hello again adrian fenty going to here in doha with the top stories on al-jazeera the u.n. agency that helps palestinian refugees says that it's surprised by the u.s. is decision to end all funding it will end decades of financial support for health education and food aid palestinian president mahmoud abbas says that it's a flagrant assault on the palestinian people more now from al-jazeera as rob reynolds in washington. the u.s. contributes about thirty percent of the budget so this drastic cut could have significant effects on already dire living conditions in places like gaza and elsewhere where palestinian refugees live under a says there are five million palestinian refugees these are people who are

considered by the palestinian side to have the right to return that is the people who were removed or fled from palestinian territories when the state of israel was founded in one nine hundred forty eight and their descendants have the right according to the palestinian and side and according to u.n. resolutions to eventually return israel of course has opposed this from the beginning saying that any such influx of palestinians would swamp and alter the completely the character of the jewish state so this appears to be an effort by the united states in tandem with israel to try to undermine that right of return by reducing the number of palestinians from five million who are eligible to actually return to only those who were really alive during the conflict in one thousand nine

hundred forty eight those people number about five hundred thousand the u.s. and canada missed a deadline to revamp the north american free trade agreement to end it on friday without a deal but they will resume on wednesday president donald trump has told congress that he'll press ahead with a new agreement with mexico kind of this foreign minister is still optimistic that a deal can be reached. it is going to take let's ability on all sides to get to a deal in the end and what i can speak to is the canadian position and i really want to assure canadians that we're working hard to get a good deal we are confident that a win win win deal is possible and we're always going to stand up for the national interest and for canadian values. russia and ukraine are accusing each other of killing a separatist rebel leader in eastern ukraine alexander and co died in a blast at a cafe in donetsk russia says that ukraine is trying to destabilize the region the

queen of soul aretha franklin has been all over it a marathon the farewell ceremony at home city detroit. musicians and politicians paid tribute at an eight hour ceremony featuring her most memorable songs she died two weeks ago from korea to come so. and u.s. politicians have been paying their last respects to the late senator john mccain a military got of ana carried his casket to lie in state in the u.s. capitol in washington where the republicans for thirty five years vice president mike pence and speaker paul ryan delivered tributes catalyze calling for action as the united arab emirates is accused of using israeli spy technology the new york times says its obtained leaked e-mails from lawsuits against israeli spy web that reveal attempts to listen to the phone calls of lebanon's prime minister. and a saudi prince rebels in syria as

a province of broke up two bridges in an attempt to hinder any government assault on the area people have protested against moves to retake the rebels' last stronghold but russia's foreign minister says the syrian government has every right to chase what he called terrorists out of it live nicaragua's government is expelling a un human rights team investigating abuse allegations president daniel ortega dismissed a un report accusing him and his government of ignoring human rights violations during anti-government protests the report said his administration is responsible for illegal arrests torture and close trials there's a headline please continues here on al-jazeera after slavery roots next.

this is the story of a world whose territories were forged by the slave trade violence subjugation and profit imposed their roots the slave system created the greatest accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen up to that moment in time. in seven hundred ninety s. later it was not a crime. next more than one hundred thousand captives were deported every year. at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle at the dawn of the nineteenth century slave traders violence brought about the decline of the transatlantic slave trade to become immoral europe now had to find an alternative means of accumulating wealth in the years following abolition european stretched the limits of slavery.

brazil bears the legacy of slavery final years. at the very moment the slave trade was banned a second wave of deportation struck rio de janeiro back. over two million slaves landed there during the one nine hundred century making rio the largest slave trade port in the world. people in brazil of african descent makes it very clear that brazil is. the second largest african country in the world the

only country where as more people of african descent. brazil is my jury of. however in certain neighborhoods simply being young black and poor can get you shot down in the middle of the street. the real police have been carrying out regular raids in the fabulous over the past decade on the pretext of ridding slums and crime these operations make brazil the world champion of police violence against the black population. i just say for us it be it to. his deeds that he should walk in the buns you will. be able. to gun me out but my city cease ok to silkwood it yes it was his super melodious.

one hundred thirty years after the abolition of slavery afro brazilians are still by far the country's poorest population second class citizens in a world divided between blacks and whites. i think it's very important for people to realize that for eighteen twenty for every european that traveled across the atlantic there were probably four africans. but i don't think anyone had any idea about ho the history of the americas is written in terms of european settlement. in the late eighteenth century africans and creole blacks constituted the overwhelming majority

of the population in brazil venezuela and the caribbean. the omnipresence of africans in the society was depicted in watercolors by a french botanist during his day in rio. this massive presence of slaves harbored fears of conspiracy poisoning and murder among the white population. he be known some. day. so nice on our show michael sheehan want to show you some back to so measure. it don't get yes it. may be easiest to meto someone who will. on this black continent at the heart of the new world whites greatest fear was actually materializing an uprising of the entire slave population sandow man became a powder keg. the island was ready to ignite and blow the entire slave system to pieces from the americas all the way to europe. forty

five thousand new african captives landed every year on the coast of this french colony were slaves made up ninety percent of the population. following the seven hundred eighty nine revolution the freedom celebrated in the declaration of the rights of man rang out like a rallying cry for the newly arrived. he did not have the. manhood to. somewhat but i want to see it yes you can eat me pretty badly bill and sid if food i.e. . but don't you lick them they will see not. like a tale whispered at nightfall to counter this first insurrection all night began with the horror of a cycle. it all started on the night of august twenty second seven. ninety one when slaves got a walk to listen to the incantations of a voodoo priestess and plan for insurrection although there is no evidence that

this clandestine ceremony actually occurred the date nevertheless mark the unleashing of the revolution. plantation says the. god who created the earth. who created the sun gives us light and. god who holds up the ocean. who makes the thunder wrong. god who has ears to hear you who are hidden in the clouds who watches spring where you are. you see all that the white has made us suffer the white man's god asks him to commit crimes but the god within us who wants to do good. our god who is so good so just he orders us to revenge our wrongs. is he who will direct our arms and bring us the victory it's he who will assist us

we all should throw away the image of the white man's god who is so pitiless listen to the voice for liberty that speaks in all our hearts. let's say we need to wait for the moment face up to do you need to assist a freak in the food deal would do eighty plays on don't tell if this that's showing the system of colonialists clever as he's they don't say you would do is have. you got that because of clue in the us on this is discovered. the liberation war would last twelve years. alongside george b.s.u. book month a former coach driver an air force want to son lead the charge earning the nickname to sound vet your first capacity to breach enemy lines. these black jacobins

crushed all the colonial armies inflicting the poland but his first military defeat . this images at the time when you saw it live it becomes master of the entire island and so this image i think condenses the fear that white people felt of black uprising is a man named simon taylor who is one of the richest planters in jamaica in the early nineteenth century and when he hears that the french are planning to retake the island of sound the man he says out of that are going to be able to do it. and the reason is the way of fighting wars is different in the west indies to what it is in europe and if tucson and the other chiefs decide to submit maybe they can take over the island again maybe they can retake the colony if they don't submit they'll burn the towns and retreat to the mountains and live as maroons and they'll wait for the french soldiers to die of disease this is in fact what happens with the clear

expedition that tries to retake son the man. that. no european nation managed to reconquer the island in a channel for the first black republican history was born out of the ashes of sentiment in haiti with the slaves victory the word freedom resonated around the world and with it the fear that the revolution would contaminate all the plantations. in the month of. the for the for. the. it was the revolution made by slaves that had world historical consequences that slavery rebelution in senda main destroyed the most productive colony in the in the

world in a time when there's demographic growth and increasing demand for slave produce commodities half the world's production was withdrawn from the world market by the haitian revolution so not only is there expansion there's a huge hole in this horse sources of supply so that reconfigured the whole atlantic economy. by the time europe woke up from the haitian trauma ten thousand white inhabitants had already fled the island. plantation owners quickly found new lands where they could apply their skills everywhere people wanted to capitalize on their knowledge of intensive farming sugar in cuba. cotton in the united states and coffee in brazil the freedom slaves had snatched in haiti had a paradoxical consequence it reinforce lavery all over the american continent.

in rio's back country the party of a valley had for a long time been covered with impenetrable primary forests. today bare mountains are all that is left. trees were cleared in the early one nine hundred centuries to give way to intensive coffee culture the new source of wealth. i stood for as the others event by about l.s.d. my visit a vamp. is at the feet gonna git to be met is it a. name. ls it. defies and this it just got out of was meant to happen that meet.

some masters possessed up to one thousand slaves. all applied a scientific organization of labor. rigorous accounts were kept every day. on perper slave became the fundamental principle cutting plantation organization. everything was built around the coffee drying grounds the slaves had to go out in groups in the morning to plant or to pick and the big plantations they had slave quarters enclosed barracks with one entrance and so it looks like a car still situation was certainly hard to escape but the other reason is you could get the slaves up all that once in the morning and then as they marched out the gate you could give them their tools. so the

space organizes the flow of labor. every thing has a function so that you don't even have to watch the slaves because you know where they're supposed to be. so it's a kind of industrial production producing industrial raw materials for the factories of britain and new mass consumption markets so there's a huge transformation of production which means for the slaves it's much more exploitative the output precisely for those up ten times an average in each of those crops from what i've been in the eighteenth century. five thousand six hundred miles from europe these men and women are the hidden face of the industrial revolution.

the world was changing in the early nineteenth century europe was verbalizing growing wealth of money flowed freely and london was more than ever the world's economic epicenter. in the british capital the new middle class flocked to the new department stores forgetting that the cotton sundresses combs ivory umbrellas and sweets they purchased with the fruits of slave labor. there's a distinction between what's happening in the colonial societies and what's happening in the metropolitan societies and the metropolitan policy makers begin to disavow what's happening in the colonies in some ways and they stop recognising that kind of violence as their own violence slavery is the opposite of liberal freedom so

britain as the barrier of freedom has to say slavery is wrong british abolition of the slave trade is the greatest justification say well we're really disinterested it's not for interest economic motives but for ideological motives we're for freedom. businessmen look for more secure investments. investing in british spinning mills was indeed much less incriminating. there was no mosque the plan in setting up the global economy as we see it today they were just you know manufacturers in britain developing new machines these machines suddenly needed much more cock so they tried to buy this cotton somewhere they didn't really care where it came from but the place where they found it where they were able to buy huge quantities at evidence cheaper prices this was in the

americas and this was eventually in the united states. in this new industrial society the supply of raw materials was the key to success. from an economic perspective the world's leading financial power no longer needed the slave trade. in its no seven great britain resolved to abolish the transatlantic slave trade the thing that i think also needs to be said is that this was not simple altruism on the part of great britain in other words it wasn't simply the humanitarianism of the abolition movement it's that britain did not want other imperial rivals to have the benefit of slave labor when in fact they didn't. in eight hundred fifteen armed with its naval supremacy great britain impose the

cessation of the slave trade on france and its other commercial rivals this decision taken by the leading european slave power gradually shut the north atlantic slave trade routes. however at the same time to set off new deportations within slave countries by grouping together the slaves born on its soil the united states was also about to enter a new era of slavery. a fairly small percentage of the people brought over to the americas in the slave trade actually came to north america probably three four five percent and yet by the time you get to one thousand nine hundred eight hundred twenty five eight hundred thirty a very large percentage of the a slave population is in the united states because of natural population growth so that is a very important part of the story thomas jefferson for example who advocated closing the slave trade did so at least in part because he knew that the slaves

that he was going to sell from his plantations into the new plantation regions would be. become more more valuable with the closing of the slave trade. cotton farming concentrated all of the country's slave labor along the banks of the mississippi. by foot or by boat sold or brought by their owners one million slaves from new york baltimore washington and st louis were deported down south of . new orleans in natchez became massive slave markets. after brazil the united states became the new land of industrial slavery. most of the people were between fourteen and twenty two they were sold single e. and they were roughly of

a bias to mation half men have women so if you think about that here young people taken out of their families out of their communities ship a thousand miles away to really a very exploitative place where they have to form their own communities and their own families from scratch because that all the cut nobody that they had in their lives with such as it was was taken away. buying slaves of both sexes and inside a union so that they would breed. this was the only way for plantation owners to increase their slave livestock the reproductive capacity the conception of children the bearing of children to term the raising of children has many meanings one of them is an economic need for slave holders and for the slave economy in general.

women's lawns were included in the production system giving their masters full dominion over them. rape is a very common. one of the most important stories that we have is that of a young woman named celia celia lived in central missouri on a small farm and she was brought there at the age of fourteen and endured three years of rape sexual assault by her own or poor three children she eventually kills her own are and is tried for murder there in central missouri and while she is ultimately convicted of murder and executed she's convicted because by law she's not permitted to assert self defense as an slaved woman but no one disputes that she was raped. to procure slaves

brazil had to opt for another strategy perpetuating the slave trade but this time by illegal means. despite britain struggle to put an end to it the slave trade exploded in the southern hemisphere. within thirty five years over two point five million captives embarked from west africa to plantations all over the world. they were soon joined by four hundred thousand captives on the eastern coast his main market was in zanzibar. if you look from eight hundred fifteen to around eight hundred fifty eight hundred fifty five. there were actually more slaves transported across the atlantic then it any equivalent time in the whole history of the slave trade at the time is supposed to be done.

indian ocean is one of the oldest commercial exchange zones in the world. africa and east have been trading there for over two thousand years. along these routes circulate ivory food products and clothes as well as african captives. driven by western demand zanzibar became a strategic crossroads. here in zanzibar one of the world's last lead trade ports was about to develop. zanzibar developed in the nineteenth century largely as a major center of trade. but also became the center of a large commercial empire something of zanzibar controlled not only zines about but

tried to control the whole cost line. by eight hundred sixty s. something like twenty thousand slaves what coming through designs about but of these slaves eight thousand six thousand may be. exported out. when you're from a neighborhood known as a hotbed of radicalism. you have to fight to defy stereotypes. but in the morning all shall join the stories we don't often hear told by the people who live them in almost one line when they. will be given survived the initial. sound of the box us this is europe. on al-jazeera. and this was different. whether someone is going for some of his favorites it is

true i think it's how you approach official and it is a certain way of doing it i just died in a good story and i out. a journey both dark. there's a very forever there's a lot of corruption and a beautiful lake a beautiful lady you have to be very patient and woodies also the city has ascended you can see i was introduced to the when my father and my most or or two for king for the personal story to discover the source of one of the most expensive commodities sent from heaven an hour just zero. al jazeera. every year.

hello again a dream for going to here in doha the top stories on al-jazeera the united nations is urging all countries to donate more money to the u.n. agency that helps palestinian refugees the biggest contributor the u.s. has has decided to stop all funding it will end decades of financial support for health education and food aid palestinian president mahmoud abbas says that it's a flagrant assault on the palestinian people the u.s. and canada have missed a deadline to revamp the north american free trade agreement talks ended on friday without a deal president donald trump told congress he will press ahead with a new agreement with mexico kind of this foreign minister is still optimistic that a deal can be reached. it is going to take let's ability on all sides

to get in the end and see what i can. and i really want to assure canadians we're working hard to get a good deal we are confident that a win win win deal is possible and we're always going to stand up for the national interest and for canadian values the queen of soul aretha franklin has been honored at a marathon farewell ceremony and home city detroit. decisions and politicians paid tribute in an eight hour ceremony featuring a most memorable songs she died two weeks ago from riyadh to cancer. and us politicians have been paying their last respects to the late senator john mccain a military god of on a carries his casket to lie in state in the u.s. capitol in washington where the republicans for thirty five years. russia and ukraine are accusing each other of killing a separatist rebel leader in eastern ukraine alexander. died in a blast at

a cafe in donetsk russia says that ukraine is trying to destabilize the region to customize calling for action as the united arab emirates is accused of using israeli spy technology the new york times obtained leaked e-mails from a lawsuit against that is ready spy web they reveal attempts to listen to the phone calls of lebanon's prime minister mia out of saudi prince and nicaragua's government is expanding the u.n. human rights team investigating abuse allegations president that it will take a dismissed a u.n. report accusing him of his government and ignoring human rights violations those are the headlines now let's get you back to slavery roots. this is the story of a world whose territories were forged by the slave trade a world where violence subjugation and profit imposed that roots the slave system created the greatest accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen

up to that moment in time. in seven hundred ninety the slave trade was at a climax more than one hundred thousand captives were deported every year. at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle. zanzibar merchants captured their slaves on the continent. back then eighty percent of the slaves deported to zanzibar peasants who lived around lake malawi they still cultivated land there today.

every year now women reenact initiation rites inherited from their ancestors this ceremony was originally meant to prepare teenagers for future hardships. families fled their villages to escape from the slave traders violence. exile expose them to poverty starvation and disease. in the eyes of philanthropist from the greatest slave trading nations great britain and france others were now to blame for the cruelty of slavery. in zanzibar the others with their arms were healing. and then slavery became the criteria for creating a hierarchy the states of the americas including the united states were less than

britain because they could live with slavery the brazilians the cubans were morally corrupt because they weren't bothered by white co-existing with the evils of slavery so they were they were on a lower standard than the british africans were ruled out. the world map was redrawn to distinguish enlightened powers from half civilized countries barbarian kingdoms and savage lands. religions political regimes and degree of civilization make up a value system used to rank peoples around the world. with these standards slavery had become a backward practice unworthy of a civilised nation where lee fighting the slave trade no longer was enough slavery had to be eradicated. with this global surge of abolition and slavery an institution as old as humanity began to shrink. the movement was

launched by the former spanish colonies when came the british colonies. called by the french and finally the dutch. way with the victory of the abolitionists slavery became a thorny problem for the united states. how could they renounce slavery when the american economy was run by southern plantation owners. this wealthy elite often considered itself as heir to the greco roman civilization which legitimate slavery many claim the connection staging it in the architecture and interior decoration of their homes for them slavery was a mainstay of the social order. one of the men who served as a slave ship captain and actually probably the best known slave ship captain from

that history is john newton the man who wrote the famous him amazing grace he said that watching human beings treated as they were in this system slavery had the effect of hardening the human heart of eradicating sympathy and newton says the violence is learned the violence is learned within the slave trade it's not the moral failing of an individual that's at issue here it's a requirement of the job. the clash between those who considered slavery has a necessary evil and those who experienced it as a retrograde practice resulted in a devastating civil war in one thousand nine hundred eighty one the united states burst into flames nearly two hundred thousand afro americans and rolled in the union army. for

african-americans the war is a war for abolition from the start be they enslaved people who watch who wait who take their opportunities at every chance during the war to further the unions interest or free african-americans a half million of them in the north many of whom will raise troops volunteer themselves for the union forces raise money and care for black soldiers when the union army fails to do so. ha. that's. neat hundred sixty five after four years of destructive

warfare united states declared the abolition of slavery. at last they could claim their place among the most unlike nations of the world. so workers gain their freedom but this freedom is very very limited and it's especially limited economically and of course then that reconstituted state governments of the american south they are deeply repressive and they are deeply interested in fixing workers to places not allowing them to work in other sectors of the economy. freedom but nothing else.

in the united states as well as in france or jamaica laws forbidding the equal treatment of freed slaves were promulgated. they were denied their rights to vote. at the fence and freedom of movement. those who protested or killed those who refused to work were incarcerated and sentenced to forced labor. accounts by former slaves recorded in one thousand nine hundred eighty nine and kept in the library of congress. age sixteen and eight hundred sixty five fountain hughes recalled his first days as a free man. when he found out that we were free what did he know to different people. the way you. stanwell could we have know. what you.

want to make already know. here. they are now i couldn't. cross a street. race attached the former slave to a specific territory legally confining him to ghettos without any hope of getting out. former slaves were from then on subjugated by virtue of their skin color. the violence of any white person against the body of any black person was permitted by law. with emancipation in the united states in eight hundred sixty five with the end of the civil war four million cotton growers in slave cotton growers when their freedom europeans by the eight hundred six thousand eight hundred seventy is try to find ways to secure a carton and one of the places they begin to look at is the continent of africa

which has a very long history of cotton agriculture eight hundred seventy three the abolition of the slave trade and slavery and unexpected repercussions in africa block on the coast to survive population continue to grow their emancipation gave europeans a justification for sending their armies the belgians then the french satellite and western coast the british followed in nigeria and on the eastern coast all in the name of progress and the good of humanity. about the elders was about a quandary. a look at us you know by let. me look post issues dilute control a thread going to zip ask a look at. wherever great britain intervened would apply pressure to put an end to the selling of

slaves. in one thousand nine hundred three in negotiating the abolition of the slave trade with the sultan of zanzibar. this is in some ways ironic that the british came in to abolish slavery and slave trade but by doing it it really forced people to say what if we can't export slaves we will use the slaves within to produce things that we can export. spurred on by these grand moral principles dozens of europeans went off in search of the venture ready to invest in the wrong that europe needed. the missionary dr

david livingstone became the figurehead for abolitionist explores. the people who supported these missions what businesspeople people who had money so they probably had some idea of why they just did it's not just interested in finding the stock kept mountains of africa but way to come to missionaries living standard was actually quite clear he knew. what the capitalists what interested in. the missionary organization he told them that this is philanthropy last five percent that there is an interest for you as businessmen and he said quite openly philanthropy joined us to fight against slavery abolish slavery because that is an interest for you you would produce cloth to sell to the people. some explorers made the most of local merchants advice and logistical support.

among the latter was. one of the most important slave traders in western africa he controlled an immense territory along lake tanganyika. thanks to tea party andrew morton stanley went up the congo river and chorus traditional village chiefs into signing contracts that stripped them of millions of acres of land for the benefit of the belgian king leopold the second. penry stanley landed in the bog and penetrated deep into africa on the way he rechristened the cities of kissing ghani and kinshasa with his own name he was soon joined by french british and german explorers who entered africa from the west bee's expeditions mark the transition from evangelizing missions to european imperialism depicted as a young boy began to trade along that central wrote. it won the cold war he traded over a large area and was the last. figure there who are

also head is all and almost boss in a lobby. although neglected. house tells us much about the fortune this great merchant a must. in his autobiography recounted his negotiations with stanley in the belgian diplomats. stanley arrived with a dozen europeans we met at the consul's and he told me. we wish you to accept to become governor in the name of belgium and that your voice the belgian flag in the districts clear under your rule. i hosted juan and stanley falls when i arrived and my men did the same wherever we came. former slaves were enlisted in the conquering armies. weapons in hand the french the belgian and the british went deeper and deeper into the equitorial forest.

europeans placed peasant communities under military control and forced them to produce palm oil rubber cocoa coffee and of course cotton. on these farms nothing distinguished former slaves from expropriated farmers. and outs of small change in a few ounces of salt were enough for europeans to claim they were progressive a. former slave trade routes became the roots of forced labor. if they use it like they do lose it all put the gate with a value falsie deuce down south thank god knows it's love i made it but plays it when they discover or where they live all. all day long. only be a place yet and them up wanted to avoid you to the theater meek you do this with.

street only it was a day a dollar was health of a belly the beach you do feel. captured by then sold by henry stanley to a rubber farmer a congolese slave describe the acts of violence perpetrated in villages administered by the belgian some foreign news employed by the state took advantage of the absence of that she was to have used torture and sometimes even kill people a man nicknamed the eagle thanks to his cruelty was the chief supervisor of the robber department this man was very cruel he killed a lot of people. in this hard labor system missionary's became the helpless witnesses of the farmers abuses. armies bankrolled by the belgians terrorized villagers and cost rebellions every bullet was counted and to prove that they had

used their weapons well soldiers had to bring back the hands of their victims. a stray bullet when an innocent kid loses hand. in fully is used to feel like giving us your life your lungs don't get me bear city report i will probably look in your opinion you didn't see really the part of the ability when i was afflicted when i link look it was a free game probably fair accepted last super must have been pulling for accept the lie misused really that this could. be viewed on a flick. with strobes of doctors anonymous and colonial administrators race was used by europe as a scientific tool to justify its domination africa became a homogeneous entity relegated to the very bottom of the human scale race mistry go against slavery as principles for the two pillars of colonisation.

the continuation of racial hierarchy is often emancipation is not remotely surprising because it was all that in the ways in which the abolitionists thought the numbers of abolitionists who truly had a conception of african culture african men and women in any way equal to them was relatively small. even the most egalitarian of the abolitionists assume that you know british culture is civilized evolved at cetera et cetera i mean that's part of the that's part of our understanding. once they had progressed deep into the continent the europeans built railways from

the interior to the coasts. at the end of the lines the capitals of the new colonies group the car lagos'. want to do on the cape town doris all the cotton palm oil rubber cocoa and ivory were transported to these ports then shipped all over the world. i mean i'm not going to. get into that. at the time colonial conquest african political powers with whom the europeans have been trading for five centuries but deprived of all the rights.

brazil one of the first territories to see sugarcane fields flourish was one of the last to ban slavery. on may thirteenth reaching eighty eight members of brazil ratify the abolition of slavery. ending four hundred fifty years of africa brazilian enslavement. oh movimento what is so nice to veto yours a little bit as you and i'm more than man to call set of a good faith to put but oh who's no adam of a man too hard to call in q.'s new good resist of it and we will veto. in a day job as you at a q. but as you perceive us a civilization and look at e.g.

if in the way they have the progress it does if it is a soul is to vet and did at the mange at that alive this quietly may not sell the bought a body calls out the police could have a dell most. a limb in a saw this could have it don't have is to move immutable is when used to but it didn't get them bang it was near goose they started a bit as you put it out was bought a bit was just at the minute. the writings of raymundo niña rodriguez a professor of forensic medicine at the university of bio illustrate this point in eight hundred ninety one he reflected on the destiny of a slave descendants. the negro race in brazil will forever constitute one of the factors our inferiority as a people it would be important to determine to what extent this inferiority lies in the negro populations inability to civilize itself never on the whole mixing races

compensates this in for you are insane. both the government and the planters wanted to whiten the population the former to erase the traces of slavery the latter to depend less upon these newly freed workers. in one thousand nine hundred one two hundred fifteen thousand europeans arrived in brazil three times as many people as in the darkest hour of the history of the slave trade human trafficking was replaced by the immigration of millions of poor europeans. l n l four thing to put calls. i started the house is like a thing of the equate started this kind of a deal in. the

. heat. over the course of twelve centuries an estimated nine to twelve million african captives were transported on the transom and eastern routes from fifteen sixteen onward in three and a half centuries thirteen million men women and children were deported to the americas between the raids famines wars and epidemics this globalization of

violence caused the death of an estimated fifty million africans both direct and indirect victims of the great empires lost for expansion. historians today are still trying to evaluate the demographic economic political and social consequences of this human tragedy unparalleled in scale to this day. i think will truly be making progress when we all accept the history of slavery as all of our history so this tree of slavery is not black history and it's not just a history of white colonization but the history of human equality is the legacy for all of us and it's a legacy we all must contend with right not a white person only thinking about themselves as the decision of a slave holder but the white person thinking of themselves the descent of a slave to write the black person the you themselves a sense of slaveholders way of thinking that we've inherited the basic structures of these societies right these basic inequalities but what we do with that is up to

us that can really help us move forward as a society. as we embrace new technologies rarely do we stop to ask what is the price of this progress what happened was people started getting sick but there was a small group of people that began to think that maybe this was related to become a disclosure and an investigation reveals how even the smallest devices have deadly environmental and health costs we think ok we'll send our you waste to china but we have to remember that air pollution travels around the globe death by design on al-jazeera.

hello again we're here cross united states we are entering a holiday weekend and we are going to be seeing things changing for some locations appear to the northeast not too bad up towards new york on saturday tempter there of about twenty five degrees but we have a lot of moisture we have a lot of the flow now coming out of the south and when you have that that means those temperatures are about to go up so from twenty five degrees here on saturday we are looking at those temperatures rising to about twenty six but washington about thirty degrees and then as we go towards the middle of next week expect those temperatures to go back to into the mid to low thirty's there out towards the west coast seattle a pleasant day if you partly cloudy at about twenty two what we are watching a few tropical disturbance is here across the caribbean notice these clouds right here to the north of santa domingo we're going to be watching that very carefully over the next few days because what's going to be happening is the national hurricane center is looking at it they haven't put anything out they don't expect

a development in the next three to four days but notice the rain right there passing with the turks and caicos that starts to make its way appear towards the northwest and as we go towards sunday very heavy rain across parts of parts of the bahamas so for nasa thirty one degrees for you and even towards havana clouds are coming in with a temperature of thirty. when the us a song called lapsed. this university professor became a millionaire and a criminal on the law. fifteen years old his daughter embarks on an extraordinary journey to find him. my six million dollars father a witness and documentary on his ear. this

is al jazeera. hello i'm adrian from again this is the news hour live from doha coming up in the next sixty minutes the u.s. says that it's cutting off all funding to the u.n. agency that helps palestinian refugees. no deal yet talks between the u.s. and canada on a new free trade agreement missed the deadline we'll look at what happens next. a pro russian separatist leader dies in a bomb blast in ukraine moscow and kiev blame each other for the killing. of the final farewells for rica for.