bob that was the rate of by the turkish backed free syrian army after say two years ago. to get it to the day they were before their dream was to carry guns like fighters because they were afraid now they want to become a teacher an engineer like regular children or a police officer to protect their country. located thirty kilometers south of his supporters turkey regard as a gate to its security after i saw was pushed out the turkish military now protects the local population. with the city becoming a sanctuary for internally displaced its population has increased to iran three hundred thousand people the local council begin distributing id cards in july at least sixty thousand residents have received them over crowding makes it more difficult to establish control and keep records local officials say they had as you might you know when i still controlled here it first target to toast pitance schools i still even use civilians as

a human shield during the liberation operations people lived in fear until they saw that they had an alternative think they revived and we saw the smile on our people's faces. doctors here say local people trying to beat the also by having more children at this thirty babies are born every day in el bomb however life still holds many challenges for them people here in so i live as normal lives as possible but life has become more expensive here it's time to focus their loses value against us dollars the local businessmen raise their prices and this makes it much harder for people especially those living in refugee camps and so is the problem here is everyone got used to consuming even the public service workers i hope people soon begin to produce them looking for their own interest or waiting for aid boxes. some say nothing much has changed for them after i still left them

well i guess i still work a lot even sometimes until one am too and my living and surviving are not enough but i can't beg for money i have children to feel despite the services provided and a relatively secure environment and certain ity continues to new many of them wish to go back to their homes and are hoping and expect a turkish led military offensive east of the freight is river may make that dream become a reality seen on to solo al-jazeera northern syria i still had so on the program i the latest demonstrations across a dollar broken up by the security forces have been accused of shooting at injured protesters in hospital. and as nicolas maduro starts his second term as venezuela's president the opposition led congress plans talks on how to remove him from power.

hello again welcome back we are across china things are looking much better than they have been over the last few days we're not seeing as much rain on the forecast map actually just really partly cloudy to mostly cloudy conditions politically down here towards the south and even in vietnam we do expect to see overcast conditions here in hanoi for hong kong though it is going to be a clear day for you with the tempter there about twenty four degrees here on saturday seeing some more clouds coming into your forecast as we go towards sunday over towards taipei twenty one degrees will be your high for show maybe a few showers with a temperature there of about seventeen degrees well here over towards india we are looking quite nice across much of the area maybe some clouds and maybe some higher elevation snow in the forecast there but down towards the south it is sri lanka that continues to see those rain shows particularly on that southeastern coast for

colombo about thirty degrees as your high up towards tonight it is going to be a partly cloudy day with the temperature there about twenty nine degrees and here across much of the gulf and into the arabian peninsula feel the clouds here across much of the region we could be seeing some imbedded rain across that area so we watching that very carefully but for doha on saturday it is going to be a cool day for you at twenty two degrees w. will be out of the clouds at twenty three and as we go towards sunday the clouds continue for much of the area with us in temperature of twenty three. in the next episode of science in a golden age of be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval islamic period in the field of mathematics. the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic word algebra we're going to the limits of modern technology forty percent faster than the speed of sound they gave us the final building block find they discovered it many little tonsil is a story of science in

a golden age with jamal khalifa on al-jazeera. again undermined at the top stories here on al-jazeera opposition candidate martin failed to says he won a landslide victory in the democratic republic of congo's presidential election with sixty one percent of the votes his rival felix she said katie has been declared the winner but finally says he got just eighteen percent. and the u.s. military says it's begun pulling equipment but not troops out of syria coalition spokesman fused to reveal further details of the withdrawal including when the two

thousand american troops who are the. sudanese security forces have used tear gas to disperse hundreds of people taking part in anti-government protests in the capital khartoum and other parts of the country rights groups are accusing sudan's government of resorting to using excessive force against demonstrators in treating some who were attacked or receiving medical treatment at a hospital in all due amount of a morgan has the latest from cutting. once again i've seen people come out after friday prayers today to protest against president obama to be sure is twenty nine year old now they've been chanting slogans like downfall of the regime and they've been calling for change and this has been happening for three weeks now now the government has been condemned for using what has been termed as brutal excessive force on wednesday when people came out to protest the police responded using tear gas and live ammunition three people were killed in the protests and today once again the police used tear gas to try to disperse the crowd but the protesters have been very defiant they say that they will not stop doing street on the streets and

told president obama to bashir steps down now the rights groups have come out and said that at least forty people have been killed since of course as began on december nineteenth the government is disputing that figure and they're saying that twenty two people have been killed while over one hundred eight hundred have been arrested a lot of people have also been missing since the protests began and there are concerns about their safety and well being from relatives and from rights groups they're saying that there are concerns that the government would use torture to try to get these people to back off from protesting again but people have been very defiant and there are more protests planned people are saying they won't come out again on sunday and they will be coming out again in the coming thursday to make sure that the president is stance that they want him to step down he said he's not going to try to do that he's going to try to improve the economy and the living standards and try to reduce inflation but people have been saying that they've heard these promises over and over again and for the only solution for them to stop demonstrating is for him to step down elections are coming in twenty twenty and there are concerns that these protests and these demonstrations will continue until elections combat is if it's been if it's possible to hold elections with the

demonstrations out on the streets. u.s. president donald trump is escalating his battle with the democrats over the controversial u.s. mexico border wall as he faces the prospect of the longest government shutdown in history he's considering declaring a national emergency so he can bypass congress to get the five point seven billion dollars of funding he needs will shut down is now into its twenty first day and around eight hundred thousand employees are missing their first paychecks some being granted an unpaid leave of absence better known as a furlough while others are working without pay it is the nineteenth shutdown since nine hundred seventy six when new budget laws were enacted giving congress more power most have been brief but the current shutdown now matches the previous longest one in one thousand nine hundred five to ninety six when president bill clinton battled with the republicans over cuts to medicaid well our series on the gallup has been to meet some of the people affected in the eastern us city of

baltimore. this government building in the heart of downtown baltimore is normally a hive of activity its doors are now closed its workers furloughed and the impact on the streets close by is clear over the last few weeks mohammed although marie has seen his business declined sharply it's what's. he tells us who leave the area if things don't return to normal soon if you see you know lifestyle now it's one o'clock like nothing here you know it's like any is kind of a business and there have. been you know. darryl burton's been a federal employee for decades this isn't the first government shutdown he's lived through but the longer it lasts the harder it gets for his family or drop a gas in the car today or do our way to the weekend do i do buy groceries today or from the way to enough going to be a fill on some things that i can get a little bit cheaper in all twenty three thousand federal employees across maryland

are either working without pay or of been furloughed it's one of the worst affected states and the impact is widely felt when this partial government shutdown ends there's a good chance that the eight hundred thousand federal workers will get back pay for those contracted by the government to rely on federal resources to provide services that can mean the difference between life and death the future is less certain nevertheless we've met people here so committed to what they do that continuing to work not knowing where their next paycheck will come from native american lifelines receives federal funding from a now closed government department staff to provide support for addiction mental health and vital medical services not that i can save everyone but at least being here they know that they have a home and a safe place to be and we won't be able to pry that you know worries me. if there's no resolution by saturday this will be the longest government shutdown in u.s.

history it's a prospect that many here and across the u.s. consul for to face to gallagher al-jazeera baltimore maryland. high court judges in mammal have rejected an appeal by two reuters journalists serving seven year prison sentences well known and chaucer who were convicted of breaking the official secrets act by reporting an army massacre of the hinge of villages reporters say they were framed by police who gave them classified documents which has has condemned the ruling britain has called on me i'm also long since you cheat to look at whether to process was followed in the case has this update by coke. the high court in yangon announced that it had rejected this appeal in the afternoon on friday they said that there was not enough evidence that these two gentlemen were innocent so they were saying that the conviction was upheld and also is when it comes to how long they would spend behind bars they were sentenced to

seven years back in september there was a possibility with the appeal that that sense could be reduced but the court's on friday the high court in yangon saying that there was a suitable punishment of seven years because of the severity of what this case was about that it threatens to harm national security so these gentlemen for now will stay behind bars according to the high court in yangon for seven years now very soon after the word came out about this on friday the editor in chief of reuters made a statement today's ruling is yet another in justice among many inflicted upon why lone and. they remain behind bars for one reason those in power sought to silence the truth reporting is not a crime and until me and maher writes this terrible wrong the press admin maher is not free and the inmarsat commitment to rule of law and democracy remains in doubt now for the future what could happen to these two journalists now that their appeal has been rejected the defense can appeal to the supreme court in myanmar's capital

neighborhood or there's no indication or word that they will do that yet and then the only other option for them is unsung suchi the state council the leader of myanmar issues a pardon but again there's no word if that's going to happen either. with hospice phoned his address to venezuela's constituent assembly a day off to being sworn in for a second term as president or thursday he was expected to announce some economic measures by analysts don't predict any major reversals in venezuela's socialist model but you're a creator the constitutional assembly last year to sideline the country's national assembly which is dominated by opposition politicians opposition supporters a currently out protesting against him that's going to al-jazeera series a bow in the capital caracas and to raise the just how big all these demonstrations . well yes i'm here like this coming straight that's been organized by the opposition controlled

national assembly this is expected to be a first step towards what's going to be the beginning of what they say are going to be protests against president nikolai who don't want to they're basically saying is that they won't recognize this reference and i doubt they're going to become national security to hold her up in the streets of there's not some divisions within the opposition right now we're hearing about some members of the opposition who want to name the president of the national assembly one why those as the new president of the republic and there are others who say that this is going to something like this is going to fall of course this type of situation generated lots of tension here in venezuela because the government has already threatened the opposition and the national assembly that the assembly could be shut down if they continue to ignore the precedence you have modeled in spite of this people here have gathered there are not massive it like that like they were last year in this past year we have seen members of the opposition persecuted many have left the

country some have been jailed so it's out completely different scenario from what we saw last year during the demonstrations against the president in spite of that most of the people we have spoken to here are saying that their whole state that this is a first step towards. we know of course many of venezuela's neighbors are on happy with the situation more sort of international pressure can be applied to nicolas maduro. well that's a big question because most of the people that are here are hoping that the international pressure will force the government to negotiate and the government has said so far that even though the united states that recognize the government of that the group which is composed of the countries even though they don't do not acknowledge the presidency of equal out mother they're saying that there were ninety seven representatives during his inauguration including representatives from countries like china russia and many other nations around the world and that's why

mother rose basically saying that there's that he won't recognize that that type of international pressure and what's important here is the economic crisis i think that the most important thing situation here in venice is that right now and the pressure that the government is facing right now is called think of the daily life of people here in venezuela out of the shortages of food of medicine the people not being able to afford food that's the pressure that many are hoping will force the government to settle some type of negotiation on to resist her. own life there with the protesters in caracas thank you. to people including the chinese businessmen have been arrested in poland on suspicion of spying media say the chinese suspect is a director at the polish offices of the tech giant huawei world's second largest manufacturer of cell phones if convicted the pair could face ten years in prison u.s. intelligence agencies have previously accused while way of being linked to the

chinese government which they say uses its technologies for espionage katrina you has more from beijing. the man arrested is a chinese national who reportedly works for huawei which is a major technology firm here in china and he's been living in poland for more than ten years not many details so far from poland's intelligence agency but they do say that this is an operation that has been planned for a long time in that which was implemented very carefully now huawei is a technology company that's no stranger to controversy they have very close ties to the government and they work to develop telecommunications mobile foreigns internet technology now they've always denied that they funnel any information back to the chinese government that they work directly with the chinese government but still there are many fears that quality technology is the news as a back door for information or intelligence for the chinese government a so much so that japan for example has blocked while way from being used in the

government contracts the u.k. australia new zealand has blocked while away from participating in any five g. network trials and long one joe who is an heiress and executive of quali was arrested in canada late last year at the request of washington for allegedly violating u.s. sanctions now at the moment the story isn't receiving much and here in china actually the opposite any reports of the arrest are being very quickly removed from chinese social media which is indicating that this is not a good news story for china and there are already some fear is of what this might mean going forward of course after among wonder was arrested in canada there were two canadians who were detained here in china the chinese government denies that they're related but still there are fears of what could happen to polish nationals moving forward now if this chinese national is found guilty of espionage he could face ten years in prison and at the moment he's already looking at about three months in detention.

undermind of the top stories all al-jazeera defeated opposition candidate most and says he won a landslide victory in the democratic republic of congo's presidential election with sixty one percent of the vote on thursday the electoral commission to track his rival felix to katie the winner of the long delayed poll but citing catholic church observers fired who says she's a katie only managed to get eighteen percent of the vote and who challenge the results in the constitutional court how tasa has more from conscious. remarkable unity of according to his own telly and the tally from the catholic church he think he won the election but he's left to provide the evidence and explain how he got to these numbers what is he planning to do he's planning to go to court on saturday we will then whatever he has to a group of judges if these judges feel that he had more merit and it throw it out that means they will declare it to the k.t.

as the president elect and he should be sworn in on january eighth the u.s. military says it's begun putting equipment but not troops out of syria the coalition spokesman refused to reveal further details of the withdrawal including when some of the two thousand american troops might leave secretary of state mark propose in the region to reassure allies following doctrine surprise announcement all the troop withdrawal more than three weeks ago. security forces of use tear gas to disperse hundreds of people taking part in antigovernment protests in the capital cost to other parts of the country rights groups are accusing sudan's government of using excessive force including against injured protesters receiving medical treatment at a hospital in i'm doing on. the u.s. shutdown has ended its twenty first day with eight hundred thousand workers missing their first paychecks some of being granted an unpaid leave of absence better known as a fellow while others are working without pay the president says he's moving closer

to declaring a national emergency so he can bypass congress to get the five point seven billion dollars of funding he needs for his controversial border wall with mexico and those are the latest headlines here on out zero eight more news for you in twenty five minutes but science in a golden age is coming next. they've been so many great vols and saw and so over the past hundred years everything from

relativity and quantum mechanics to electronics computing and space travel but none of this progress would have been possible without the mathematics of song and the development of algebra the term algebra can be traced back to the arabic word. which has its roots in the manuscript written around eight twenty during the time i refer to was the golden age of song this was the period between the ninth and fourteen centuries when scholars in the islamic world first applied the principles of mathematics to science. could be a british professor of theoretical physics but born in baghdad i'm going to look at how the mathematical underpinnings of science apply today and trace their roots back to this golden age.

aviation is one of the most remarkable achievements of modern science and in order to be sure that the planes we've built stay in the sky we've needed to master the mathematics of flying. this is we come on the and be green who's a jet pilot and a mathematician. we are straight. and you have the mathematics background so you understand more the most the mathematics involved in aviation in flying absolutely it's it is a great way to be able to understand how to fly an airplane to understand the dynamics of what's actually going on in the aircraft because i can actually dig

into the equations and understand the science behind it. the mathematics that i'm interested in is something called a quadratic equation a square equation the unknown quantity x. times itself that square lower equation clique the essential basic core dry take is fundamental to how much lift an airplane can generate how fast it needs to fly it is the basis of all aviation it's actually not as complicated as many people might think if we think about lift and there were some various constants and then there's haul off road to be squared so it looks complicated with lots of symbols but if you bracket all this all it's saying is lifts is some number it's hard to square of the velocity very simply if you go twice as fast as they squared you will get four times as much lift. which is why aerobatic airplanes are powerful

they need to fly fast to do those very crisp very precise movements. if you want for instance to roll the airplane and if you double the speed we will roll four times as fast so better. when andy increases his speed to twice as fast because the lift depends on v. squared this times as much lift so he can roll the plane four times as far as. our modern methods for solving mathematical problems like these involving quadratic equations go all the way back to the golden age in fact to the wonderfully titled book. which translates says the compendious

book on calculation by completion and balancing it was written by the nineteenth century persian mathematician hard as me now he wasn't the first man to solve quadratic equations they go all the way back to antiquity but he was certainly the first mathematician to provide the general method the technique the recipe for solving them what we would today call the algorithm a word derived from alcoholism is a latinized name algorithm this he is also right now regarded as being the father of the field of algebra even the term algebra comes from the word job or in the title of his book what's most remarkable about this mathematical textbook though is not that it has any equations in it because it is me wrote his whole book in words alone. i'll call his muse book contains many practical everyday problems of the

time such as dividing up land paying laborers or splitting up inheritance businessmen and traders would have found the equations particularly helpful that's a very business man a result on a high tree grew up in the desert raising camels and still keeps a herd today. so i mean these are beautiful camels here how important are camels in arabian and bedouin culture well come of the very important and then when culture for transportation or milking for meat it's very important here and if i wanted to buy a camel i mean what sort of price would they fetch that expensive you know. fifty thousand to seven hundred million euros wow yes that beauty of the very expensive talking about. millions you know that's not so this is just again it's both jealous yes there will be attention it's very very important i mean they're very expensive

up to twenty million maybe more simple one is maybe five thousand two thousand i ask you this because i want to use the value of a camel to carry out a particular mathematical calculation while. i want to give you a problem and show you the sort of thing the horrors me wrote about in his book of algebra going to use the example of a man who dies owning just one camel which of course has to be sold now what if that camel fetched eighty durham's the man has a friend to me because we've a quarter of his money he leaves the widow to me because we've won eight and he has three sons how much does each son gets he would set up the algebraic equation where the unknown quantity the thing and shape is part of the equation this is what we call x. in algebra today so the way i would write it is eighty equals eighty divided by

four plus eighty divided by eight plus three x. three sons each receiving x. that's what we have to work out of me works through the algorithm the recipe to work this out so if a simplify this eighty equals twenty. plus ten plus three x. so eighties thirty plus three x. i take the thirty to the other side eighty minus thirty three x. fifty equals three x. and so x. is fifty over three which of i'm correct is sixteen and two third's there are times this sort of algebraic equation is something very complicated for people at the time of horror as me showed the recipe for carrying out very important calculations that would have been used in everyday life. that's right

isn't it. andy green isn't just a pilot he's also a world record holder in one thousand nine hundred seven he became the first and only driver to officially travel on land faster than the speed of sound. is the longest standing record in history and up till this point nobody has broken it that's about to change we're building a new car to go a lot faster. we are now building a bloodhound supersonic car it is going to be a car like no other. bloodhound has been designed using the latest

engineering techniques and complex computer modeling to create such an advanced vehicle the bloodhound engineers have solved thousands of equations we're going to put the limits of modern technology one thousand six hundred kilometers an hour one thousand miles an hour forty percent faster than the speed of sound and when traveling that fast some of the most important equations deal with drag the force of resistance that the car needs to overcome to reach a thousand six hundred kilometers an hour. exactly the same way that lift will increase by a factor of four when you double the speed the drag on the vehicle will also increase how much drag you will experience is again a square law and it's even more extreme in the land speed record context because of course we're going so much false about the square to this so enormous we're looking at sixteen hundred kilometers an hour square that it becomes a very big number and the amount of drag is in memphis to cool. such an advanced

high speed vehicle as one is quadratics the bloodhound engineers have also needed to solve many other types of equations press it was the chorus needs work on quadratic equations then inspired other later mathematicians to solve even more complicated equations and another great persian high on who's regarded as one of the greatest medieval poets in my view was an even better mathematician he was solving cubic equations involving a quantity times itself a target self again and this is also important for bloodhound because the amount of power that's needed from the engine is a cubic equation it's extraordinary that they make that step to the cubic equation that gives the final building block because it's not only when we double the speed we have four times the drag but it takes eight times the powers that are trying to do and it becomes a very very large number it's out of the tube which produces such

a requirement the fact they discovered it matter able to answer this question. was just one of the many scholars who flourished in the ninth century although he was persian he spent his academic life in the city of baghdad which had become a renowned center of learning during the first century after the birth of islam. conquered vast swathes of the old world they defeated the persians and entered iraq in seven sixty two a basket case established their capital in the newly founded city.