position of not knowing what to do with new rivers that are in such bad condition that nobody dead come aboard to buy them. the slave traders invested in the trade as if it were a game of poker the risks were high but if successful the return on investment would far outweigh any other type of investment. insurers like lloyds had everything to gain by participating in this game of chance a successful expedition could yield up to three times the initial stake in the lloyd archives barely any evidence remains of the profits amassed by insuring these perilous expeditions. most accounting records burned in a fire in eight hundred thirty eight the same year slavery was abolished and the british caribbean. ports had to adapt to this race to africa and the caribbean. in london blackwall became

a slave trade principal war. here trade goods were embarked precious fabrics jewels porcelains weapons and brandy's all bought on credit but the bank's money around this pier a giant port complex gradually unfolded a city within a city entirely devoted to this new business. following london six hundred sixty three the great seaports all russia one after the other to take advantage of this lucrative trade. copenhagen. bristol not liverpool ball though and to work from all over europe slave ships that sail for africa. when i began to see slave ships leaving from not just liverpool anon but from every port in the atlantic as soon as a port becomes big enough to contemplate the trans oceanic voyage there's a good chance that voyage is going to be a slave trade voyage and we could. like one hundred and seventy separate ports tiny

places today they've got no idea that once upon a time they send a slave boy just simply to support of the challenge is charming place and yet it's a slave trade pored. over a period of two centuries more than three thousand five hundred expedition set sail from french ports. more than half of them left from the port of not the french champion triangular trade. sculpted figures along the kid love us or fiddle island or reminders of an era when great slave trading families displayed their pride in being the main architects of the city's well. it was they who made not france's leading commercial pork. if it's what is clever. but clearly new is the. reason really. no clue

volley for you to put you thought of far in the project order to. be sixteen sixty nine. from not bordeaux. and slavery money flowed back up rivers to all. and. it had such repercussions on inland areas that it became a national objective to the fourteenth fully understood this to when the sugar war he would need a powerful fleet. to the fourteenth order the construction of five hundred gallons . elana became the theater of a naval war between france england and holland a fight to the death in which each something ship was a total loss of the country's economy. citric was costly. made to be yearly. if no more sec would screw it. seagate have snow smalled in their yoga a gala is

a so no they need be you bought it be the nice hall says it's all said will. thousands of military ships followed in the wake of the slave trade fleet by sixteen thousand gallons were already protecting dutch commercial ships while the three thousand lightning fast royal navy cruisers terrified their adversaries france paled in comparison to such armada us. each nation needed a fortress in africa it was to compete in the atlantic race. just like the caribbean islands these forts where the super structures with a triangular trade genuine military platforms the offered protection for guarded goods and captives before departure by sea. in less than eighty years forty three four to rebuilt from senegal to the niger delta every stone and every beam every

element of masonry was transported by boat from europe. most of these fortresses are built by states individual capitalists or even groups of trading capitalists did not have that kind of money it over to bill those sorts of fortresses. in sixteen eighty four giambattista cost the director of the company just any god wrote a progress report for the real fourteen on the construction of force. for. the king kept an eye on spending every penny invested in the slave trade had to generate profit. cost of all its necessary to know what size the fortress must be the height of each busted up to control the quantity of bricks and whitewash that. needs to be carried

. out as this expense would be considerable it is possible to provide some through congress the dutch have a fortresses on to try to impose on the gold coast it is easy to judge the considerable sums now since they supply six thousand negroes pretty at. our fortress was of lies north of the colonies when the require very large number of new us which will infinitely multipliers sugar manufacture. for the time being france only had one fourth on the gold coast. they had to make up for lost time. the english already had thirteen the dutch ten the danish five even the prussians

with the three forts surpass the french. on the gold coast on the side of present day ghana the fanti and ashanti rented europeans plots of land to build their forts the europeans established trading posts and fortresses all along the atlantic coast on the airway territory of the congo kingdom equitorial africa became the world's main source of captives. in this royal african company accounting document written in sixteen eighty eight we learned that over an eight year period being less companies shipped sixty thousand seven hundred eighty three captives. each captive cost them eight to twelve pounds sterling equivalent today between eleven hundred and seven hundred dollars. all of them were bought with trade goods. the demand for slaves was so high that the europeans urge their african partners to plan rationalize and

industrialize their methods of mass deportation. slaves or often bought on credit. and sold out amount that european ships would come they would have a whole cargo full of textiles different metal wearer. tobacco whatever and they these would be given to the local merchants extended to them on credit and then the merchants would go inland with those goods and buy slaves and come back the biggest impact was the level of. the level of violence the rising level of violence the level of uncertainty. that permeated society everywhere and also the opportunity for new new big ben. two emerge new powerful leaders somebody gets a hold of more firearms somebody gets more aggressive they build their own personal chiefs up to suddenly the powerful.

among these bosses was duke a major african broker from calabar. in his diary he spoke of the methods he used to terrorize captives kidnapping sequestration assassination. about four am i caught up awful rain i will talk to the city train pass and i met on the guns and. we got many to cut off hats. five am we got decapitation snakes.

fifteen and served out that. very clearly these sacrifices were intended as a form of terrorism that were meant to make it very clear to the population who was the boss and who was not the very much the way to. the mafioso type organizations. behave in terms of making sure that the members of the association respect whoever the godfather is and if anybody steps out of line they can be assassinated or killed and so they don't step out of line obviously. for thousands of years farmers and shepherds lived off this land. but such

a traditional way of life is under increasing threat. al jazeera won't travels to the jordan valley where illegal settlements are expanding and the israeli military cordons off more of the land. what will become of the palestinian families and does the palestinian authority have any power to help shepherds of the jordan valley on al-jazeera the latest news as it breaks face that american be holding on for this right as they walk about about an hour to haul off in that direction with detail coverage that you know make i never before seen such a factoring number of refugees leaving one country from around the world the project raised questions right from the very start that this entrance cost two hundred thousand dollars to build. when the u.s.

saw a collapsed this university professor became a millionaire and a criminal on the long. fifteen years old his daughter embarks on an extraordinary journey to find him. my six million dollars father a witness documentary on al-jazeera. i'm richelle carey and these are the top stories on al-jazeera u.s. president has announced white house lawyers on the gantt is stepping down again as one of a growing number of trump's inner circle who are cooperate in what they encourage into russia selection of parents in the two thousand and sixteen election russia is

warning the united states against any illegal or correction on syria the russian ambassador to the u.s. says told officials in washington that moscow is concerned it's preparing for new strikes inside syria. canada's foreign minister has described the ongoing negotiations with the u.s. over the north american free trade agreement as very intense christopher nolan's comments came after leaders from both countries expressed optimism that a deal will be reached before friday we recognize that there is a possibility of getting there by friday but it is only a possibility because it will hinge on whether or not there is ultimately a good deal for cuba is a good deal for canadians i've said from the very beginning no live to deal is better than a bad nerve to deal the u.s. is easing quotas on steel imports from south korea and brazil argentina has given relief on steel and aluminum president on the measure on thursday the u.s.

announced plans to slap levies on steel and eliminate imports on the e.u. canada and mexico and march tariffs on american goods have been imposed in response . argentina says the international monetary fund has agreed to speed up bailout payments after its currency had a record low against the us dollar peso is lost forty percent against the dollar this year early funds from a fifteen billion dollars credit line will help argentina needed step payments or than sixty thousand people have been forced from their homes in me in mar after part of a dam burst flooding towns and villages the dam broke during the monsoon rains a bridge connecting myanmar's two biggest cities has been damaged maritime officers are calling for calm after french and british this fishing vessels caught in the english channel over scallops forty french boats took part in the confrontations north of normandy on tuesday and fishermen through smoke bombs and ram the british vessels they say rules which allow british crews to begin trawling earlier in the

year are depleting stocks of the shellfish or the headline to keep it here on al-jazeera slavery routes from sugar to rebellion are next. on the island of south told me the portuguese invented an economic model with unprecedented profitability the sugar plantation. almighty as a. kind of us you could nearly thirteen million africans were thrown on to new slavery words to the new world where the english the french and the dutch hope to become wealthy immensely wealthy. for the benefit of a handful of enterprising unscrupulous profiteers the entire continental economy was disrupted. on the coast african brokers knew all the inner workings of the

sugar plantation. a slave ship from some on the. dock that you all go in the kingdom of congo. it's captains drawings provide exceptional details of the negotiations between europeans and africans. the merchants from the coast knew that the marys how to fix captain was in a hurry he actually had to arrive in the west indies before harvest time. this was the time of year when slaves sold best and when the best sugar was available. so they deliberately prolong negotiations to drive prices up. three hundred twelve captives rounded up in one hundred sixteen days. african response of the expansion of trade was directly tied to the fact that people in the various embarkation points of the african coast knew exactly what was going on in the

americas all of these individuals were were entirely aware of the plantation system of the americas. the merry staff ico arrived in san domingo one year after leaving france only nine captives had perished a good ratio for the crew which celebrated success. in the drawings of the merry star sheik no allusion to the slave suffering appears. they were dehumanized shadows tallied and lined up like barrels at the bottom of the hold it in many cases the transportation of human beings turned into a nightmare. it's very important to understand that violence on board slave ships would be used selectively in other words no captain wanted to kill the entire allotment of people on board because that voyage within

have no profit so when there was resistance what the captains would do is organize a a spectacle in which a small number of people would be executed and extremely vicious horrific ways as a means of terrorizing everybody else all of the enslaved would be forced to come up on deck in order to view these executions one slave ship surgeon said that frequently the decks the main deck of the ship would just be completely awash in blood and the aftermath of one of these failed revolts revolts were common and they were almost always suppressed but the captains would use that situation to kill a small number in order to intimidate everybody else sending the message that if you resist us this will be your fate. on caribbean beaches captives disembarked as blacks in a world dominated by whites. an

outlet for a society founded on violence and race the carnival echoes the days when the city. industry imposed its rhythms rites and seasons and set the pace for island life. i and there alone drummers announce the end of winter and there's option of cutting when fleeing slaves covered themselves molasses oh and others the for the hands of their persecutors i know not the. the plantation was a machine the devoured its workforce. it needed a constant supply of new comers. landowners wanted to transform the slaves bodies

into tools on plantations whipping in torture methodically used to deprive them of their humanity. in this torture garden. the master's authority was absolute. so you take for example a character like thomas this a wood and you can almost see in his diaries the escalation in the violence that he has to mete out of the things he has to mete out to the enslaved to keep them working on the plantation. by a riot as a foreman on the new plantation and learning to use a gun. he had to carry out justice in the negro who had escaped. we civilly with him and rubbed salt and lime juice into his one whose.

three days later the body of another slave to his scheme was brought to us cut off his head. these kinds of tortures and these kinds of punishments this kind of brutality actually became commonplace on these plantations where you had white people working out among armies of slaves who they feared they could not control the sound of the screaming and the stench of the burning bodies that also became a fundamental feature of the jamaican landscape right that is what plantation society is it's that smell it's that sound it's that fear and terror that's compelling people to work and to obey their masters there's no way to separate vaca and of terror from the labor on the plantation from the profits that that labor produced. but the plantation owners could not squander the slaves they had bought

on credit the state had financed the shipment of slaves and wanted its return on investment. sixteen eighty five. in france the way the fourteenth promulgated the code now are a set of laws designed to regulate the relationships between masters and slaves. tical for teaching only modest as can china and be displaced with canes all rubs when they believe their slaves have deserved this. they are prohibited from the ministry of from any need to nation of limbs. in all legal systems in which sort of slavery there are limitations that the law applies on what kind of violence you can commit with respect to whether it's the code no are whether it doesn't matter what it is there are specific limitations but

in the end there is nothing to prevent a slave owner in any situation from from committing the worst forms of abuse and we have tons of example of that happening and then getting away without without any punishment without any. without any consideration of the state in terms of protecting the individual who was abused. plantation society relied soley on market forces violence was a necessary cost and us included balanchine's. it took four years to amortize the

price of a slave there after he was valuable only in so far as he could still hold the machete this was the price to pay so the europe could each other i don't think that it's possible to reduce another human being to a mere cipher to a mere extension of your will and that's where a lot of the tension in the possibilities for slave revolt and resistance come in because if my purpose is to subject you absolutely but you can never be subjected absolutely we're always going to have conflict at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle. because that right next to the lost and found column an article runs through the list of negroes on the run. he was detained it went to jail a small negro cool job not good looking eighteen years i love years of age belonging

to mr nadler who claims to be called high five foot around fourteen years of age a very large amount of creole origin twelve years of age could negress name shall not good looking beautiful skin eighteen years of age. throughout the caribbean escaped slaves took refuge in the heart of the most remote forests their nickname ruined slaves in reference to the spanish word simone which originally designated cattle but it escaped into the wild in the most remote areas they began to organize resistance on each island men and women stood up against their oppressors in jamaica cotton leonard parkinson the leader of the maroons and grandy nani and ashanti known as the marine priestess in barbados. an evil war chief through valiant insurgents found a name and identity. all throughout the mountainous areas of jamaica you have these communities of formerly

in slave people who have escaped and they learn the territory they learn to cultivate crops there and they learn to fight as well harassing plantations taking gunpowder getting new recruits and maintaining and building communities in the mountains where this becomes increasingly a problem for the british and by the second third decade of the eighteenth century it breaks out into major war and the british aren't even sure they're going to be able to maintain the island. yeah therefore done there and. then there's not. that then they're there for yours when. the heavy.

snow got to. run. the sugar system rose to a fever pitch and went haywire after the islands the fire reached the african coast . wars raged at the capture sites notably in senate gambia where the marabou it's

blamed slave trade goods corrupting society. these outbursts of violence plunged the sugar industry into a deadlock. the crisis did not spare europe and commercial ports more and more voices rose to express outrage at the horrors of the slave trade. in all of the major slave trading ports everybody knew the truth of the slave trade and i'll tell you one way in which they knew it. slave trading vessels had a very specific smell and you could never get the smell out of the wood in fact it was said in charleston south carolina which was the major port for the importation of slaves into north america that when the wind was blowing off the water a certain way you could smell was a slave ship before you could see it what that meant was that in every poor

these these ships these ships of horror that stank of human misery that this was all very well known. suddenly information about the slave trade and its characteristics the experiences of enslaved africans in the middle passage came increasingly to public attention in the late seventy's eighty's abolitionists campaign this place particular emphasis on the middle passage that's when the polemical augie months began and many pamphlets being published on the case being augie slave owners realizing for the first time that they're going to have to make an argument about the legitimacy of colonial slavery.

within this context in seven hundred eighty three a trial opposing lines in a slave trade company reverberated in england. abolitionists use it as a platform to reveal the slave traders barbaric practices. the so-called zol massacre which took place in the early seventy's eighty's was a very important news event it basically consisted of a slave ship captain throwing a group of living africans overboard in an effort to collect insurance money now this was this voyage went on and it only came to court a couple of years later because one of the engines the insurance company refused to pay and when this event came to court an abolitionist named granville sharp shows

up at this court case the question being where they actually property or not and sharps answer is this is mass murder this is just plain mass murder this is not about property rights these are human beings. the judge actually up held the insurance companies and which refused to pay insurance on the murdered africans and that was vaso who brought this to the attention of granville sharp it was granville sharp then turned it into a big issue that helped to mobilize public opinion in britain. i was one of the most fervent english abolitionists. born in one area he was deported at the age of eleven to the caribbean. when he was twenty one he managed to buy his freedom while passing through england. in his autobiography published in seventeen eighty nine he recounted his experience of the middle passage down in the hold until it

a vibrant plea against slavery. facing the nations that have reduced him to the rank of an object the negro reclaimed his voice. gentleman. such a tendency as a slave trade to debauch man's mind and heart in them to every feeling of humanity . it is their fate on a d. of his mistaken avarice but it drops the milk of human kindness and turns it into god. which violates that first natural right of mankind equality and independence and gives one man a dominion over his followers which god could never intend. yet how mistaken is the avarice even of the planters oscillators more useful by being thus humbled to the condition of brutes and they would be as suffered to

enjoy the privileges of man. with. one of the important things you see in a quijano or go stubbs vasa is that he's traveling around the atlantic world he's in slaves but then he works aboard a real navy warship he works aboard a merchant ship he is then in london working with anti slave trade campaigners right we can begin to get a sense that just because someone has been slaves in the atlantic world does not mean they're ignorant of its various contours and i think understanding that people's geographic imaginations were more open than we tend to think when we imagine a slave head down laboring on a plantation that to me is a powerful idea. by seven hundred eighty nine at the moment when gustavo vos us

bookout seven point seven million africans have been deported. one million from senegal. point four million from the bite of benny and beyond from three point two million from central africa and close to seventy three thousand from east africa. while david eltis and emory university research team have clearly established deportation figures the income gathered by the slave trade is still currently being estimated. historians are still trying to assess today how much profit the slave trade yielded to banks and insurance companies. the slave trade is not only a foundation of american capitalism it is

a foundation of all of european and atlantic capitalism because it created this massively profitable economic system that link the countries of north western europe to the americas through the plantation system the great scholar activist c.l.r. james pointed out that the slave system created the greatest player and accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen up to that moment in time and this of course is a very important part of western prosperity. between sixteen thirty three and england's abolition of the slave trade and eighteen zero seven english companies deported two million seven hundred fifty five thousand eight hundred thirty african captives. most of them died on plantations worn out

from work machinery and fields all of this for the sake of profit and nothing else . but into. thousand and seven at the bicentennial commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade in the presence of prime minister tony blair and queen elizabeth the second one of the guests. to a human rights activist disrupted the ceremony. oh it didn't. think it. was naughty so i. just was you know yes. it was better. that's so that's. what. i. was i. i

. how could they accept losing the hard won caribbean the goose that laid the golden egg of global capitalism at the beginning of the nineteenth century plantation owners and slave traders sought to thwart this wave of protest carried out by civil society by that time slavery a practice that dated back to the dawn of humanity seemed more and to belong to the past england had understood this before the others and was thus one step ahead of its rivals it was preparing itself for world domination.

brazil burns the legacy of slavery is final years. over two million slaves landed there during the one nine hundred century making rio the largest slave trade port in the world but i think it's very important for people to realize that. for eighty twenty for every european that traveled across the atlantic they were public before africans. in one thousand fifteen armed with its naval supremacy great britain imposed the cessation of the slave trade on france and its other commercial rivals it wasn't simply the humanitarianism of the abolition move but it's that britain did not want other imperial rivals to have the benefit of slave labor when in fact they did. buying slaves of both sexes and inciting unions so that they would breed

this was the only way for plantation owners to increase their slave livestock after brazil the united states became the new land of industrial slavery. as europe's public opinion shifted pools for slavery's abolition bell around here for york where human exploitation took on new homes as a whole slate that became the hidden face of europe's industrial revolution the history of slavery is not a black history and it's not just the history of white colonization but the history of human equality is the legacy for all of us slavery's new frontier part three of slavery it's on al-jazeera. however still regularly seeing forty nine degrees or so in the middle of iraq this part of iran and as you can see from the satellite picture you go be really just

outside the country to see anything in the way of relieving cloud or right that's pakistan if you're lucky otherwise forty five baghdad forty six in kuwait little cooler in tehran of course and much good still the further west you go nothing in the skies it's all where is the wind and what's in it well from the point of view of those around the gulf air it's been a humid time recently but with a full cost of forty two you look at this wind direction it's just coming off the land i think we see a drop in humidity that's been a bit of a plague recently still of course they have is blowing in some of that is cloud drizzle all the time and occasionally big showers a potential of thunderstorms in the amandi manton's is back with us if you're lucky that is jumps out and see what's happening in southern africa we have had a feed of rain really big southern towns near mozambique is nothing much to it and the northerly breeze gives you only nineteen in cape town and this is of course thursday's forecast if you're lucky something will develop but i think if he does it'll be occasional showers just running to the extreme size there's

a hint maybe of something inland but no i really should be again big blue open skies. september on al-jazeera with the u.s. midterm elections just over two months away we'll explore the mood of the nation as american celebrates labor day on television and online the stream continues to tap into the extraordinary potential of social media to disseminate news sweden the country known as the happiest in the world has been shaken by a recent spike in violence and it's now preparing for a general election people in power continues to examine the use and abuse of power around the world. the main body of the united nations general assembly is to hold its seventy third session we'll bring you all the updates september up on al-jazeera. in an instant any shifting news cycle it was even changing the

mariquita the listening post takes pools of questions the world's media double will be of the details the kind that cannot be conveyed in two hundred eighty characters or fewer exposing how the press operates it is their language as their culture it's their context of why certain stories take precedence while others are ignored we can have a better understanding of how news is created we're going to have a better understanding of what the news is the listening post on al-jazeera. waves of unstoppable water from a broken dam and me and mark more than sixty thousand people evacuated.

richelle carey this is al jazeera live from doha also ahead sending money now argentine asked for a multi-billion dollar advance on emergency funds us inflation soars and it appears a new crisis. another top adviser leaves the trump administration this time the white house lawyer who's already been.