sightings that the meth labs know there was still the fumes are still coming up i think that lump of zinc has been dissolved entirely in the liquid. we did leave a small piece of gold in aqua region although this takes a lot longer to react but over an hour the gold gradually dissolves. neither of us is on our own will dissolve gold but taken together they produce the right ions to exactly that. the charity chemistry wasn't only about alchemy there was a practical side to it as well and many developments in chemistry were driven by islam. cleanliness was a religious requirement in islam for example the washing of the hands face and feet

before prayer and this requirement for cleanliness quickly led to the development of whole industry for example the development of so the first solid falls of so were found and manufactured in the islamic world. jobber but how yon wrote about the difference between acids and alkalies and the word derives from the arabic which means the ashes of salt referring to the original source of substances and of course alkaloids are used in soap making. rima has meant runs

a small soap making business in jordan where she uses age old chemical processes to manufacture so these are all working. to get a nice thank you. ok remember make soap by mixing olive oil with an alkaline and then adding her own herbs and spices. this chemical process is called support a fixation. after cooling the soap is cut into bars and then left to draw it for two weeks. this. is a herb yeah yeahs this is believes this is but is it good for this kid and maybe. for the here not for me two legs you can be.

during the golden age soak making was commercialized and the process started to be developed on an industrial scale today a bar of soap that remakes in two weeks can be produced in an industrial soap factory in just a few hours. this said factories in the united kingdom and jamie benton is in charge of the plants. principally been made in the same way for centuries a mixture of oil and alkali we've been making soap here for one hundred fifty years and one of our king gradients is in this big tank that's one hundred tons of caustic soda the alkali to react with the oil. on this site they produce about thirty tonnes of soap per day around a hundred thousand tonnes a year industrialize soap making on this grand scale needs chemistry on

a grand scale too and the critical factor is controlling the chemical reaction mixing carefully measured quantities in temperature controlled reactors so in this reactor we've got palm kernel oil which is already we're adding the coconut oil which is the part of the soap that actually creates the after that we're adding caustic soda. the mixture is constantly monitored as it reacts and about an hour later the reaction is complete as with remus process once it's reacted to the next stage is to draw it the soak. in here is a back you spray dryer so the soap that's really here we create a vacuum and suck the water out of the so. banks of dried so pellets are sent from the factory all over the world where they are perfect and

shaped into bars of so. has been made in basically the same way for centuries but modern technology like vacuum spray draw isn't precisely controlled reactors have sped up the process. modern chemistry relies on being able to weigh and measure accurately and that's something we can trace back to the golden age. one of the reasons we regard the scholars of the golden age as the first true sciences is their obsession with accuracy is the reason why we think of job and draw as the as the first true chemists and here's an example of why this beautiful set. scales it was built by a scholar by the name of a higher than the in the twelfth century it's called meis arnel hecker and is said to be accurate to one part in sixty thousand if you look very carefully along the army can see very precise graduations giving us the distance from the center and as

the cups are hanging from different lengths it's basically the principle of moments as they move out they will pull it down the balance is achieved when the diamond shape in the middle is exactly vertical it's very very precise but apart from that it's actually a beautiful work of art as well. accurate weighing in measurement allowed early chemists like java have been hired to be more rigorous in their experiments and their approach to all aspects of chemistry and this included the way he looked at materials grouping and categorizing them categorizing substances enables us to navigate our way around the scientific world just like in this bizarre over here i find carpets. over here like

this and after the lights textiles and over here ceramics. one job i've been high on did that was different was categorized substances not according to arbitrate factors but according to the way they behaved in experiments this was a huge change in what had come before. back in the lab i wanted to find out what hell as a modern chemist thought of jobbers early attempts at categorizing acts i want to show you this extracts from a manuscript of his so this is translated from arabic it's a latin into english it says here among all bodies of whatsoever can we find soul which is gold. to be burned by sulfur to lease reacted with sulfur to the next to this least burned is jupiter which is there lou no which is silver and he goes on and he ends with and mars which is iron by reason of the only ad geneive sulphur is

most easily burned it's all very obscure in fact the word jibberish actually comes from jobbers namely that if you write something too obscurely as jibberish is it's like job but what he has here seems to me the beginnings of the reactivity series of metals listing them in order of how easily they react with sulfur yes how correct was this well there was a couple little inaccuracies in it but he was way ahead of his time because showing reactivity was sulphur is often quite difficult so what i thought we'd do is we're going to compare and contrast of the activities of certain metals with water iron for example which he mentions we all know the i and russ so that's a slow reaction but we're going to compare and contrast a triumvirate of metals and see how fast they react and they are potassium sodium and copper. i thought we'd start with the most reactive this is potassium and it's very soft and malleable and you can easily cut it with a knife so three to one. and zero very

impressive lie look flame that's big for me and popping around because it's in hydrogen or. we're going to move on to our next metal sodium sodium chloride is common source but sodium has got very very different properties it's again a metal you can cut with a knife three to one and it's buzzing around and then pretty it's going to melt because of the heat of the reaction. in here it is hissing away yet is out of in a bottle so it's lasting longer in the water not reacting so quickly. and by way of to paris and just eliminate all the variables this is copper and if we don't need that now we don't need this because couples do absolutely nothing it's very unreal active and that's why the koreans in your pockets don't catch fire if you put them in the washing machine working to get them wet and so this order of just

how reactive metals are i mean by modern standards of chemistry jobber been hay on didn't get it quite right he had metals in the wrong order in that series but how impressive was that given that we're talking you know over a thousand years ago it's exception impressive because each didn't know what he was looking for he didn't know what to expect we know these things because we look at the periodic table so you would call that chemistry not alchemy i think it's definitely chemistry. jobber been high on was starting to apply the scientific method deriving his conclusions from experiments later chemists like al-kindi and razi also basing their work on careful experiments and observations and the way we do chemistry today organizing and ordering the elements and looking for trends in their properties well just like the reactivity series that's what job or first started to do. next time we travel to some of the most cutting edge medical

facilities in the middle east today that an engine on human genome was sequence in ten years and now we can sequence the human genome within six to ten day. we look back at how one scholar from the golden age challenge to accepted ideas to explain the human heart this is the poem the circulation is through the scope of it's now obvious that this was a man. and see how texts from the islam a quote was so influential in medical science across the globe a century this science tend to be a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. in the next episode of science in a golden age i'll be exploring the contributions made by scholars during the medieval islamic period in the field of medicine. science turned to be

a good subject to bring different people from all over the world together. to such like a magical and the more i learn about the more i respect science in a golden age with professor jim miller on a. sat here has never been a real easy sell for an investment how much are the reserved after all are they understated or overstated they own those shares and you're a company for the people by the. the battle over the minimum wage heated up across the country today thousands of

fast food workers walked off the job desperate for a better way to choose if you give your average worker a little more money that they're probably going to be able to pay bills or maybe to spend a little bit more to fifty right now so fifty cases. to survive in twenty first century america i'm nervous we cannot afford for one of us to move. on to just. in afghanistan billions of dollars of international aid have been donated to girls' education but where has the money gone when he meets girls desperate to learn and asks why is the system failing them on al-jazeera. seventeen hundred hours g.m.t. you're watching al-jazeera let's take you live to venezuela's capital caracas where

the opposition leader. who's the clarity himself interim president is speaking right now with regard to the timing and everything it's very little time but we're trying to work on a plan for the country and we've been working on for a while because we've started to do what i think. and so watch the news closely so you we can disappointed in this presidency to be able to get this humanitarian aid that so many people need so they can get through another message to the armed forces it's time for cuba leave our armed forces it's time for a few days. to get out of our armed forces. to get out of decision making positions. our brothers and sisters of cubao brothers and sisters have to get a. lesson rather than. isn't it good that you're welcome here in our nation.

now outside of the. armed forces and this is your making position sovereignty respect for decision making process by going to smile because you have nothing to do with it has nothing to do with our brothers and sisters of cuba who are supporting about the our struggle but you have nothing to do without this has to do with sovereignty it was just an issue for them and freedom and josey are going to ensure that what we are calling upon here and that is why don't we insist. we we want to reach out to you and to offer help to all the venezuelan people now with regard to protection have asked. in that capacity we will have to pay the bill and we hope that you know that we're going to be easy because if you're on course he's going to have been sequestered by we're living in a dictatorship that few people haven't realized what's going on and that is that there are

a lot of planning to meet up florida if they can't get outside to see if there are entrenched there and meet up florida's policy the presidential balance is america you can look at it you can see their faces there. and comparing their faces with your faces throughout the country what color to me they are a face told me to take a look and see if. officials also. were trying to make this country feasible and to reach out to everywhere next actions we will day. which have to do with everyone not only the parliamentary and exercising our legitimate authority but this has to do with everybody not just the members of our parliament the questions will be asked later in this press conference might my dear . let's say next steps. we have true measures. actions which which relate to everybody has to do

with showing not only shall we but exercise that strength struggle. so that is the opposite opposition leader who has declared himself president speaking right now and trying to rally his supporters at the same time you see on the screen the president about as well. as well let's listen in to the. building. first floor with. president president.

mr was a vote president. he came into the. president of the republic. with. the consider. it was a historic moment it was. and we had.

so the talk was about. international a. twenty third two thousand. if you're watching al-jazeera what we've been looking at are two scenes from the

same city and that is cut out to us right now on your screen the venezuelan president nicolas maduro on the right hand side of your screen speaking addressing the nation and over on the left side of the screen that is the opposition leader the man who is the cleric himself the interim president of one as well a. he's been speaking as well and addressing his supporters in cut out to us our line america editor of the c. a gnome and joining us from cuckoo tod's out at the colombia venezuela border you're listening to both men speak lucy i break it down for us let's first begin with a saying and then go on to. one of you can see this is an absolutely extraordinary cillian two men on different sides of the city both claiming to be the legitimate president of venezuela the president has repeated over and over and he just did it now that this is a coup attempt under way off the street and led by the united states to overthrow

the legitimate government of venezuela he is most likely going to reiterate that he is really to hold dialogue negotiations with the opposition for a constitutional peaceful way out of this crisis which is really moving so quickly that it's almost impossible to keep up with it but at the same time you have one who was appointed by the national assembly as the interim president on wednesday acting as though he's already the president that looks very very upbeat he's talking about the extraordinary international support that he has received from many latin american countries as well as the european union but he point here he has been addressing many of the armed forces because this is we are talking about a national assembly a legislative body a minute that has absolutely no power because president hugo that's not little control over every other institution especially and this is he. the armed forces know why don is appealing to the army he says to finally side on the on behalf of

the of the ordinary venezuelan people he's calling on them basically to betray president muggle and to turn on him when a respected happen is the biggest question of them all and we have no idea exactly what is their thinking right now but we understand that the national assembly and why it's always going to make some kind of an offer to the upper or the officers the high ranking officers of the armed forces offering them some kind of an amnesty if they do this you know meant a lot of them have been accused of human rights violations and of corruptions and i do it all themselves saying that president putin there for us i can say that his full supports for his government effectively for governments we've really seen countries right around the world come out either in support or against. absolutely this is this is way this is going way beyond being a conflict inside of venezuela this is becoming an international conflict and it's

not just my little against his internal opposition but my little against the united states and united states now pitted against russia because the russian president got to meet clinton said. on thursday you've warned in fact united states to stay out of that is when he spoke on the phone to president of little and told him to remain steadfast strong and calm while he called just a few hours ago for a meeting of his own security council ahead of a meeting of the u.n. security council that's been called by the u.s. state department by president trying to ask for support for the interim government so there are a lot of moving parts right now and just a few hours ago the e.u. finally weighed in and said that unless president my little held immediate fair and transparent elections they would recognize weigel as the legitimate interim president of that country all right so let's say i will leave it there for now saying to for updates. two other news and three major airports in the united states

are being hit by delays because of the partial government shutdown so the federal aviation administration says departures from new york's la guardia philadelphia and newark in new jersey are all behind schedule it's day thirty five of the partial shutdown forcing eight hundred thousand people to miss their second monthly paycheck the f.a.a. says an increasing number of workers have been calling in sick and fisher joining us from washington d.c. and allan this is exactly what aviation unions have been warning what happened as a result of the partial government shutdown. exactly right let me catch you up there's a lot of moving parts in this we had what was called a ground stop at la guardia in new york a few hours ago what does that mean that well if you're on a flight heading to la guardia from anywhere else in the united states your plane doesn't get to take off and the reason for that is a not important corridor which includes new york and philadelphia the number of air traffic controllers was down and therefore to increase safety they made sure that

the number of flights coming into that zone was reduced and that flight stop was lifted probably about an hour ago but there are still delays of around about an hour to ninety minutes for planes coming in and out of those three airports in the meantime we've got problems in atlanta and also down in jacksonville florida no atlanta is important because one week on sunday will be the super bowl which is one of if not the biggest single sporting event in the united states every year there are thousands and thousands of people ready to fly from all parts of the united states into atlanta for that contest and if there are continued flight delays that will make them very angry but you're absolutely right the union said just forty eight hours ago we have to get this shutdown over with because it is causing problems for air traffic controllers that is causing stress for those who are on

the job because they're not getting paid and this is causing real difficulties and it could cause a huge problem apparently over the last forty eight hours or so donald trump was told by people inside the white house you need to do something about this because there is an issue and if there is a problem a big problem a disaster you will get the blame this will be on you know donald trump hasn't tweeted out about the f.a.a. in the last few hours he has tweeted out about roger storen but he said nothing about the disruption that has been caused to thousands of people in the united states. he's not even said to people in the united states look it's still safe to fly we're having a few problems if traffic controllers well it seems that many of them of going sick they're not allowed to have any sort of coordinated action that's a throwback to the union days when ronald reagan was president but they say look the reality is this is cold and flu season so a lot of people are calling in sick that reduces the number of your traffic

controllers and a number of them are suffering stress because they're picking up the job from others who have called in sick as well so this is just going to put more and more pressure on the white house on the house and on the senate to try and get this shutdown closed before people continue to see this as a regular comes rather than what seems to be today a one off all right alan fischer thank you and you heard alan mentioning roger stone a moment ago so the u.s. president's close ally that is roger stone has now been released on a two hundred fifty thousand dollars bond stone was arrested as part of special counsel robert muller's investigation into possible russian collusion in the twenty six thousand election stone was taken into custody in florida after a grand jury indictment he's facing seven charges including obstructing official proceedings making false statements and witness tampering the white house had little to say about his arrest what i do know is that this has nothing to do with the president has nothing to do with the white house. beyond that i'm not going to

get into your vocabulary learned about political hay and joining us from washington one wonders what the president himself thinks of this seeing as roger stone is a close ally of. it credibly close they have been for decades in fact there's a documentary where paul mann a fourth who also now is in prison was trying to campaign manager said that you are so intertwined it's hard to tell what's roger and what's donald so yes the white house is basically trying to push back saying this is no collusion this is sara sanders actually saying this is ridiculous and insulting to even bring up and of course if you have a twitter account you know that that's how the president's going to respond and he has these calls that the greatest witch hunt in history and he says no collusion border coyote's drug dealers and human traffickers are treated better obviously complaining about the way roger stone was arrested it was happening before dawn the f.b.i. came to his door said open up at the f.b.i. they had full tactical gear on guns drawn and so some conservatives have been

complaining about that but i want to point out this is how the f.b.i. execute search warrants they never don't have body armor on they don't just not going to door and say hey can you come along with me this is their procedure roger stone even though this is considered white collar crime treated no differently than any other potential criminal so so proudly we know that now he has been released on bail two hundred fifty thousand dollars what's next for him what does this mean he's going to sell t. shirts and look what he's actually trying to fundraise no really he's trying to sell t. shirts that say roger stone is innocent or roger stone didn't do it for part of his defense fund he's posted that on instagram he's not going to go quietly and i think most defense lawyers would tell him this is a really really bad idea but he's made it known that he's going to talk to the media as soon as he's let out on bond so there's a bunch of media cameras waiting around the courthouse you suspected to come out any minute now and address these very serious allegations so he's going to do what

every defense attorney would tell him not to do but it's roger stone he goes against the grain. all right we will speak to litter on thank you very much for that update from washington well so that muller investigation has tried to get as close to the president's inner circle as possible more than thirty people have been indicted or pleaded guilty so far to over one hundred charges here some of the most significant developments trump's former lawyer michael cohen he pleaded guilty to several charges including tax evasion campaign finance violations and lying to congress he'll begin a three year prison sentence in march the former national security adviser michael flynn pleaded guilty to lying about the f.b.i. about conversations with the russian ambassador trumps former kemp campaign chairman paul metaphor was convicted of financial fraud he pleaded guilty to conspiring against the united states and charges have been leveled against russian intelligence officers and another group of russians for social media campaigns

designed to influence the election and hacking off e-mails. still ahead on al-jazeera now that hamas has rejected a fifteen million dollar donation from qatar we'll tell you what that money will be used for now. out of the quiet skies of return to iran and they are returning to afghanistan is a mess a cloud of the corpses of the moment and yet more weather stormy weather is brewing in the mediterranean it's been causing floods and storm damage actually in western turkey and that is coming across turkey into northern lebanon syria and iraq over the next couple of days so this is the position that the position on sunday was rain for many places and stuff of course a target in northern iraq and syria up into the caucasus the rain will spread down

across the border into northern side was a massive cloud to the south of that but that's about as far as against certain immediate future of the arabian peninsula far from just over the border in saudi it's really inducing a southerly breeze and therefore warming but dusty trends that won't last i think by tuesday we're back into the north next couple days warming and dusty still very active with around madagascar you'll notice the country see a circulation anymore just disappeared but the influence is still there so heavy rains still in mozambique a bit further north than it was answer northern madagascar and you'll notice the eastern side of south africa including the suit too so the potential for big showers is back from joburg southwards at least for saturday.

right. hello again the top stories on al-jazeera venezuelan opposition leader. continue his campaign against president maduro claims he's venezuela's rightful leader and is backed by the u.s. and several latin american nations. speaking. right now as you can see at the same

time president maduro is also on camera being questioned right now by a reporter and insisting in his press conference that he is the legitimate leader. three major airports in the united states are being hit by delays because the partial government shutdown is leading to staff shortages the thirty five day shutdown has forced eight hundred thousand people to miss their second monthly paycheck. on the u.s. president's close ally roger stone has been released on two hundred fifty thousand dollars bond stone was arrested as part of special counsel robert miller's investigation into possible russian pollution in the twenty sixth election. the united nations special reports here on me and. calling on bangladesh to allow the un to make an assessment before refugees are moved to a remote islands this week leaving a pass on char that's

a low lying island in the bay of bengal it's nearly five hundred kilometers from cox's bazar about one hundred thousand rohingya are to be moved there it's a live in newly built barracks human rights groups have criticized the plan saying living there will be like prison.