water to keep warm when they flew at high altitude right. commonly known as the blue bunny honestly because this blow i suppose was. you can see heating elements run in through it i'm surprised how much it looks like something worn by nasa astronauts this looks just like a cooling suit that you were underneath your your space suit so you say ok how are we going to manage to keep the national cool when they're wearing this massive suit that weighs more than 2 men you just put them in a suit that has water on career and so again like with the new pick up you can see really clearly that this is something that he would have been it not even inspired by such an obvious against an obvious answer to a problem during the war grandpa was a navigator in a b. 17 called the cost of it. but i've never been able to picture him in action so this

is really interesting because this is actually inside of a b. 17 this picture here and it's really i like it because it's. the 1st chance i've had to understand what it would have looked like inside one so where's that where's the pilot in all this back yeah ok. this is where their tears we're looking from the backyard and in the front what kind temperatures would have actually been inside the aircraft to mean that you'd have to weigh a jacket. more this is where they. hung on jackets because the american bombing was done from trying to harm's that was the on duty dad asks ralph if there's any recollection of when grandpa was shot down in 19033 and 6 this is going 1st i have a name and your money file and you know that in here. and matthew i wrote navasky page to raise you know like.

a member 21st lieutenant goodwin churns out for 3 casa de andreotta were knocked out of formation when 2 rounds of flying get through the nose with it once you fall back on a formation you're an easy target we had a fall back out of formation because they had hit an engine and when they hit an engine it was an inboard engine and it hit me when doing 1st lieutenant matthew ride radnofsky the navigator and here. we are the tail gonna bailed out everybody bailed all enlisted men bailed out. the pilot and the copilot stayed holding the plane plane level. i was hit in the plane. and the same explosion is also the number 2 engine on fire sever the throttle linkage to number one. the plane lost 2 engines. ultimately and the 3rd engine. finally i got

a great big. piece of flak that went into my back. right through. the armored suit that i was wearing i had 2 of it suits one that i laid on the floor. and another one who was one that was sitting and wearing but i went right through it didn't make any difference then another verse to the right side of this for 23rd plane and 2nd lieutenant marvin the traveler copilot was badly wounded in his right leg. while they were having a very bad day. and laid me out flat i was laying there and it and it opened my parachute and paris to lay and they are in the inside. so the bomb a dia. gave me his parachute. and tach me to a static line right next to me. and threw me out.

and other members of the crew who bailed out were 1st lieutenant douglas mcknight he was received a. medal for saving money saving my dad got him out he was the bombardier and sam took me a ball turkoman he came down from a very high altitude because it it deployed very quickly and took a long time to get down it's but it was wonderful it was so quiet and then i heard a dog barking and i heard a bell ringing from a church. and then i landed in the trees and i was supposed wonderful man you could ever get i landed in a parachute kind of landed over the top of the trees and i plunged down and never hit the ground just a couple feet from the ground hanging there at a british parachute on which was. you just turn turn or thing and hit it and you fall out of it and i was pretty much paralyzed. due to my wounds i was good parent lee machine gun bullets just well as in the year because i got 3 machine gun bullets in addition in me when i when i parachute in my boots fell off my. vest

fell off my skate fit kit fell off everything the only they worked was it was the parachute thank god but nothing worked that's how i became interested in working with safety equipment nothing worked. well. you know it's terrific to get this one to measure. makes me feel humble. when i was when i was 19 years old i wasn't doing anything like this. in the united states the. calling sound ation has offered me the chance to put myself in grandpa's boot and take my own ride in a b. 17 despite my fear of heights it's an unmissable offer to take.

climbing up into the b. 17 i'm surprised how cramped it is little cold cold it's really. made of composing from the outside but it's actually crowded and very functional on the inside. the 1st time i get to see what the painting in the museum is like a real life i can see the bottom of his decision and the navigator's table where my grandfather would have sat and while he was in shit. i'm sitting here with a radio operator would have sat. there you go where the pilot was and the current pilots would have said and. i'll. make great if you can actually this is open up here and it goes and i think over a 100 miles an hour. here we go there we go there. oh ok let me let me hear oh no big deal.

it.

led to. it's a windy day and all through the flight i'm told this is made our trip unusually similar laughter and that would lead. us really. like a lot of our legislature but it was. grandpa's experience of being shut down in spite of his passion for safety clothing and ultimately led to a career at nasa. on october the 4th $957.00 russia successfully launched sputnik one the world's 1st artificial satellite. this act marked the

start of the space race a battle for supremacy of space between the u.s. and russia. america responds with the mercury project making alan shepard the 1st american in space in 1961 followed by john glenn less than a year later. in 1962 president john f. kennedy declared the country would go one step further by putting him out on the moon are you returning him safely and all by the end of the day we don't go to the mall and just can't do the other things not because they are easy but because they are god because god. well sheriff joe organize and measure the best of our energies and skills because that challenge is one that we're willing to accept one we on willing to oppose bold and one we intend to live in the other still.

kennedy's famous rallying call to beat russia to the noon to galvanize thousands of american engineers into developing new technologies including the space suit. the smithsonian's national air and space museum in washington d.c. is the perfect place to get the bigger picture of how the space suit was developed these basic space suits good ones good garra and glenn war basically have the same function they were there to keep erin in case of emergency to keep particles out and to protect against any sort of radiation that those high levels of altitude spacesuits are not very comfortable things to where they're they're heavy they're all chord they're bulky they're constraining. getting knows everything right for the astronaut is very important so so you've heard of my grandfather yes yes

i've seen his signature on. documents and materials yes these things very well i think for me it's hard sometimes to understand exactly how he fits into everything but the process of designing the suit is enormously iterative it starts with proposed suit designs and prototype suits that come from private corporations as a bid for a contract with nasa and they work with with nasa and the crew systems division and the astronauts to decide what's good what's bad what has to be fixed and what has to be modified so there is an ongoing discussion they have to have a suit that doesn't cost and then enormous amount of money. that satisfies the astronauts because there are going to be the ones working in it and that also meets the requirements to fit in the spacecraft to work on that operationally and

fits the requirements of nasa and the crew systems division it sounds like also grandpa would have been actually known a lot of different people if he was mediating between the astronauts and nasa itself within the contract yes the contractor he's known among the astronauts he's known among contractors and certainly had nasa he's very famous and he has a signature i'm signing off on materials and designed to screen and i think credible to hear someone say he was famous. i can't believe that it's just yeah wow so everything your parents told you were. one story they did tell me you know it's astronauts engine is on contract is and i discussed could have ended the entire space program. on january 27th 1967 the crew of apollo one. roger chaffee gus grissom and ed white were carrying out a routine test with the plugs out test

a kind of dress rehearsal for launch when it went disastrously wrong. everything was going to. when suddenly the control room heard one of the crew shouting over the intercom there was a fire in the capsule. some wire had sparks and in a pure oxygen environment of course the fire. the 3 astronauts were dead within 90 seconds while succumbing him lunar module pilots were close 7 was also a member of the backup crew for apollo one he had been in the same spacecraft just the night before taking past a similar task to the prime crew was a real shock because we've. done the test before almost same test and we're awaiting the next day for roger to forment with the plugs

haskell's. so we were all going to fly back together and by late afternoon they had been so many delays and little problems. in the space craft that we found beside them about 5 o'clock we were going to take off we flew back by ourselves wally donna. the shot we had was when we landed back here in ellington air force base and used to just walk in change or. leave our helmets and drive home but there was the. operations officer was there reading as we know there's something wrong when inside and he told us about fire and the crew had died . so it was a shock to us and so we really started trying to find out what had happened and of course. going by seeing the surviving spouses

doing what you do after somebody a friend gets killed like. gus grissom and roger chaffee were buried in arlington national cemetery the resting place of the nation's heroes. at white's family buried him at west point military academy in new york. i think it's very moving to come face to face with the real graves because it makes them more real obviously. to see their names and just to see them along all the other graves of military man these men died for that country in a way that i think they never expected to die and i think that's what's also so hard. on the ground on a daily test but no one expected to be fatal and i think that's probably what was hard for the families is that they died in the in the development stages they

didn't die in space it was just considered to be a month. in friday. the space program was suspended for 18 months while a major investigation looked into just what had gone wrong and advised changes to be made among them the hatch of the capsule was redesigned to make emergency escape much easier and the air inside it was changed to a less flammable mix of nitrogen and oxygen the new challenge for grandpa and the crew systems team would be to make the whole command module fireproof and crucially the space suit was specifically redesigned to be made from non flammable material the fire was a turning point in the space program it brought about the realisation that not just the most obviously dangerous scenarios needed caution even a routine test on the launch pad could be fatal after the investigation into the fire closed all eyes were on what new

a fireproof suit the apollo astronauts would wear and who created. al-jazeera world to meet some extraordinary women. who are making things happen the way. following their daily struggle to survive. for their families to thrive. egypt's women street silent as on al-jazeera. al jazeera. where every. easter sunday bombings reverberated around the world with religious and ethnic

tension rising 101 east investigates it is the new front lawn ensuring. 0. and we shall carry in doha these are the top stories on al-jazeera u.s. president donald trump says he only stops strikes against iran from going ahead for now and that military action is still an option the u.s. is imposing additional sanctions on iran which will go into effect on monday. iran right now is an economic mess they're going through hell it's a bit of a hard war sanctions are going to be put on

a lot of it's hard to believe you could even but it's about. a rod want to become a wealthy nation they get. from abroad they will go it let's make the run rate again does that make sense make the wrong way to go with me but never going to do it if they get viber 6 years to get out of a nuclear weapon i know too much about nuclear power a lot about do and let me tell you they're not going to have a nuclear weapon it is cheap as defense force has been shot and injured in the capital addis ababa it's not clear how serious the injuries are to cinéma conan the shooting happened after a failed attempt to al stay regional government leader and omar a state so they can protest group says it's accepted a plan for a transitional government if the o.p.'s leader has been mediating the political process the plan proposes the creation of a governing body made up of civilian and military members

a senior white house adviser terry questioner has laid out the 1st part of the so-called deal of the century the middle east peace plan includes billions of dollars of investment for and for structure in the palestinian territories. the plan would invest about $50000000000.00 in the region that would create a 1000000 jobs in the west bank and gaza take their unemployment rate from about 30 percent to single digits it would reduce their poverty rate by half if it's implemented correctly it's a 10 year plan that would double their g.d.p. we've had a peer reviewed now by about a dozen economists in a dozen countries and we're very excited to put it forward at least 3 people have been killed in northern syria by government airstrikes that happened in the country's last rebel whole province. last year is found 2 children among the dead several several people were also injured in an explosion east of aleppo the government has been targeting areas in the north west which remain under opposition control so the headlines keep it here at the top of the hour we have another news

hour in the meantime al-jazeera correspondent. my grandfather matthew radnofsky was well known for working with the contractors who competed for the chance to design and build the new apollo space suits one company i also. went to great lengths with a publicist the stunt show destitute playing american football and winning the nasa contract by a touchdown. show has extensively researched the development of the seats in his spacesuit fashioning apollo he tells me that in the early sixty's i also dove was a comparatively small company best known for making women's underwear under the brand name playtex even at the time people in nasa called playtex partially as a as a cult like we call it. by their nickname partly as a kind of like can you believe we're dealing. despite the company's lack of

experience making protective clothing the flexible and highly intricate design made to clear winner and incredibly after they won the nasa contract skilled seamstresses who'd previously been sewing bras and girdles were moved to the painstaking job of assembling the apollo space because the suit ended up being put together out of $21.00 layers of fabric and like $21.00 layers of proper just cut out like a like a sandwich and some together but actually 21 different suits put one inside of the other like a russian ball and then. to a 643 inch tolerance without any pins because the pins my puncture the pressure layer this was a kind of. nor olympic feat of sewing to find people who could do it they looked to the sowers they recalled that they already employed her of course girdle side even though it was like 2 sides of the same warehouse and then these women

were the ones who. put the seats together and i actually figured it out and there were no drawings all of the scenes and they were just kind of schematic drawing that told you how to put to put it together the knowledge is really only in the fingertips of these women. and they're going to says that during the research for his book my grandfather's name came up. health and is that does that come up is it something that was it was it something that that seemed to be very frustrating because in fact the particular role that mind reading of all these documents is that you know there are 2 people kind of people in any organization they're the people who follow the rules and the people who get things done and allow the rules to be mostly followed and i think that your grandfather seems to me to be definitely in the latter camp i mean he was in this conflict and the egos around this were. i mean planetary scale you had the most public geo political event

of the late 1960 s. and you had all of national prestige. on the line nobody want to be the person to screw it up very well my impression is that he was an absolute pain in the ass when he needed to be that he was charming when he needed to be in a they say in in these situations you need these ringmaster figures who are able to channel and shepherd the energies of organizations to produce productive results and your grandfather definitely seems like one of the most important ones when it came to all the things which actually kept astronauts alive which in many ways were the most important principle. many of my heroes from the apollo program and no longer with us so finding people who can tell me what it was like to design the suit that man wore to walk on the moon isn't easy but former i.o.c. engineer john scheibel still has an extraordinarily bright mind and a passion for engineering he's kept

a moon boot that he was liberated from miles see when he retired and it's amazing to come face to face with such an iconic object mr exactly what you guys i know you by neil armstrong and buzz aldrin yes she was on the this is the. scene this. this and various pictures of the footprint. when it came to the big moment in a polar i'm talking about obviously the main landing when whenever one when i guess that was the real test wasn't it the a v.a. and apollo 11 of the suit that you guys. every one of our employees in the plant. are still landing on the television. every every person every person. in the past or the landing. is going to.

but after the landing. there is just. so. and that was like oh so that was an emotional. it was that we. get it right. john hasn't seen his former boss homer reims since the space suit days so i've taken the opportunity to get them together when i me home at. took about his experiences working on the apollo program how did you feel when that moment came when. neil stepped out of the spacecraft we saw what this was i mean this is the world looking at all i'll see the suit and the thing that

that that was difficult is it the apollo 11 was the systems test the suit had been run to do or build the testing here and in our laboratory as we were called for the door building the systems test was apollo 11 and the only problem was it was real and it was on the moon and i just couldn't wait for it to get over. it all worked up pretty good except they got a hit on the timeline and was all on behalf of the daredevil as he is he decides reinvent some more stuff and he's jumping around out there and think and get the idea back inside of me this is over in a success and get back in that limb you know he's out there doing some more stuff he was just caught up in the moment but it all it all worked out ok. former crew systems engineers joe mcmahon and larry bell vividly remember what it was like

to walk alongside ground his body my discovery of an archive trip of him from an old b.b.c. documentary about nasa coupled with joe and laurie stories gives me my 1st insight into what grandpa was like to have around the office matthew radnofsky spacesuit designed to find how he's going out in the event that the men were to go outside on a completely self-contained sort of a life support system and some changes would be made to have a pack on his back would have that pack on the back of the pack would have to. contain devices chemicals to tell me what it was like to work with matt right now if my grandpa was here matt yeah tommy i haven't i haven't he was a character and i would start there really interesting we sometimes referred to as the mad rush and just because he'd get upset when somebody didn't do what he wanted or do it as well i was telling you earlier he had this piece of 4 by 4 would lay on his desk and a big survival machete if you got upset was i mean start chopping on that block of

. people downstairs calling us would you knock it off man i can't hear down. i had an experience in the same gemini program when. the crewman complained that their communications system would slide around and in the helmet they couldn't get to it to justin and i was having a meeting in my office about how we're going to fix that he walks and i said what's your knees and i don't know what the number was like a p.j. 7 what's that british communications cap he knew about these british flying cabs because he'd been over there in the war and had flown with them in the what it was we took it apart and uses a pattern to make what was referred to later as the snoopy cap because they had the brown the years white spandex down the middle so kind looked like a snoopy dog from the cartoon and referred to an apollo program to snoopy cap but he was i want to got that and started. tell us what we needed tell me what it was like at the time then to be working chris systems what was grandpa like when matt

walked into a room he totally filled it he was single minded he was totally focused and anybody around no matter who you work for by the organization chart if a man had a job or do you work for a man and one thing about him he could break into almost be a to fix smile he had the greatest smile i ever saw it was just it was like the sun coming out from behind a cloud was somebody who had changed from this totally focused driven guy that someone someone striking. his voice would soften and he have a smile so he was 80 he was a volatile guy he was he was a genius he was a genius and he i don't think his contributions will ever be fully appreciated. the stars of the space race of course will be asking the american public to see fully every detail of the armors lifestyle. but the glare of the media spotlight often obscured the dangers of traveling into space and the crucial partnership

between the men who built the suits and the ones who wore them astronauts jim lovell better than anybody what it was like to trust the crew systems team with his lights while he shows me around next edition of artifacts from his 3 flights into space he tells me how he and his crew put his most famous mission apollo 13 back from the brink of disaster thanks in part to the ingenuity of the nasa engineer is on the ground one of our big crisis was the fact that. there are 3 people had to live in the lunar module as the command module was dead and then a module of metal system had only a couple canisters to remove the carbon dioxide because the lunar module was designed only to be powered up was where the lunar orbit and. it was designed to last only 2 days for only 2 people and of course when they suppose it occurred

there was least a 4 day flight. and there were 3 people and consequently the canisters to remove the carbon dioxide were becoming saturated. and therefore we had to go into the dead command module and get the canisters for that environmental system to try to see if we could recall jury rig those canisters to work in the little logical system. unfortunately the canisters of the command module were square the ones that were used in the inner module were round and we did it with duct tape. piece of plastic. cardboard cover from a flame battle. and we got that thing it into the environmental system all the little bottle so that it would remove the top down which is a perfect example of the ingenuity of the people of crew systems this is 2 systems that done that people working together to figure out how that had to be

done. there are only 8 human beings still alive who set foot on the moon so it's an incredible privilege to get to meet one of them charlie lunar module pilot apollo 16. he spent more than 20 hours on the lunar surface with his fellow astronaut john young. in your in your boots as it were when you're walking on the moon can you feel for example the texture of the surface that you walking on can you feel any heat or do you really feel very isolated well once you got out you couldn't feel the shakes to you in fact you. don't even recall marry me sinking in but when you turned around you so your footprint she left around our landing site.