state was controversial so controversial that the u.k. had to put another territory into the mix st kilda the archipelago increased the british crowds claim by one hundred sixty thousand square kilometers st kilda has been deserted ever since its thirty six remaining inhabitants left almost a century ago but humans live there once and they could live there again at least theoretically. what does the u.k. want with all this water. what do you mean by owning a piece of the ocean. the idea of the ocean has changed over time. most from the pros to show how goods and their kotoko flows once saw the world and what they threw to an ocean is very much sure what was important to them and also.

before fourteen ninety two before columbus's journey to the americas the ocean as a broad portion of the world's surface as a as a major space that figured into our sense of the globe really wasn't there in the middle ages the world was thought to be a single large landmass a veritable mega continent without ocean. so the ocean really plays no role at all except to show a limit the ocean shows the limit of society and shows the limits of actually of god's kingdom of the kingdom on earth to the east beyond the ocean clay eden lay that the promised land lay heaven beyond that there was really nothing baptist. for most of human history the oceans were projection screens for the imagination of an

unexplored and irrepressible the a mighty barrier a place of terror. despite its dangers the ocean became more and more important over the centuries. as global trade developed merchant fleets transformed the oceans into vast shipping lanes people from cost centuries would never have dreamed of laying claim to the ocean for them it was a blue. it's formed with dangers and obstacles that needed to be overcome a sailor's journey to foreign lands. and of course the two dimensional bit is ironic because the ocean is so material a three dimensional you know we you step into the ocean you sank yet in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries something happened that changed our idea of the

ocean for ever the seabed became a place of exploration in eight hundred fifty eight as the transatlantic cable was being late engineers noticed variation in the oceans to. be evidence of undersea mountains the first scientific study of the ocean floor was undertaken by the german survey vessel meteo in one thousand nine hundred twenty five scientists today likened the expedition to columbus's first voyage which began the exploration of a towering incognita a previously unknown land over the next few decades a picture of the undersea cosmos gradually emerged suddenly a kind of developed this new awareness of the seabed of the underneath of course this itself is also kind of a fantasized idealisation of the ocean because you're imagining that you can see through the water column the water is missing from here the fish are missing

suddenly the topography of the seabed is quite literally brought to the surface. the discovery of the sea bed radically changed our idea of the ocean the ocean was no longer just water it was first and foremost a land mass a fost expands the belongs to no one but that could perhaps be seen just. this man had a groundbreaking idea. a president of the united states harry truman a man who would implement the war reeking of any other man on earth. harry truman asserted his country's influence with nothing claiming this was a territory to retreat under water that could be annexed as part of the united states. enormous quantities of oil found in the gold for mexico but the oil lay

beyond the three miles island in which coastal states could exercise their song rights truman wanted more home he wanted new terms sorry for the united states the superpower needed more more oil urgently oil reserves on the mainland no longer sufficed. our dependence on these minerals fuels and raw material is so fresh and our supply so uncertain that we are moving as rapidly as we can and by every means that ingenuity and divide to expand facilities to step up production find new sources of elop substitutes and bring in increased supplies from foreign sources. after to second world war in one hundred forty five then us president truman issued a proclamation. declaring that the natural resources

in the. seabed and subsoil belong to the united states of america. in convincing the world that the american president not only had no will but also the right to incorporate undersea territory truman used an argument that built on a recent discovery some areas of the seabed oceanic of the continental. the us had to have this kind of basis of a jew logical link between its land mass and the land mass submerge and lead to its territory and be an idea of the geological continental shelf is the basis which the us saw as. a legal basis as well. they had to finally

and the bases that they found most convincing was of course science. but the. odds of being at the end they're not so close by ever when you think was there sure we yeah let's encourage fifteen year old like first name years. in this industry are by target. the arguments that the continent continues on made up the core of truman's justification this was the more convincing because the historical events that legitimized this theory which by far into history. possibly far. entire do if keep this.

time and true jumps. korean talent to lift people by medion minimum. will feed your cat is a geophysicist at the alfred vega institute in play my husband alfred vega noticed that the coastlines of north and south america seems to fit together with those of us and africa like pieces of a possible fun indeed carnegie lookee in differ on found on one of the dark was dusty couldn't i much as some. pianist that's a very fancy read in regard scientists today believe there was once a supercontinent that at some point began to drift apart in the early twentieth century this idea seemed completely preposterous. this being water

sanitary. just it. could turn. out a democrat kind of supervise and. this is on the continent on them in the atmosphere to nothing when only outs work and there does africa the american doctors and indian. muslim if i. took your present. indian. here. to cast us as a con invite not. that. these are but i hear that's where the quintiles awkward went on he has only planted delegates has a. poor kunder that could depend. on this have to be done article sausan of the feel of. gospel to.

their idea that this submerged land mass is really a prolongation of your land territory you know it's who can argue that this would not be partly right territory. the people became aware of large quantities of oil and gas in the ocean floor the more coastal states tried to claim it for themselves they called for an international law based on the geological definition of a continental shelf yet many states resisted the earth's history has not favored each country equally to brushless learned how to answer but i can share. financier mind us as we but fear not limit our plight for. africa. particularly made up artist dozens i didn't want in modern context group or a picture of us learned. to balance out the geological differences that emerged

over hundreds of millions of years the nations of the world abandoned the geological definition of a continental shelf in favor of a legal definition that applies to all coastal states uniformly the godless of its undersea geology every country is granted a continental shelf extending two hundred nautical miles helps to see its exclusive economic zone. so these did they be of this two hundred as a magic number became acceptable to many states at the conference but the broad margin states did not accept this because of course they were as far as they're concerned they would come out as a loser it's not just the us and it also other states such as canada russia is also one of those states so they were not willing to give this up. ultimately states with a wide continental shelf prevailed and

a clueless with momentous consequences was quietly appended to the law of the sea convention the cruise in question is article seventy six it says that the state can lay claim to his geological continental shelf in addition to his legal continental shelf provided in the state can supply data demonstrating the show's outer limits within ten years. the time limit triggered a veritable wound on the world's oceans and the largest land allocation in world history. for the first time in the history of humanity a land grab occurred based not only more on traditional forms of color but rather on geological findings. scientists have a special role in the case of the ocean because the physical difference isn't as

obvious it's not as experienced if you're on an island detention oh you're on an island you can experience where land meets water i have no idea where the seabed ends you know where the continental shelf fans and you know nobody does from every day observation. so i would like to explain you now actually article six of the convention the sea actually works and it's all about natural. laws so we have. actually the land continues under water or something like this everything is decided by the point where the continental gradient off at the foot of the continental slope this spot is used to calculate the shelves out and. limits the state can choose between two formulas it can extend its borders sixty nautical miles hundred kilometers from

this point see woods can't be more dangerous however to use the settlement fixedness will because the settlements on the mainland the state has a territorial claim to this part of the seabed the thicker the layer of sediment the better according to the thickness will the continental shelf extends until the point where the thickness of sediment amounts to one percent of the distance from the foot of the slope. because no one only just understands geological data only thing can determine how far the state so when winds extend over the engine hence a commission of x. that was found to deal with the global community recognizes the stakes and has so far in bullet has evolved on. this wide thousands

wide mckeag yeah it's not so good because it was a bomb assume or aim a lesion omission of it limits of the gun. as posey dba record says that it is as is easy is cheap to join you bob heaped then join just head busy show on v if we had be truly involved. would. call him names helped build this commission yes now he is among its fiercest critics. g. home in their home is sure no one know that paper for ten c.n.n. live our spotter. sua yeah it's bad oh inform on that our right mocked. you know i've been president.

of. the twenty one geologist of the continental shelf commission would building d.c. to the united nations plus filming here is for me that none of the members may speak to the company inspiring to oprah's so asleep because of the funds the decisions can change maritime of the nations. easily. i now confidentiality the. best i have jean de. mint as though ron have you noticed that joe. it doesn't mean the dad even needs. this. plate of confidentiality. but does ice sheets rising you know.

it's very difficult alison a chef or restaurant tour to buy shrimp with the confidence that what you're serving is going to be good seafood by nature it is a high risk sometimes for production drugs like products that are not approved for use in the us the f.d.a. simply isn't casting enough on be imported market care really fine doll and things violet the president take no one else does innit. if you were looking at this from the outside you would really wonder what was going on but what is this grace is a religion that they have an in-depth exploration of global capitalism and our obsession with economic growth this is still the center of capitalism there is no limits i view myself as a capital artist we are trying to pave the road smaller and smaller we don't want to be set realistic in the world we would rather have

a fantasy growing coming soon. culturally i believe the muslims had a far greater effect on europe than europe the middle east. the crusaders ford ferociousness all because they failed to recognize the moment had arrived and now it was in the list campaign of colonization that exploded religion in the name of the cross the crusades an arab perspective the final episode liberation at this time on a. hello again i'm denis in doha with the top stories here it out there on the runner up in the democratic republic of congo presidential elections as valid to challenge the

resulting code size in catholic church election observers says he won with more than sixty percent of the vote he claims the declared when a rival opposition candidate felix she's a kennedy got just eighteen percent syrian state media says israel has fired several missiles towards its capital damascus unconfirmed reports suggest the strike struck near the city's airport most of them were shot down by a defense in syria says one of the strikes damaged a warehouse in the apple. here is secretary of state mike pompei who is in the united arab emirates as part of his nine nation tour of the middle east he says the u.s. will continue to support its allies in the fight against deisel despite its military withdrawal from syria president trump has backed away from his threat to declare a national emergency to pay for his controversial border wall he told reporters that congress must do its job and vote to approve more than five billion dollars in

funding for the war i'd rather not do it because this is something that congress should usually do this is something that the democrats should do and i don't want to give an easy way out of something as simple as this not only simple it's easy. it's going to say you know we have a country that is under siege you could actually get a lot of people don't like the word invasion we have a country that's being invaded by criminals and by drugs and we're going to stop so i want the democrats to come back to washington and vote well the partial government shutdown has sparked protests throughout the country thousands of workers didn't get paid on friday many federal employees say they're having trouble paying their bills opponents of nicolas maduro have protested as he begins his second term as venezuela's president an opposition rally was held outside the local office of the organization of american states the head of the opposition run

congress has challenge majorities right to the presidency saying he's ready to assume power himself and call for new elections for a check today there is at the latest headlines from us here it out there let's go back now to and sions monopoly. the commission of experts was founded in new york where the global community recognizes states and the suffering borders as pows idiotic and zachary's as d.z. institute joined bob peeped. for the first time in the history of humanity a land grab occurred based not only more on traditional forms of power but rather on geological findings. of the experts who tipped the scales in loring's about maritime territories a notoriously unforthcoming one members agreed to speak about the commission on the

condition the team meters not in new york but in which city informs. personally i've always felt that we could do an effort to actually be more transparent and to communicate more. so my name is walter roost i'm a marine physicist look at it from air france and i'm a member of the un commission on the limits of the continental shelf. well the first thing i should say is that you know the work of the commission yes it's true it's quite. three that in a very confidential fashion and the main reason behind that from the beginning while this two reasons one is that we're dealing with sovereign rights of states

secondly many of the states submit data that are actually confidential data derives from petroleum industry differences so in those data they have to be treated with a very high level of confidentiality there are powerful interests behind the states petitions see better data have enormous economic significance this information contains important clues for where natural resources might be located industries and states are not inclined to share this information which can be worth billions i think what we did what i could say is that as members of the commission i think we consider ourselves really scientific and technical experts but we also. cautions of the fact that our recommendations or decisions that we make have huge impact both politically economically. and so on

so is it possible to distinguish those two. for geologists in the commission have the job of evaluating continental shelf data submitted by countries officially the commission only makes recommendations but since their conclusions are not cooperated by anyone else they have de facto or pfoa t. to decide which nations get which territories. five nations that border the arctic ocean are in a bid to extend their software rights in the direction of the north pole denmark canada us norway and russia each wants as much toe choice possible the area is best . managing to contain ten percent of the world's oil was.

due to fire who. had sushi. if. for. us we're doing is he's insane has put down. russians. that. russia understood to take advantage of the new. in two thousand and two he was one of the first countries to submit a claim to the continental shelf commission the russians asserting to no less than the entire essential arctic an area of one point five million square kilometers including the north pole coal hinz was known as the man who shot down blushes claim on account of insufficient scientific evidence employed

a trick that many states are using to push through their claims even often there which. is and is a country and. this is ip for both. events. or the also s. . ron. i'm a fresh one of. the. missions. in the race to control the world's oceans data is key if a claim that's rejected nations can have with searches collect information this effectively allows countries to circumvent the commission's ten year deadline governments can submit new reports until their claims who approved each additional

geological submission brings with it a fresh womb for interpretation the name of the game is if you want to have the best answer for your time boundaries. nor the best answer for your extended continental shelf you go out and collect the best modern day data possible to go in use for your final application for law the seed to ensure that the answer is the best that it can be. russia has since submitted it refines to data to the continental shelf commission but canada and denmark want to know home too. how can other countries with the same scientific arguments claim the same territory . is an ocean and water is a continent it is

a question of respect if the commission evaluates the scientific data and makes a decision if the for or against a state's claim once a claim is approved it is binding and cannot be with us. i don't know i mean we have no. if we replace all members of the commission hypothetically we have twenty one new members and we would give them the same case it would be get the same result of i can be quite certain we will not get exactly the same result so i i don't believe that the commission can be a hundred percent right because one hundred percent right does not exist in natural sciences we're talking about interpreting based all relatively sparse data. the commission is a clip of textbooks selected by the channel the same the united nations the twenty

one members on the commission nineteen come from countries that are right for territorial expansion to national interests place decisions of its members what is certain is the recommendations tested. and. the face stance of the commission yorn i have tried to control our plan it is actually work that charm in every age i do my. that. i can for the acquittal yet i'm glad of the problems your. nobody. wiking some well there were two candidates. from malta.

and all i can say is that john mccain won so we ended up in kingston. michael vick international seabed to. say it is a type of executive council of the ocean floor they supervise with the states on able to get their hands on with continental shelf claims the i.s.a.'s official motto is that the deep sea bed is the common heritage of mankind they believe that the ocean belongs to everyone the common heritage concept includes. a number of basic ideas the first idea is that it's an area over which no single state can claim sovereignty. and it has to be administered for the benefit of all mankind. the seabed all fourteen years the top distributing witches that are not in the sovereign areas of national states if

a country or company makes a profit from mining minerals the i s a ensures that poor countries and countries without coastal borders receive a share. when founding the i s a states agreed to make environmental regulations as strict as possible for deep sea mining in international waters because no one knows its effect on the merits of the ecosystem . so the i.r. say has no standing in the continental shelf commission it's not an observer to the commission it has no right to object to a recommendation of the commission. the commission's recommendations go only to the coastal state that is making the submission and not to anybody else.

the ocean compass ever three hundred sixty million square kilometers. of the earth's surface. over forty percent of this area has been assigned to legal continental shelves. claims on expanded geological continental shelves make up another ten percent of the ocean. it is now projected that around fifty seven percent of the oceans will eventually be under the control of the coastal states. in the year two thousand and that's the latest set of figures that we have the international seabed authority which is based in jamaica they came up with an estimate as they saw that governments were starting to work through this more recent component for a lot of the sea for the extended continental shelf they have a figure just just below twelve thousand us trillion dollars is

the in-situ estimate of seabed resources in the expanded continental shelves. estimates about the quantity of natural resources buried in the seabed are highly speculative but if the figure of twelve thousand trillion us dollars is white it would be enough to if we person on earth a check for one and a half million dollars. for this is one of the country's leading the charge to claim a piece of the prize budget luck card nothing has a leg over many other states at colonial past. where you say do you know. please relieve. me of blues because good to preview will be in the realm of mall don't you like same.