shepherds of the jordan valley on al-jazeera. hello martinez india her and these are the top stories here it is there a united nations panel has blamed all sides involved in yemen civil war for committing possible war crimes a report by the u.n. expert says there's a reason to believe that the government of yemen and saudi arabia and the u.a.e. and responsible for human rights violations it also says that his the rebels they have tortured prisoners alan fischer has more from neighboring debating. the three man expert panel lays the blame at both sides in the conflict saying that no one has clean hands it says that both sides may well be guilty of war crimes something it insists a court would decide but it has compiled a list a confidential list of names of those it believes may be responsible for war crimes

and will pass that to the relevant authorities the report says that both sides have used child soldiers have targeted civilians it says the use of sexual abuse is horrendous there's also a call to the international community to step away from the conflict in yemen to stop providing arms to both sides it doesn't mention any names but we know the iranians are supplying the things and we know that the u.s. in the u.k. is supplying the saudi led coalition in fact you remember when the saudi crown prince was in the oval office donald trump held up a poster board of weapons that have been supplied for saudi arabia now this report comes out just twenty four hours after a human rights watch said that the saudi led coalition was not investigating allegations of war crimes adequately to international standards saying so often those investigations were very cursory they were not paying attention to the people that were complaining and in a lot of cases the result was a whitewash. to this report from the united nations upon with experts and there are

those who believe this might put pressure on both sides ahead of peace talks which are due to begin under the auspices of the united nations on september the sixth south sudan's foreign minister says the rebel leader it matches refused to sign the final peace deal with the government it was hoped that years of conflict would end after a breakthrough was reached with president salva care size it agrees on a power sharing deal and to an end to the fighting they the agreement was made in khartoum the capital of sudan just the united states says the un's top court doesn't have the jurisdiction to hear iran's case of a us sanctions terror on while the international court of justice to suspend u.s. sanctions which were imposed three weeks ago its argument is based on a nine hundred fifty five friendship treaty signed two decades before the islamic revolution when iran was a us ally mr president iran's request warrants another observation before i proceed

it rests on the basis of a treaty who central purpose friendship with the united states iran has expressly and repeatedly disavowed since nine hundred seventy nine in its words and actions by sponsoring terrorism and other malign activity against united states citizens and interests in other words the situation that the parties find themselves in today is nowhere near what was contemplated when the treaty was concluded in one nine hundred fifty five. iran's president says the newly in those u.s. sanctions will overcome will be overcome anyway and allow what he called the un to rein implants in the white house to succeed but has some of his explanations didn't get much support in parliament which voted to censor him after a grilling on live t.v. on the country's economic difficulties have been protests in iran against rising prices and unemployment. russia has called for an emergency meeting of the un

security council about an expected offensive in syria earlier the kremlin warned the us against taking any reckless steps after the us filed a strong reaction to any chemical or biological attack in italy province france's president is facing a major political blow after his popular environment minister resigned live on radio nicola is accusing the government of not doing enough to tackle climate change as an environmental activist who became a household name in france by hosting a t.v. programme those are the headlines i'll be back in about thirty minutes after slavery roots.

this is the story of a world whose territories and borders were drawn by the slave trade a world where violence subjugation and profit imposed their roots. this criminal system shaped our history. the portuguese invented an economic model with unprecedented profitability the sugar plantation. in doing so as you describe as just. the sixteenth century by then all of europe was trying to imitate them. a quest for profits would plunge a whole continent into chaos and violence. nearly thirteen million africans were thrown on to new slavery routes to the new world where the english the french and the dutch hope to become wealthy immensely wealthy.

because the caribbean has the same geographical and climatic features a south pole may eventually became the crossroads of the slavery routes. nowadays these islands are synonymous with holidays. offers tourists the sweet life sunshine and nature rekindling mythical memories of a lost paradise. confine themselves to the beaches of. course. but they could easily cross the threshold that separates the islands to realities. of.

skeletons were examined within yards of the bathers. between five hundred in one thousand graves are still buried beneath the sand. beach is one of the fifteen slave cemeteries that have been excavated among the thousand that exist in the caribbean. eighty nine skeletons were exam for a study by the archaeologists of unwrap the national institute for preventive archaeological research judging by the state of their bones the archaeologists concluded that these men and women had not reached the age of thirty. their death working on sugar plantations had so deformed their bodies that they looked like seventy five year olds. these people were guinea pigs for the sugar experiment the collateral damage of an unprecedented commercial war the sugar war seventy four

percent of all slaves carried off. because of sugar if you want to understand the slave trade you just need to know but show. more dicta of them pepper or cinnamon sugar spread throughout europe like wildfire from the seventeenth century on this rare and expensive food went to people's heads in the saddle of london amsterdam and paris sugar fever abounds leading a new generation of adventurers to do anything to have their piece of the pie. shipowners merchants and pirates everyone knew that to produce sugar you need a lot of slaves. in this one john hawkins was one of these new entrepreneurs for whom only profits matter. is privateer was a pioneer the first to understand that you could make a fortune by shipping black captives to the new world he convinced queen elizabeth the first to lend him a ship the jesus of new back. for the

expedition hawkins conspicuously set the tone but using a trussed up black man as a coat of arms. i confirm your rule mine is i will respond to you a profit of forty thousand mosques without causing offense to any of your friends and i as i will operate this enterprise for the benefit of your power if you give me your agreement the expedition i propose involves say to me was to give me on sunday in the west indies in exchange for gold that never was but i intend to bring back in abundance. sixteen twenty a century after sugar plantations were introduced in brazil the atlantic became the battleground for the sugar war holland england in france wanted to break spain and portugal had gemini over the new world they call as the caribbean an archipelago suitable for cultivating sugar. the dutch took over curse el central station is and

some of. the french sunda mang loop mark need. and granada. the english prevailed in the bahamas jamaica and barbados and dominica. only cuba and puerto rico remained under spanish rule after the extermination of the arawak indians the first sugar canes flourished on this fertile land. the caribbean became a space of conquest for the europeans very early on really was the first place the columbus landed in the new world the first place that the spanish began to search for gold and the first place they began to enslave the indians so they were thorough going spaces created by design of european planters and imperial policy makers and for their profit right there aren't so many places where you can completely overlay a territory like that so they're in some ways the caribbean is

a space where you find the purest of colonial territories where the masters of the space actually get to create the space to suit their own needs. in guadalupe every plot of land every single square inch of ground contains traces of this violent and deeply rooted history. and. today all that is left of the sugar war is a field. of the two hundred fifty sugary fineries active in the late nineteenth century only to remain in operation.

in two thousand and seventeen. in rep archeologists examine the remains of the son shocked residents and sugar refinery. a mill stock rooms and three rows of so-called negro huts where hundreds of slaves used to be confined. in this concentration camp like universe men was but one tool among others he was a mechanized emaciated body consumed by work until his last breath. both the time in which the slaves were digging the cane holes and the times in which their harvesting are really the peak of the labor on a plantation you could almost see the slaves wasting away when they were digging these cane holes because the work was so strenuous and they were getting fed so poorly. you found women in all of the gangs oftentimes doing the hardest dirtiest labor on

the plantation alongside the men or even before the men and one of the things that means when you find young women doing this quite debilitating labor is the birth rates are very low and the mortality rates the infant mortality rate is shockingly high in the mid eighteenth century people talked about nine out of ten infants born to enslave jamaican women dying right within the first year. so there's no way in which the plantation can reproduce itself under those kinds of conditions. said allusion to absolute amid displayed is broken in as well as we need to come and look since well look at this up to do that is like a day dollies of all the other he says she'll be nice to discover about this. shit dale human did goodies this woman if i join. with us in the us but. this is just that it boded most it doesn't look as mickey musial

businesses don't get it at least it is all still more of the one coupon was awful you must she i think safe i think cebu's one i think. with the sugar plantation slavery entered a new era the stronger the demand for sugar the more the slave trade expanded and the more the slave traders sought bank support to finance their expeditions. london is one of the oldest centers of global finance the city of london was the first to create a commodities exchange to develop credit markets and tissue bank notes on a massive scale. without the invention of a centralized banking system the explosion of the slave trade in the eighteenth century would not be possible. preparing for a slave expedition was expensive and having a financial arsenal gave england a decisive advantage over its competitors. you've got to remember that the state is

getting a tremendous amount of revenue from the plantation complex of they have a very strong vested interest in the slave trade if you had gone to the king of england in sixteen eighty. and said look i'm going to give you a choice you can either have these thirteen colonies in north america or you can have this one little island called barbados you have taken barbados of the split second because of the sugar revenues and this is something that's going to persist as a very important interest for european states up until the very end of slavery. to support the civil war the city lent money with abandon. in the midst of these glass buildings the two pillars of the english economy that finance the slave trade still dominate the london skyline on one side the very honorable bank of england the

world's first central bank. on the other the u.k.'s most powerful insurance company the prestigious lloyd's of london. within the atlantic slave trade slave traders had to take on heavy debts to charter their ships without an insurance company most would risk ruin on their first expedition. you could lose a lot you could lose this ship if the ship was your own. you could lose the crew you could lose the cargo that you put on board to barter for slaves in africa and you could also lose the supplies you carry on board for the journey and this business slaves were just another commodity of varying quality that slave companies sought to sell off at the best price a sixteen eighty six letter from a slave trader to his associates illustrates this. convoys that left your country on the twenty first of february via the only street on the first of march to be on

the merry arrived day on the twenty ninth of june with each boat having lost over one hundred of the runners and it was transporting. the rest about a flute and i'm very bad physical condition which will him to the south we said we must let them go for i have a lot right if we can even sell them at all. we on the difficult position of not knowing what to do with the negroes that are in such bad condition that nobody dead come aboard to bother. the slave traders invested in the trade as if it were a game of poker the risks were high but if successful the return on investment would far outweigh any other type of investment. insurers like lloyds had everything to gain by participating in this game of chance

a successful expedition could yield up to three times the initial stake. in the lloyd archives barely any evidence remains of the profits amassed by ensuring these perilous expeditions. most accounting records burned in a fire and eight hundred thirty eight the same year slavery was abolished in the british caribbean. ports had to adapt to this race to africa and the caribbean. in london black while became a slave to. principle war. here trade goods were embarked precious fabrics jewels porcelains weapons and brandy's all bought on credit with the bank's money around this pier a giant port complex gradually unfolding a city within a city entirely devoted to this new business. following london six hundred sixty three the great seaports all russian one after the other to take advantage of this lucrative trade. copenhagen. bristol not

liverpool ball though and to work from all over europe slave ships that sail for africa. when i began to see slave ships leaving from not just liverpool anon but from every port in the atlantic as soon as a port becomes big enough to contemplate the trans oceanic voyage there's a good chance that voyage is going to be a slave trade voyage i mean like one hundred and seventy separate ports tiny places today they've got no idea that once upon a time they send a slave boy just simply to support in the child's charming place and yet it's a slave trade pored. over a period of two centuries more than three thousand five hundred expedition set sail from french ports. more than half of them left from the port of not the french

champion triangular trade. because sculpted figures along the kid love us or fiddle island are reminders of an era when great slave trading families displayed their pride in being the main architects of the city's well. it was they who made not france's leading commercial port. as it is the if it's what is clever . well clearly negroes here all is a home at sixty point reason really. they'll go live ali for you to put your daughter far in the project order to. be sixteen sixty nine. from not bordeaux our shell and slavery money flowed back up rivers to all. it had such repercussions on inland areas but it became a national objective to the fourteenth fully understood this too when the sugar war he would need

a powerful fleet. to the fourteenth order the construction of five hundred gallons . elana became the theater of a naval war between france england and haul a fight to the death in which each sunken ship was a total loss to the country's economy. citric was costly. made of. get off get more if no more sec would screw. loose not small to see garrulous not small in their yard again a disaster so no. more. thousands of military ships followed in the wake of the slave trade fleet. sixteen thousand gallons were already protecting dutch commercial ships while the three thousand lightning fast royal navy cruisers terrified their adversaries france paled in comparison to such armada us.

each nation needed a fortress in africa it was to compete in the atlantic race. just like the caribbean islands these forts were the super structures with a triangular trade genuine military platforms the offered protection for guarded goods and captives before departure by sea. in less than eighty years forty three fourths were built from senegal to the niger delta every stone and every beam every element of masonry was transported by boat from europe. most of these fortresses are built by states individual capitalists or even groups of trading capitalists did not have that kind of money in order to build those sorts of fortresses. in sixteen eighty four giambattista cost the director of the company just had a gun wrote a progress report for the real fourteen on the construction of force.

for. the king kept an eye on spending every penny invested in the slave trade had to generate profit. first of all it's necessary to know what size the fortress must be the height of each busted up to control the quantity of bricks sand and whitewash that needs to be carried. out as this expense would be considerable it is possible to provide some through congress but the chopper eight fortresses on two trading posts on the gold coast it is easy to judge the considerable sums they outgrew since they supply six thousand negroes per year. our fortress will supply north through the colonies where they require a very large number of new yorkers which will infinitely multipliers sugar manufacture.

for the time being france only had one for on the gold coast. they had to make up for lost time. the english already had thirteen the dutch ten the danish five even the prussians with the three forts surpassed the french. on the gold coast on the side of present day ghana the fanti and ashanti rented europeans plots of land to build their forts . the europeans established trading posts and fortresses all along the atlantic coast on the airway territory of the congo kingdom equitorial africa became the world's main source of captives.

in this royal african company accounting document written in sixteen eighty eight we learned that over an eight year period the english company shipped sixty thousand seven hundred eighty three captives. each captive cost them eight to twelve pounds sterling equivalent today between eleven hundred and seven hundred dollars. all of them were bought with trade goods. the demand for slaves was so high that the europeans urge their african partners to plan rationalize and industrialize their methods of mass deportation. slaves were often bought on credit. and so that mount that the european ships would come they would have a whole cargo full of textiles different metal wear or bra. tobacco whatever and they these would be given to the local merchants extended to them on credit and then the merchants would go inland with those goods and buy

slaves and come back the biggest impact was the level of unst the level of violence the rising level of violence the level of uncertainty. that permeated society everywhere and also the opportunity for new new big ben. two emerged new powerful leaders somebody gets a hold of more firearms somebody gets more aggressive they build their own personal chiefs up to suddenly the powerful. among these bosses was duke a major african broker from calabar. in his diary he spoke of the methods he used to terrorize captives kidnapping sequestration assassination.

about four am i caught up awful rain i will talk to the city train pass and i met on the thames and. we got many to cut off hats. to. five am when they got decapitation snakes. fifty doubt that. very clearly these sacrifices were intended as a form of terrorism that were meant to make it very clear to the population who was the boss and who was naught them very much the way to. the mafioso type

organisations. behave in terms of making sure that the members of the association respect whoever the godfather is and if anybody steps out of line they can be assassinated or killed and so they don't step out of line obviously. goes hand in hand with growing old. refusing to be defined by their age mexican women of bringing out their dancing machine. and rediscovering their you. one step at a time. by dancing hot part of the viewfinder latin america has seen. this time on al-jazeera. a journey both dark. there's

a very for everyone there's a lot of corruption and beautiful lake the beautiful lady you have to be very patient and order is also the same as ascended the tower was introduced sure though when my father and my most or for king for how the personal story to discover the source of one of the most expensive commodities sent from heaven on al-jazeera. al-jazeera where every. largest catholic country is witnessing a dramatic rise in teenage pregnancy. when used investigates why so many filipino children are having babies. on al-jazeera.

hello martin dennis in doha in the these are the top stories here it is there a u.n. panel has blamed all sides involved in yemen civil war for committing possible war crimes a report by the experts says there is reason to believe that the government of yemen saudi arabia and the u.a.e. are responsible for human rights violations the report also says that who the rebels may have tortured prisoners south sudan's rebel leader react much as refused to sign the final peace deal with the government according to the foreign minister of sudan who's been trying to mediate it was hoped that years of conflict would end or break through its reach with president salva kiir both sides had agreed on a power sharing deal and an end to fighting in the sudanese capital khartoum last

month. the united states says the un's top court doesn't have the jurisdiction to hear iran's case of a u.n. sanctions terror on once the international court of justice the i.c.j. to suspend u.s. sanctions imposed three weeks ago its argument is based on a nine hundred fifty five friendship treaty signed two decades before the islamic revolution when iran was a u.s. ally and iran's president says the newly impose u.s. sanctions will be overcome and he won't allow what he called the end here raney and plot in the white house to succeed but has some rouhani xix relations didn't get much support in parliament was voted to censure him after a grilling on live t.v. on the country's economic difficulties between protests in the country against rising prices and unemployment. russia has called for an emergency meeting of the un security council about an expected offensive in syria the kremlin wall.

the us strong reaction to any chemical or biological attack in the. hundreds of thousands of troops and a thousand planes in. china and mongolia. president is facing a major political blow off the environment minister announced his resignation live on radio. is accusing the government of not doing enough to tackle climate change let's go back now to.

on the island of south told me the portuguese invented an economic model with unprecedented profitability the sugar plantation. almighty as. a kind of asuka nearly thirteen million africans were thrown on to new slavery words

to the new world where the english the french and the dutch hope to become wealthy immensely wealthy. for the benefit of a handful of enterprising unscrupulous profiteers the entire continental economy was disrupted. on the coast african brokers knew all the inner workings of the sugar plantation. a slave ship from some on the. dock that you all go in the kingdom of congo. it's captains drawings provide exceptional details of the negotiations between europeans and africans. the merchants from the coast knew that the marys how to fix captain was in

a hurry he absolutely had to arrive in the west indies before harvest time. this was the time of year when slaves sold best and when the best sugar was available. so they deliberately prolong the goshi ations to drive prices up. three hundred twelve captives rounded up in one hundred sixteen days african response of the expansion of trade was directly tied to the fact that people in the various embarkation points on the african coast knew exactly what was going on in the americas all of these individuals work were entirely aware of the plantation system of the americas. the merry staff eco arrived in send one year after leaving france only nine captives had perished a good ratio for the crew which celebrated success. in the drawings of the mary star sheik no allusion to the slave suffering appears. they were dehumanized

shadows tallied and lined up like barrels at the bottom of the hold it in many cases the transportation of human beings turned into a nightmare. it's very important to understand that violence on board slave ships would be used selectively in other words no captain wanted to kill the entire allotment of people on board because that voyage within have no profit so when there was resistance what the captains would do is organize a a spectacle in which a small number of people would be executed and extremely vicious horrific ways as a means of terrorizing everybody else all of the enslaved would be forced to come up on deck in order to view these executions one slave ship surgeon said that frequently the decks the main deck of the ship would just be completely awash in

blood and the aftermath of one of these failed revolts revolts were common and they were almost always suppressed but the captains would use that situation to kill a small number in order to intimidate everybody else sending the message that if you resist us this will be your fate. on caribbean beaches captives disembarked as blacks in a world dominated by whites. an outlet for a society founded on violence and race the carnival echoes the days when the city. industry imposed its rhythms rites and seasons and set the pace for island life. i

an era when drummers announced the end of winter and the resumption of cutting one fling slaves covered themselves molasses and others the for the hands of their persecutors i know not the. the plantation was a machine the devoured its workforce. it needed a constant supply of new comers. landowners wanted to transform the slaves bodies into tools on plantations whipping in torture methodically used to deprive them of their humanity. in this torture garden. the master's authority was absolute. so you take for example a character like thomas this a wood and you can almost see in his diaries the escalation in the violence that he

has to mete out of the things he has to mete out to the enslaved to keep them working on the plantation. by a riot as a foreman on the new plantation and learning to use a gun. had to carry out justice in the negro who had escaped. we civilly with him and rubbed salt and lime juice into his. three days later the body of another slave to his scheme to us cut off his head. these kinds of tortures and these kinds of punishments this kind of brutality actually became commonplace on on these plantations where you had white people

working out among armies of slaves who they feared they could not control the sound of the screaming and the stench of the burning bodies that also became a fundamental feature of the jamaican landscape right that is what plantation society is it's that smell it's that sound it's that fear and terror that's compelling people to work and to obey their masters there's no way to separate that kind of terror from the labor on the plantation from the profits that that labor produced. but the plantation owners could not squander the slaves they had bought on credit the state had financed the shipment of slaves and wanted its return on investment. sixteen eighty five. in france the way the fourteenth promulgated the code now are a set of laws designed to regulate the relationships between masters and slaves. only modest as can china and be displaced with canes all robs when they believe

their slaves have deserved this. they are prohibited from the ministry of from any major nation of limbs. in all legal systems in which sort of slavery there are limitations that the law applies on what kind of violence you can commit with respect to whether it's the code no are whether it doesn't matter what it is there are specific limitations but in the end there is nothing to prevent a slave owner in any situation from from committing the worst forms of abuse and we have tons of example of that happening and then getting away without without any punishment without any. without any consideration of the state in terms of protecting the individual who was abused.

plantation society relied soley on market forces violence was a necessary cost and us included balanchine's. who took four years to amortise the price of a slave there after he was valuable only in so far as he could still hold the machete this was the price to pay so the europe could each other i don't think that it's possible to reduce another human being to a mere cipher to a mere extension of your will and that's where a lot of the tension in the possibilities for slave revolt and resistance come in because if my purpose is to subject you absolutely but you can never be subjected

absolutely we're always going to have conflict at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle. because that right next to the lost and found column an article runs through the list of negroes on the run. he was detained it went to jail a small negro called john shot a good looking eighteen years i have years of age belonging to mr nadler who claims to be called family high five foot around fourteen years of age a very large amount of creole origin twelve years of age could negress name shall not good looking beautiful skin eighteen years of age. throughout the caribbean escaped slaves took refuge in the heart of the most remote forests their nickname ruined slaves in reference to the spanish word. which originally designated cattle but it escaped into the wild in the most remote areas they began

to organize resistance on each island men and women stood up against their oppressors in jamaica cotton leonard parkinson the leader of the maroons and grandy nani and ashanti known as the marine priestess in barbados. and the boer chief through valiant insurgents found a name and identity. all throughout the mountainous areas of jamaica you have these communities of formerly in slave people who have escaped and they learn the territory they learn to cultivate crops there and they learn to fight as well harassing plantations taking gunpowder getting new recruits and maintaining a building communities in the mountains where this becomes increasingly a problem for the british and by the second third decade of the eighteenth century it breaks out into major war and the british aren't even sure they're going to be

able to maintain the island. yeah there for done there now. then there is not. that then there are four yours where they. come from. that then.

run. the sugar system rose to a fever pitch and went haywire after the islands the fire reached the african coast . wars raged at the capture sites notably in senate gambia where the marabou it's blamed slave trade goods corrupting society. these outbursts of violence plunged the sugar industry into a deadlock. the crisis did not spare europe in commercial ports more and more voices rose to express outrage at the horrors of the slave trade. in all of the major slave trading ports everybody knew the truth of the slave trade and i'll tell you one way in which they knew it. slave trading vessels had

a very specific smell and you could never get the smell out of the wood in fact it was said in charleston south carolina which was the major port for the importation of slaves into north america that when the wind was blowing off the water a certain way you could smell was a slave ship before you could see it what that meant was that in every poor these these ships these ships of horror that stank of human misery that this was all very well known. suddenly information about the slave trade and its characteristics the experiences of enslaved africans in the middle passage came increasingly to public attention in

the late seventy's eighty's abolitionists campaign this place particular emphasis on the middle passage that's when the polemical augie months began and many pamphlets being published on the case being augie slave owners realizing for the first time that they're going to have to make an argument about the legitimacy of colonial slavery. within this context in seven hundred eighty three a trial opposing lines in a slave trade company reverberated in england. abolitionists use it as a platform to reveal the slave traders barbaric practices. the so-called zol massacre which took place in the early seventy's eighty's was a very important news event it basically consisted of

a slave ship captain throwing a group of living africans overboard in an effort to collect insurance money now this was this voyage went on and it only came to court a couple of years later because one of the engines the insurance company refused to pay and when this event came to court an abolitionist named granville sharp shows up at this court case the question being where they actually property or not and sharps answer is this is mass murder this is just plain mass murder this is not about property rights these are human beings. the judge actually up held the insurance companies and which refused to pay insurance on the the murdered africans and that was vaso who brought this to the

attention of granville sharp it was granville sharp then turned it into a big issue that helped to mobilize public opinion in britain. was one of the most fervent english abolitionists. born in one area he was deported at the age of eleven to the caribbean. when he was twenty one he managed to buy his freedom while passing through england. in his autobiography published in seventeen eighty nine he recounted his experience of the middle passage down in the hold until a vibrant plea against slavery. facing the nations that have reduced him to the rank of an object the negro reclaimed his voice. gentlemen. such a tendency as a slave trade to divorce men's minds and harden them into every feeling of humanity . it is their fate on a d. of his mistaken avarice but it drops the milk of human kindness and turns it into

god. which violates that first natural right of mankind equality and independence and gives one man a dominion over his followers which god could never intend. yet how mistaken is the avarice even of the planters os lay is more useful by being thus humbled to the condition of brutes and they would be as suffered to enjoy the privileges of man. when. one of the important things you see in a quijano agus dubs vasa is that he's traveling around the atlantic world he's in slaves but then he works aboard a real navy warship he works aboard

a merchant ship he is then in london working with anti slave trade campaigners right we can begin to get a sense that just because someone has been slaves in the atlantic world does not mean they're ignorant of its various contours and i think understanding that people's geographic imaginations were more open than we tend to think when we imagine a slave head down laboring on a plantation that to me is a powerful idea. by seven hundred eighty nine at the moment when gustavo vos us book out seven point seven million africans have been deported. one million from senegal. three point four million from the bite of benigne and the africa. point two million from central africa and close to seventy three thousand from east africa.

while david eltis and the emory university research team have clearly established deportation figures the income gathered by the slave trade is still currently being estimated. historians are still trying to assess today how much profit the slave trade yielded to banks and insurance companies. the slave trade is not only a foundation of american capitalism it is a foundation of all of european and atlantic capitalism because it created this massively profitable economic system that link the countries of north western europe to the americas through the plantation system the great scholar activist c.l.r. james pointed out that the slave system created the greatest player and accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen up to that moment in time and

this of course is a very important part of western prosperity. between sixteen thirty three and england's abolition of the slave trade and eighteen zero zero seven english companies deported two million seven hundred fifty five thousand eight hundred thirty african captives. most of them died on plantations worn out from working machinery and fields all of this for the sake of profit and nothing else. but in two thousand and seven at the bicentennial commemoration of the abolition of the slow. trade in the presence of prime minister tony blair and queen elizabeth the second one of the guests. to a human rights activist disrupted the ceremony.

oh it didn't. look like it. was naughty so i. just was you know yes. that was very. that's so that's. why. i. was i i. i i. i . how could they accept losing the hard won caribbean the goose that laid the golden

egg of global capitalism at the beginning of the nineteenth century plantation owners and slave traders sought to thwart this wave of protest carried out by civil society by that time slavery a practice that dated back to the dawn of humanity seemed more and to belong to the past england had understood this before the others and was thus one step ahead of its rivals it was preparing itself for world domination. brazil bears the legacy of slavery is final years. over two million slaves landed there during the one nine hundred century making rio the largest slave trade port in the world but i think it's very important for people to realize that. for eighteen twenty for every european that traveled across the atlantic they were

public before africans. in one thousand fifteen armed with its naval supremacy great britain impose the cessation of the slave trade on france and its other commercial rivals it wasn't simply the humanitarianism of the abolition move but it's that britain did not want other imperial rivals to have the benefit of slave labor when in fact they did. buying slaves of both sexes and inciting unions so that they would breed this was the only way for plantation owners to increase their slave livestock after brazil the united states became the new land of industrial slavery. larry as europe's public opinion shifted polls for a slave race abolition allowed a careful your where say human exploitation took on new forms as for slave that became the hidden face of europe's industrial revolution the history of slavery is not a black history and it's not just the history of white colonization but the history

of human inequality it is the legacy for all of us that slavery's new frontiers out three of slavery the words on al-jazeera have got. from dusky sunsets over the sprawling savannah. to sunrise atop an asian metropolis. hello there there's plenty of fine dry weather across the south america at the moment you see the winds there circulating around this area of high pressure here they're bringing a few showers around the coast of brazil and then further inland they're bringing the winds down from the north so it really is quite warm in a function about thirty one degrees the temperatures rise even further as we head

through wednesday this time up at thirty six already very warm for them in the middle of winter but if they had down to one of the reason they hit some cooler air so we're going to see a few more clouds begin to develop here and a few showers as well but the west there's also an area of cloud around it's creeping its way out chilly and so for santiago we'll see if it will cloud during the day maybe he or outbreak of rain for the central americas you can see the showers here over many prosecutors across towards the dominican republic and further west there's also lots of cloud here to bring some pretty nasty showers at times and that's really what we're expecting over the next few days just about everywhere will see sunshine and some showers and some of those showers likely to be rather heavy some of the wettest weather is likely to be around panama and costa rica where some of us could have a pretty soggy day all in all for north america you can see the latest system galloping its way across the great lakes lots of lightning on this and there's a chance of seeing some more severe weather as we had three choose day. there with

sponsored by qatar airways. this is al-jazeera. hello and welcome to this hour just here in new live from doha i'm martine dennis coming up in the next sixty minutes a total disregard of the suffering of the people of yemen and the u.n. accuses all sizes suspected war crimes in the conflict in yemen. getting rouhani iranian m.p.'s refused to accept the president's explanation about high inflation and the failing economy. setback for peace south sudan's rebel leader react much refuses to sign a deal to end the.