in which each something ship was a total loss of the country's economy. citric would cost. the maid to be a. source and get to know if not more he said but screw. loose not small to see gay irish nor small in their yard to a game designer so no be. more. thousands of military ships followed in the wake of the slave trade fleet. sixteen thousand gallons were already protecting dutch commercial ships while the three thousand lightning fast royal navy cruisers terrified their adversaries france paled in comparison to such armadas.

each nation needed a fortress in africa it was to compete in the atlantic race. just like the caribbean islands these forts with the super structures with a triangular trade genuine military platforms they offered protection for guarded goods and captives before departure by sea. in less than eighty years forty three four to rebuilt from senegal to the niger delta. every stone and every beam every. element of masonry was transported by boat from europe. most of these fortresses are built by states individual capitalists or even groups of trading capitalists did not have that kind of money in order to build those sorts of fortresses. in sixteen eighty four giambattista cost director of the company just had a gun wrote a progress report for the real fourteen on the construction a force.

that came kept an eye on spending every penny invested in the slave trade had to generate profit. first of all it's necessary to not want size the fortress must be the height of each bust in time to control the quantity of bricks sand and whitewash that needs to be carried. out as this expense would be considerable it is possible to provide some through congress the dutch on eight fortresses on two trading posts on the gold coast it is easy to judge the considerable sums they are from since they supply six thousand negroes per yet. our fortress will supply them all through the colonies when they require a very large number of near us which will infinitely multiply a sugar manufacturing.

for the time being france only had one fort on the gold coast. they had to make up for lost time. the english already had thirteen the dutch ten the danish five even the prussians with the three forts surpassed the french. on the gold coast on the side of present day ghana the fanti and ashanti rented europeans plots of land to build their forts . the europeans established trading posts and fortresses all along the atlantic coast when the airway territory of the congo kingdom. equitorial africa became the world main source of captives.

in this royal african company accounting document written in sixteen eighty eight we learn that over an eight year period the english company shipped sixty thousand seven hundred eighty three captives. each captive cost them eight to twelve pounds sterling equivalent today between eleven hundred and seven hundred dollars. all of them were bought with trade goods. the demand for slaves was so high that the europeans urge their african partners to plan rationalize and industrialize their methods of mass deportation. slaves or often bought on credit. and sold out amount that european ships would come they would have a whole cargo full of textiles different metal wearer. tobacco whatever and they these would be given to the local merchants extended to them on credit and then the merchants would go inland with those goods and buy

slaves and come back the biggest impact was the level of. the level of violence the rising level of violence the level of uncertainty. that permeated society everywhere and also the opportunity for new new big ben. to emerge new powerful leaders somebody gets ahold of more firearms somebody gets more aggressive they build their own personal chiefs up to suddenly they're powerful. among these bosses was duke a major african broker from calabar. in his diary he spoke of the methods he used to terrorize captives kidnapping sequestration assassination.

about four am i caught up awful rain i will talk to the city train pass and i met on the thames and. we got many to cut off hats. five am we got to happen taking snakes. fifteen and served out that. very clearly these sacrifices were intended as a form of terrorism that were meant to make it very clear to the population who was the boss and who was not the very much the way to. me mafioso type organizations.

behave in terms of making sure that the members of the association respect whoever the godfather is and if anybody steps out of line they can be assassinated or killed and so they don't step out of line obviously. in an instant any shifting news cycle we receive in change in america tweet the listening post takes and questions the world's media but devil will be of the details the kind that cannot be conveyed in two hundred eighty characters or fewer exposing how the press operates it is their language is their culture it's their context of why certain stories take precedence while others are ignored we can have a better understanding of how the news is created we're going to have a better understanding of what the news is the listening post on al-jazeera.

al-jazeera. where every. optimism has faded. blue counties elected leaders are divided attention as fears that a crackdown is imminent the targets the activists who fought for democracy divide and conquer. part five of a six part series film does a five year. plan china's democracy experiment on al-jazeera.

hello i'm david pollan in london and these are the top stories in our desire the united states and mexico have agreed to overhaul the north american free trade agreement on a snuffed u.s. president donald trump says he's open to revising and renaming the deal the potential new united states mexico trade agreements excludes the third enough to partner canada this is something that's very special for manufacturers and for farmers from both countries for all of the people that work for jobs it's also great trade and it makes it a much more fair bill and do we are very very excited about it. u.n. investigators say mean mars top military general should be investigated and prosecuted for genocide against a door hinge in

a kind state several army commanders are named as being responsible for the atrocities the u.n. says the cases should be referred to the international criminal court or tribunal. german chancellor angela merkel has warned vigilante justice will not be tolerated up to farai protests broke out in the eastern city of chametz scuffles broke out in the city after a german man was killed on sunday a syrian and then iraqi have been arrested on suspicion of murder. french president emmanuel micron's says the european union must stop depending on the united states for security in a speech setting out his diplomatic agenda across and said your needs to have an integrated defense policy with a common budget russian opposition leader alexina valmy has been sent it to thirty years in jail for breaking public protest laws the conviction will prevent the a critic of luxury putin from leading

a planned anti-government rally next month. egypt's foreign minister is in ethiopia for talks with their prime minister abu ahmed over ethiopia's grand renaissance dam project on the river nile egypt is concerned the project could leave it vulnerable to water shortages high court judges in uganda have granted bail to pop star turned opposition politician bobby wine two weeks after he was arrested and charged with treason by left court on crutches and has accused security forces of beating him well those are the headlines we'll have a full news hour coming up but right now it's the rest of slavery roots. on the island of south told me the portuguese invented an economic model with unprecedented profitability the sugar plantation. almighty as a. kindness you could nearly thirteen million africans were thrown on to new slavery routes to the new world where the english the french and the dutch hope to

become wealthy immensely wealthy. for the benefit of a handful of enterprising unscrupulous profiteers the entire continental economy was disrupted. on the coast african brokers knew all the inner workings of the sugar plantation. a slave ship from some on the. dock that you all go in the kingdom of congo. it's captains drawings provide exceptional details of the negotiations between europeans and africans. the merchants from the coast knew that the mary fix captain was in

a hurry he absolutely had to arrive in the west indies before harvest time. this was the time of year when slaves sold best and when the best sugar was available. so they deliberately prolong negotiations to drive prices up. three hundred twelve captives rounded up in one hundred sixteen days african response to the expansion of trade was directly tied to the fact that people in the various embarkation points on the african coast knew exactly what was going on in the americas all of these individuals were were entirely aware of the plantation system of the americas. the mary saffy kharab didn't send one year after leaving friends only nine captives had perished a good ratio for the crew which celebrated success. in the drawings of the mary star sheik no allusion to the slave suffering appears. they were dehumanized

shadows tallied and lined up like barrels at the bottom of the hold it in many cases the transportation of human beings turned into a nightmare. it's very important to understand that violence on board slave ships would be used selectively in other words no captain wanted to kill the entire allotment of people on board because that voyage within have no profit so when there was resistance what the captains would do is organize a a spectacle in which a small number of people would be executed and extremely vicious horrific ways as a means of terrorizing everybody else all of the enslaved would be forced to come up on deck in order to view these executions one slave ship surgeon said that frequently the decks the main deck of the ship would just be completely awash in

blood and the aftermath of one of these failed revolts revolts were common and they were almost always suppressed but the captains would use that situation to kill a small number in order to intimidate everybody else sending the message that if you resist us this will be your fate. on caribbean beaches captives disembarked as blacks in a world dominated by whites. an outlet for a society founded on violence and race the carnival echoes the days when the ship. industry imposed its rhythms rites and seasons and set the pace for island life. i

and there alone drummers announced the end of winter and the resumption of cutting when flying slaves covered themselves molasses oh and others the for the hands of their persecutors i know not the. the plantation was a machine that devoured its workforce. it needed a constant supply of newcomers. land owners wanted to transform the slaves bodies into tools on plantations whipping in torture will methodically use to deprive them of their humanity. in this torture garden. the masters authority was absolute. so you take for example a character like thomas this who would and you can almost see in his diaries the escalation in the violence that he has to mete out or the things he has to mete out

to the enslaved to keep them working on the plantation. by a riot as a foreman on the new plantation and learning to use a girl. who had to carry out justice in the negro who had escaped. we civilly with him and rubbed salt in lime juice into his one whose. three days later the body of another slave to his scheme was brought to us cut off his head. these kinds of tortures and these kinds of punishments this kind of brutality actually became commonplace on on these plantations where you had white people

working out among armies of slaves who they feared they could not control the sound of the screaming and the stench of the burning bodies that also became a fundamental feature of the jamaican landscape right that is what plantation society is it's that smell it's that sound it's that fear and terror that's compelling people to work and to obey their masters there's no way to separate vaca and of terror from the labor on the plantation from the profits that that labor produced. but the plantation owners could not squander the slaves they had bought on credit the state had financed the shipment of slaves and wanted its return on investment. sixteen eighty five. in france the way the fourteenth promulgated the code now are a set of laws designed to regulate the relationships between masters and slaves. tical for. only modest as can china and be this lays with canes all robs when they

believe their slaves have deserved this. they are prohibited from the ministry torture of so many mutilation of limbs. in all legal systems in which sort of slavery there are limitations that the law applies on what kind of violence you can commit with respect to whether it's the code no are whether it doesn't matter what it is there are specific limitations but in the end there is nothing to prevent a slave owner in any situation from from committing the worst forms of abuse and we have tons of example of that happening and then getting away without without any punishment without any. without any consideration of the state in terms of protecting the individual who was abused.

plantation society relied soley on market forces violence was a necessary cost and us included balanchine's. it took four years to amortize the price of a slave there after he was valuable only in so far as he could still hold a machete this was the price to pay so the europe could reach over i don't think that it's possible to reduce another human being to a mere cipher to a mere extension of your will and that's where a lot of the tension in the possibilities for slave revolt and resistance come in because if my purpose is to subject you absolutely but you can never be subjected

absolutely we're always going to have conflict at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle. because that right next to the lost and found an article runs through the list of negroes on the run. he was detained at twenty p. to jail a small negro cool job lot of good looking eighteen years i have of years of age belonging to mr nadler who claims to be called family high five foot around fourteen years of age a very large amount of creole origin twelve years of age could leave us name shall not good looking beautiful skin eighteen years of age. throughout the caribbean escaped slaves took refuge in the heart of the most remote forests their nickname ruined slaves in reference to the spanish word. which originally designated cattle but it escaped into the wild in the most remote areas they began

to organize resistance on each island men and women stood up against their oppressors in jamaica captain leonard parkinson the leader of the maroons and grandy nani and ashanti known as the marine priestess in barbados. and the boer chief through valiant insurgents found a name and identity. all throughout the mountainous areas of jamaica you have these communities of formerly in slave people who have escaped and they learn the territory they learn to cultivate crops there and they learn to fight as well harassing plantations taking gunpowder getting new recruits and maintaining a building communities in the mountains where this becomes increasingly a problem for the british and by the second third decade of the eighteenth century it breaks out into major war and the british aren't even sure they're going to be

able to maintain the island. yeah there for done there and. then there's not. then there are four yours where they. come from. that then.

run. the sugar system rose to a fever pitch and went haywire after the islands the fire reached the african coast . wars rage at the capture sites notably in senate gambia where the marabouts blamed slave trade goods corrupting society. these outbursts of violence plunged the sugar industry into a deadlock. the crisis did not spare europe commercial ports more and more voices rose to express outrage at the horrors of the slave trade. in all of the major slave trading ports everybody knew the truth of the slave trade and i'll tell you one way in which they knew it. slave trading vessels had

a very specific smell and you could never get the smell out of the wood in fact it was said in charleston south carolina which was the major port for the importation of slaves into north america that when the wind was blowing off the water a certain way you could smell was a slave ship before you could see it what that meant was that in every poor these these ships these ships of horror that stank of human misery that this was all very well known. suddenly information about the slave trade and its characteristics the experiences of enslaved africans in the middle passage came increasingly to public attention in

the late seventy's eighty's abolitionists campaign this place particular emphasis on the middle passage that's when the polemical arguments began and many pamphlets being published on the case being augie slave owners realizing for the first time that they're going to have to make an argument about the legitimacy of colonial slavery. within his context in seven hundred eighty three a trial opposing lawyers in a slave trade company reverberated in england. abolitionists use it as a platform to reveal the slave traders barbaric practices. the so-called zol massacre which took place in the early seventy's eighty's was a very important news event it basically consisted of

a slave ship captain throwing a group of living africans overboard in an effort to collect insurance money now this was this voyage went on and it only came to court a couple of years later because one of the engines the insurance company refused to pay and when this event came to court an abolitionist named granville sharp shows up at this court case the question being where they actually property or not and sharps answer is this is mass murder this is just plain mass murder this is not about property rights these are human beings. the judge actually up held the insurance companies and which refused to pay insurance on the the murdered africans and that was vaso who brought this to the

attention of granville sharp it was granville sharp then turned it into a big issue that helped to mobilize public opinion in britain. i was one of the most fervent english abolitionists. born in one area he was deported at the age of eleven to the caribbean. when he was twenty one he managed to buy his freedom while passing through england. in his autobiography published in seventeen eighty nine he recounted his experience of the middle passage down in the hold and delivered a vibrant plea against slavery. facing the nations that have reduced him to the rank of an object the negro reclaimed his voice. gentlemen. such a tendency as a slave trade to the gorge man's mind and heart in them to every feeling of humanity. it is their fate on a d. of his mistaken avarice but it drops the milk of human kindness and turns it into

god. which violates that first natural right of mankind equality and independence and gives one man a dominion over his followers which god could never intend. yet how mistaken is the everest's even of the planters oscillators more useful by being thus humbled to the condition of brutes and they would be if suffered to enjoy the privileges of man. when. one of the important things you see in a quijano or stubs vasa is that he's traveling around the atlantic world he's in slaved but then he works a bore to relieve you worship he works aboard

a merchant ship he is then in london working with anti slave trade campaigners right we can begin to get a sense that just because someone has been slaves in the atlantic world does not mean they're ignorant of its various contours and i think understanding that people's geographic imaginations were more open than we tend to think when we imagine a slave head down laboring on a plantation that to me is a powerful idea. by seven hundred eighty nine at the moment when gustavo vos us bookout seven point seven million africans have been deported. one million from senegal. three point four million from the bite of benigne and the africa. point two million from central africa and close to seventy three thousand from east africa.

while david eltis and emory university research team have clearly established deportation figures the income gathered by the slave trade is still currently being estimated. historians are still trying to assess today how much profit the slave trade yielded to banks and insurance companies. the slave trade is not only a foundation of american capitalism it is a foundation of all of european and atlantic capitalism because it created this massively profitable economic system that link the countries of north western europe to the americas through the plantation system the great scholar activist c.l.r. james pointed out that the slave system created the greatest planned accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen up to that moment in time and this

of course is a very important part of western prosperity. between sixteen thirty three and england's abolition of the slave trade and eighteen zero seven english companies deported two million seven hundred fifty five thousand eight hundred thirty african captives. most of them died on plantations worn out from work machinery fields all of this for the sake of profit and nothing else. but in two thousand and seven at the bicentennial commemoration of the abolition of the slow. trade in the presence of prime minister tony blair and queen elizabeth the second one of the guests. to a human rights activist destructed the ceremony. i.

know it didn't. look like it. was naughty so i knew. this was you know yes. that was that or not that's so. but i did what i i. i i. i .

how could they accept losing the hard won caribbean the goose that laid the golden egg of global capitalism at the beginning of the nineteenth century plantation owners and slave traders sought to thwart this wave of protest carried out by civil society by that time slavery a practice that dated back to the dawn of humanity seemed more and to belong to the past england had understood this before the others and was thus one step ahead of its rivals it was preparing itself for world domination. brazil bears the legacy of slavery is final years. over two million slaves landed there during the one nine hundred century making rio the largest slave trade port in the world but i think it's very important for people to realize that. for eighteen twenty for every european that traveled across the atlantic they were

public before africans. in one thousand fifteen armed with its naval supremacy great britain imposed the cessation of the slave trade on france and its other commercial rivals it wasn't simply the humanitarianism of the abolition move but it's that britain did not want other imperial rivals to have the benefit of slave labor when in fact they did. buying slaves of both sexes and inciting unions so that they would breed this was the only way for plantation owners to increase their slave livestock after brazil the united states became the new land of industrial slavery.

struggles. is the name of what i said today i'm full of pleasure through a lot of the goodness of the way that i'm going to get on but it's about that but i mean come on without it i don't want to be an intimate look at life in cuba today is what a good mom there was a kid but but but the comment that me to you to my cuba on al-jazeera. the need to sneeze as it breaks faced as he managed to be holding on for this broke as they walk about about an hour to haul off in that direction we detail coverage that you know make it never before seen such a staggering number of refugees leaving one country from around the world the project raised questions right from a very stock that this entrance cost two hundred thousand dollars to build.

how i we got a lot of dry weather now across much of our stride a little live down towards foss out west mind some cloud and rain starting to push its way and suppose could see a little bit of wet weather see go on through the next day. light pressure across central parts of south australia but essentially it's a drying up picture here on pressure in charge over towards a southeastern conus a clearer skies coming in melbourne at around twelve degrees celsius is that right making its way into perth it will be rather heavy at times on shoes day we go on into white as they started to push for but the rain never. really too far away elsewhere across was is fine and dry nazi about a two times is edging up to fourteen cells as well that a sixty percent mean a twenty four in brisbane in the west or whether the rather more miserable weather is making its way towards new zealand the south and clouding up

a first course that will make its way across a good pass off south of much of western new zealand on tuesday seeing a fair bit of cloud and rain the winds picking up as well and that will sweep its way through as we go on through where the stay or clinton a northerly praise getting up to sixteen south has been a fair amount of rain around here fair amount of rain still continuing across the south korea whether also making its way into honshu and is still there for a good parts of wednesday. capturing a moment in time. snapshots of other lives other stories. providing a glimpse into someone else's work. on al-jazeera. asia's largest catholic countries would be seen a dramatic rise in teenage pregnancy. when used investigates why so many filipino children are having babies. on al-jazeera.

this is zero. you know watching the news hour live from london it's good to have you here with us coming up. it's an incredible deal it's an incredible deal for both parties. the u.s. and mexico to agree to overhaul the nafta free trade deal but canada is yet to sign off on it. genocide crimes against humanity and war crimes the u.n. says me and my military chiefs should be prosecuted for genocide against their agenda and rakhine state. thousands of far right protesters teenager rally in germany after a deadly night.